學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)閱讀學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)閱讀材料(雙語(yǔ))

Whereastheinstallationofpipelinesforthetransportationomaybetracedbacktoantiquity,theestablishmentofmarinepipelinesisamorerecentdevelopmentofthelatterpartofthetwentiethexportlineshadalreadybeeninstalledinshallowwateoffshorehydrocarbonexplo徑石油出口線(xiàn)已經(jīng)安裝在美國(guó)墨西哥灣沿岸的淺水區(qū)，也可能安裝在卡多多湖(路易斯安那州),加利福尼亞州和里海的海上油氣勘探開(kāi)始。Thefirstoil-producingwell'outofsightofland’(intheMexicanGulf)wasmarinepipelineswereinstalledforthetransportatioarelocatedintheheavilydevelopedregionsoftheArabianGulf,the艘鋪管駁船，1954年第一條鋪設(shè)在海床上的管道。海上管道的單獨(dú)統(tǒng)計(jì)沒(méi)有從1968年開(kāi)始，但在接下來(lái)的三十年中，估計(jì)為運(yùn)輸碳?xì)浠衔锇惭b了近9萬(wàn)公里diameterpipelinesthattransportcrudehydrocarbonsfromawellheadtoaproduinjectionwater)intheotherdirection,whereasumbilicalsprovidepowerandtrunklinestransportlargeqbetweentwolandmasses.化合物的管線(xiàn)。通常小直徑的服務(wù)管線(xiàn)將輸送輔助介質(zhì)(例如腐蝕抑制劑，提升氣體或注入水)在另一個(gè)方向，而臍帶提供電力和信號(hào)。場(chǎng)間管道是用于在typicallyanotheroffshoreplatformoranonshorereceiverstation,andtheinterfacesofcompletions.Normally,facilitiestolaunchvehicles(pigs)forcleaning,batcinternalinspectionoftpointhasthefacilitiestoreceivethesetools.管道系統(tǒng)被定義為從入口點(diǎn)(通常是海上平臺(tái)或陸上壓縮站)延伸到出口點(diǎn) (通常是另一個(gè)海上平臺(tái)或陸上接收站)的管道部分，并且管道設(shè)計(jì)的界面通常遵循此定義。特殊情況是通過(guò)發(fā)球臺(tái)或天線(xiàn)連接到主干線(xiàn)的支線(xiàn)和終止于海底輛(豬)的設(shè)施，而出口點(diǎn)具有接收這些工具的設(shè)施。onshoretreatmentplant.1.1給出了典型管道系統(tǒng)的示意圖，在這種情況下是從海上平臺(tái)到proper,platformrisers,tie-inandspoolconnectionparts,hydrostatictesting,possibleactivitiesconductedinassociationwithstart-upofproduction.Anumberofareapipelines),particularlyhazardouszonesofintensefishingormarinetraffic,Asmentionedabove,theconstructionexamplebeingOffshorePipelineDesign,Analysis,andMethods(Mouselli1981).ADuringthesubsequentdecades,however,thedevelopmentofmatechnologyhasmainlybeenreportedatconferences,suchastheaMechanicsandArcticEngineering(OMAE),theTechnology(OPT)EuropeanSeminar,andthebiennialPipelineProtectionConference.Othersourcesofinformationarelecturecoursesbut,likeconferenceproceedings,thedocumentationisnotreadilyavailabletothepublic.Recentoverviewofdesignmethodsbasedupontwodecadesofresearchandteachingemphasisonpracticalconstructionissues.要在會(huì)議上報(bào)告，例如年度海上技術(shù)會(huì)議(OTC),兩年一次的海洋力學(xué)和北極工程國(guó)際會(huì)議(OMAE),年度海上管道技術(shù)(OPT)歐洲研討會(huì)和兩年一度的Thisbookaddressessystemlayoutdeselection,fabrication,installationandtie-inmethods,andpre-commissioningmethodologies.Themainemphasisisonstructuraldesigthebasicparametershavebeenselected.Systemdesign(flowandcapacitycalculations)andoperationalissuesaretreated安全可靠的管道系統(tǒng)的保證和驗(yàn)證。系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)(流量和容量計(jì)算)和操作問(wèn)題numericalcoefficientsproposed.Thetermmarineslurryandcarbondioxidearecoveretransportationofpotablewaterarenotincluded.Thescopeislimitedtopressurecontainmentsteelpipelines,includingflecementitiousmaterialsmaybeusedformarinecrossingsorcoastalopipelinesarenotcovered,exceptbyextension.Thesa或多相)的運(yùn)輸，但也包括水，泥漿和二氧化碳等介質(zhì)。但是，不包括與飲用該文本分為十一章。根據(jù)第1章的介紹，第2章將對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，包pressureandtemperature),envcurrent),accidentalloads(naturalforcesandthirdpartyinterferencandoperationalriskman第4章規(guī)定了載荷，它們分為功能載荷(內(nèi)部壓力和溫度),環(huán)境載荷(主要是波浪和電流),意外載荷(自然力和第三方干擾)以及安裝過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的載buckling,burstingandfatigue,pipelinestabilityspanning,expansionandbuckling,aswellascorrosionpreventionbcathodicprotection.Chapter7dealswiththefabricationofindividualpipejoints,whichincludeslinepipeproduction,sacrificialanodemanufacture,anti-corrosionshallowordeepwateristreatedinChapter8.Thisinvolvesassemblyofollowedbytrenchingandcrossings,shoreapproaches,riserinstallatactivities.Therequirementstoqualitycontrolanddocumedesignandinstallatio防止腐蝕。第7章涉及單個(gè)管道的制造接頭，以及預(yù)先調(diào)試活動(dòng)。第9章將回顧整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)appurtenancesareincludedinthechaptersmadditiontoadescriptionoftheflexiblepipestructure,iewofdesign,fabricationanfmaterialsandprototypes.Thefinalchapterdealswiththesystems,includingcommissioning,inspection,maintenanceandrepair.TheGlossaryandnotation(seepagesxvi-xlii)explainsmor詞匯表和符號(hào)(參見(jiàn)第xvi-xlii頁(yè))解釋了200多個(gè)特殊術(shù)語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谖谋局惺褂?，定義了所有首字母縮略詞(參考相關(guān)章節(jié)以獲取更多信息)并標(biāo)識(shí)常regulatorydocuments(codes,standards,recommendations,guidelines)andotherreferences(monographs,papers,reports)ciIndex,listingpageswhereeachcitedauthorism議，指南)和其他參考文獻(xiàn)(專(zhuān)著，論文，報(bào)告)。索引分為主題索引，列出AncientGreece.Forexample,amongtheinventionsofHeroofAlexandriawereawindmill-operatedpipeorganandamechanicaltheatricalplay.varietyofelectromechanicalmachinesdesignedtomimicbisystemswereconstructed.Perhapsthebest-knownandmostdirectlybioroboticsisW.GrayWalter'srobotic"tortoises"ElsieandElmer.WalterwaTheirbehaviorwascontrollbehavioralrepertoireofthetortoisesincludedephototropisms,andobstacleavoidance.Tinteractionwiththerobots'environmentcouldproduceavarietyosequences.AlthoughoriginallydesignedtoexploreWalter'stheoriesofbrainfunthetortoisesbecameobjectsofpopularfascinationinmuchthesamewaythatancient生物過(guò)程和系統(tǒng)的機(jī)電機(jī)器。也許最著名和最直接相關(guān)的生物機(jī)器人是W.格雷不同的行為可以產(chǎn)生各種行為序列。雖然最初的目的是探索沃爾特的腦功能理Theseedsofthemodernrebehavior-basedrobots.AlthoughnotasdirectlybasedonbiologyaslaterworkwouldbytheinteractioAnotherimportantmilestonewasRaibert'sworkonhoppingandleggedrobotroleoffserpentinemotion,Hirosedevelopedanumberofsnake-likemanipulators.IntheofhexapodrobotsbaseddirectlyonthebodymorphologyandneuralcontrolofofveryefficientswimmingrobotsbasedonstudiesoftcompoundeyebasedonstudiesofinsecteyesandmotionWebb'sroboticmodelofcricketphonotaxis,Grassoetal'sroboticmodeloflobstercompasswasinspiredbystudiesofhomingbehaviorinthedesertant.AexampleofrobotswhosecontrolwasbasedontheoriesofgivenbytheworkofEdelmanetal.和腿式機(jī)器人的工作，強(qiáng)調(diào)了能量學(xué)在動(dòng)物的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡和運(yùn)動(dòng)中的核心作用。Arkin在MichaelArbib早期的工作基礎(chǔ)上，開(kāi)發(fā)了一種基于模式理論的反應(yīng)式機(jī)機(jī)器人直接基于蟑螂和棒狀昆蟲(chóng)行走的身體形態(tài)和神經(jīng)控制(后者像許多六足機(jī)學(xué)定向策略機(jī)器人模型，以及Sahabot,其導(dǎo)航偏光指南針的靈感來(lái)源于對(duì)沙漠vocaltracts,jaws,retinas,expressivefaces,hands,arms,legs,etc.deployedonroboticworms,snakes,ants,flies,crickets,cockroacdinosaurs,bats,lobsters,tuna,pickeral,turkeys,apesandthereiscloselyrelatedworkonswarmrobotics,developmevolutionaryrobotics.Thus,nobriefintroductioncouldpossiblydojusticetotherangeofworkcurrentlybeingundertaken.手，胳膊，腿等部署在機(jī)器人蠕蟲(chóng)，蛇，螞蟻，蒼蠅，蟋蟀，蟑螂，拐杖上昆hexapedalroboticclimbercalledRiSEwhich,likeanumberoverticalsurface,thisrstructureofgeckofeetandinterlockingmechanismsinspiredbythestructureofinsectforces.EachofthesixlegsofRiSEhavetwodegrandgaitregulation.Inaddition,therobothasapawingbsurfaces,includingclimbingtreesandbrickorcinderblockwalls.最近一個(gè)生物學(xué)啟發(fā)的機(jī)器人技術(shù)的例子是斯賓科等人關(guān)于一個(gè)叫做’攀機(jī)器人使用波浪步態(tài)，其中一次只有一條腿從地面抬起。除了開(kāi)環(huán)步態(tài)發(fā)生Apowerfulexampleofbioroboticmodelingisprovidedbytheaerodynamicsofbeenverysuccessfulforexpldelicatesizeandhighspeedofofonewingalloweddirectmeasurementoftheforcesproducedandillumiairbubblesinthetankalloweddirectobservationofthefluidflowaroueachstroke.Third,furtherforcesareproducedatttwomechanismstothetimingofwingrotation,themodelsuggessmalldetailsofwingmotioncanbeusedinsteeri (慣性與粘性力的比率),他們的模型浸沒(méi)在礦物油中并在空間和時(shí)間上進(jìn)行縮butasefficientasthe汽車(chē)/火車(chē)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)如此缺乏吸引力，以至于在有選擇自由的社會(huì)中，它們永遠(yuǎn)demands,theredlines(10%)arethedemandsthatcanbemetbytheLightreasonitisabetteralternativetothecarthantradionthedrivercanrelaxuntileveryjunction,thespeedireasonforthisspeedreductiondradiusofcurvaturewouldbemuchhigher(itgoeswiththesquareofthespeed).Inansystemarecoupledtoformtrainswhentheyusetheguideway.Thedependsonthedemand.DuringnighteverybodywilCapacityismorethanjustanfrequency.Itismuchbettertohaveacintolargetrains.RUF系統(tǒng)將作為導(dǎo)航網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)施。典型的網(wǎng)格尺寸為5x5km,因此典型的通部分原因是如果速度更高，曲率半徑會(huì)更高(它與速度的平方一致))。在現(xiàn)有的城市中，找不到柔和曲線(xiàn)的空間。在30km/h時(shí)，舒適標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將允許26m的曲這意味著大約可以創(chuàng)建10個(gè)rufs的列車(chē)。10秒可以在合并到主軌道之前創(chuàng)建該列mainfactoristhereductionofairresistanceduetoclosofwindmillsandaRUFrailcouldbeusedoverwater.SolarcellscanalsobeintegratedintothesystemandThismeansthatderailmentsareimduringbadweather.Thebrakecansqueetobringthevehicletoasafestop.Ifavehiclehastobeevacuated,awbetweenthetworailscanbe的密集區(qū)域),但也是一個(gè)雙模式系統(tǒng)。在這方面，它可以被視為PRT+系統(tǒng)。由于RUF也使用maxi-ruf,因此可以將其視為PRT+inexpensive,suchasystemwillbelesscostlythantraditionalwouldalsobeasuccesscomparedtotraditionaltransitbecauseoftheveryhighlevelofserviceofferedinRUF.從一開(kāi)始就不可能將RUF系統(tǒng)作為具有私有rufs的系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)。如果不知道【A】盧米埃兄弟于1895年12月8日在巴黎的14卡布辛大道開(kāi)設(shè)了他們的電影攝影師，在100多年前向100位付費(fèi)用戶(hù)開(kāi)放。在震驚，激動(dòng)的觀眾面前，照片變得生動(dòng)起來(lái)平面屏幕。theimaginationtograsptheimpactofthosefirstmovingimages.Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema,theunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.【B】如此平凡和慣例對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，想象力的確定性飛躍將會(huì)抓住那些第一個(gè)動(dòng)凡力量和魔力，獨(dú)特的催眠品質(zhì)使電影成為20世紀(jì)最具活力，最有效的藝術(shù)形showedasectionofarailwayplatformfloodedwithsheadsstraightforthecamera.AndthatisallAndreiTarkovsky,oneofthegpeoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotacceptthattheywerewatchingamwerestill,onlyreafearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.’【C】盧米埃爾兄弟最早的一部電影是一部30秒鐘的作品，展示了一片充滿(mǎn)陽(yáng)offilmbecamefamiliar,themagicwasaccepted-butitneverstoppedbeingmagic.Filmhasneverlostitsuniquepowerdifferentworld.ForTarkovsky,thekeytothatmagicwasthewayinwhichcincreatedadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents.Astillpicturecoutheexistenceoftime,whiletimeinanovelpassedatthewhimofthereader.Butin得熟悉，魔術(shù)被接受-但它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止變得神奇。電影從未失去其擁抱觀眾makestheworldsmaller.LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywtheyknewwhatotherplaceslookedlike;theyknowhowotherpeopleworkedandprimaryimageryoffilm.FilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesarou圖像-汽車(chē)，城市，牛仔-成為電影的主要形象。電影在全球范圍內(nèi)傳播了centuryorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodemworldhasbeenrecordedonfilminmassive,encyclopedicdetail.Weshallbeknown【F】而且，由于電影，后代將比任何其他時(shí)期更親密地了解20世紀(jì)。我們只inevitably,theybecomesuper-real.Becausewewatchthemsocloseeverybodyintheworldseemstoknowwhotheyare,theyLumiereBrothersandotherpioneersbeganshowingoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundattractimighthavedevelopedliketelevision-asastrangenoisytransferofmusic,producersdoubtedtheabilityofaudiencestoconcentrateformorethanthelengthofasettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominan【I】例如，電影可能主要成為一種紀(jì)錄片形式?；蛘咚赡芟耠娨曇粯影l(fā)展-講故事的媒介。最初這些被認(rèn)為是短篇小說(shuō)-早期制作人懷疑觀眾集中精力的sincethattrainarriveda尖叫和逃離僅僅100年，他們所看到的危險(xiǎn)現(xiàn)實(shí)深信不疑，也許突然意識(shí)到世界Passage5collective,doremarkablethings.Asingleneuroninthehumanbraincanretowhattheneuronsconnectedtoitaredoing,butallofthemtoImmanuelKant.ThatresemblanceiswhyDeborahM.Gordon,StanfordUniversityassistantprofessorofbiologicalsciences,studiesystemwheresimpleunitstogetherdobehavthecolony'sterritorysizeexpandsorcontracts,preconnaissancepatterntoconformtothenewrealities.Sincenoone變其偵察模式的形狀以符合新的現(xiàn)實(shí)。由于沒(méi)有人負(fù)責(zé)一個(gè)蟻群-包括那個(gè)名不副實(shí)的“女王”,這只是一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)員-每個(gè)螞蟻如何決定做什么?Thiskindofundirectedbehaviorisnotuniquetoants,GoArgentineantsthatareubiquitoustocoaclearwhethertheyarequietlyaggressiveorjustfindwaysoftakingoverfoodanastyglue-likesubstancealongthetopsoftheboardsthatkeepstheantdiagramoftheants'activities.Themotionsoftheantsconfirmtheexistenceofacollective."Acoloanalogoustoabrainwheretherearelotsofneuronstothinkant."Forinstance,antsscoutforfoodina經(jīng)元可以思考螞蟻，但大腦可以思考螞蟻，盡管沒(méi)有在腦中告訴神經(jīng)元思考螞發(fā)生什么,例如當(dāng)戈登移動(dòng)墻壁時(shí)?forantstofindeverything-ifyouthinkofthecolonyasdothis-istohaveananteverywherealthemtocoverspaceefficiently."-如果你認(rèn)為殖民地是一個(gè)試圖做到這一點(diǎn)的個(gè)體-就是一直到處都有一只螞蟻，因?yàn)槿绻粫?huì)發(fā)生在螞蟻附近，它們會(huì)當(dāng)然，殖民地里沒(méi)有足夠的螞蟻anotherant.Iftheareaoftheirterritoryisexpanded,thefrequencyofcontactitspathshapedependingonhowoftenthenumberofencounofthatthreshold.searchpattern.Ifitexpands,contacjob."Idividethetasksintofour:foraging,nestmaintenance,midden[pilingrefuse,theendofanhour'spatrolling,mostpatrollersareonjustafewtrailhavetodoisgowheretherearethemostpatrollers."巢維護(hù)，打撈[打樁垃圾，包括種子外殼]和巡邏-巡邏員是早上出來(lái)尋找食物的andGordonandosaid."Mostofwhatweknowaboutantsistrueofavery,verysmallnumberofspeciescomparedtothenumberofspeciesoutthere."蟻無(wú)法評(píng)估全球殖民地需要多少食物?！拔乙呀?jīng)完成了擾動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，其中我根據(jù)他們?cè)谀骋惶焖龅娜蝿?wù)來(lái)標(biāo)記螞蟻。覓食的螞蟻是綠色的，那些正在清理巢穴的螞蟻是藍(lán)色等等。然后我在環(huán)境中創(chuàng)造了一些新情況；例如，我創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)窩窩少的物種，與那里的物種數(shù)量相比?！盰outookthewordsrightoutunderthenameofFestvox,byCarnegieMellInstitute,isalsoavailable.AndBaidu,aCh現(xiàn)在可以輕松而精確地模仿人們的語(yǔ)音模式。這可能會(huì)給由巴黎新公司CandyVoice開(kāi)發(fā)的手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序帶來(lái)麻煩大約160個(gè)法語(yǔ)或英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)，該應(yīng)用它的軟件只需要50個(gè)句子來(lái)模擬一個(gè)人的聲音。bespokeindustrywhichservedthoseatriskoflosingthepowerofspeechtocancerormeantrecordingmanyphrases,eachspokenmanytimes,withdifferentemotionalcompany,chargesE3,000($3,200)foraprocessthatrequireseighthoursofrecording.直到最近，語(yǔ)音克隆-或語(yǔ)音銀行業(yè)務(wù)，正如當(dāng)時(shí)所知-是一個(gè)定制的行業(yè)，和不同的語(yǔ)境(陳述，問(wèn)題，命令等),以涵蓋所有可能的發(fā)音。比利時(shí)語(yǔ)音銀行公司AcapelaGroup收取3,000歐元(3,200美元)的流程需要8小時(shí)的錄音。Andsoon.Atleast,thatisthevisionofGershonSilbert,bossofVivoText,aandlevelofhappinessorsadnesswithwhichindividualwordsandphraseproduced.MrSilbertreferstotheemotivequalityofthehumanburstintotearsonhearingthemspokenbyatoyusingmum'svoicMoretroubling,anyvoice—includingthatofastranger—canbeclonedifdecentunauthorisedaccesstoaccountsvoice-IDsoftwarearenow更令人不安的是，如果在YouTube或其他地方提供體面的錄音，任何聲音-包括陌生人的聲音-都可以克隆。由尼西什薩克斯納領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的伯明翰阿拉巴馬大學(xué)許多銀行用來(lái)阻止未經(jīng)授權(quán)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)帳戶(hù)的語(yǔ)音生物識(shí)別軟件(如VivoText)進(jìn)行測(cè)And,lestpeoplegetsmugabouttheinferiorityofmachines,humanshaveprovedonlyifavoicesamplebelongedtoapersonwhoserealspeechtheyhadjustlistenedtoforabout90seconds.Thevolunteersrecogni(ie,nobetterthanchance).Theupshot,accordingtoGeorgePapcun,aemergenceofatechnologywith“enormouspotentialvaluefordisinformation”.DrPapcun,whopreviou他們剛剛聽(tīng)了他們真正的講話(huà)，大約90秒。這些志愿者只有一半的時(shí)間認(rèn)可克在新墨西哥州武器機(jī)構(gòu)洛斯阿拉莫斯國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室擔(dān)任語(yǔ)音合成科學(xué)家的帕普村Asmightbeexpected,cdeveloped.NuanceCommunications,amaarestucktogether.Adobe,voice-cloningfeaturecalledVoComightbecreatedinaworldwhichmakesiteasytopthemouthsofadversaries—betheycolleaguesorheadsofstate.正如所料，正在制定嗅出這種欺騙的對(duì)策。語(yǔ)音激活軟件制造商紐昂斯通訊公司正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種算法，可以在語(yǔ)音切片粘在一起的位置檢測(cè)微小的跳頻。Adobe,最著名的Photoshop圖像編輯軟件這種混亂使得將真實(shí)的話(huà)語(yǔ)放入對(duì)手的口中變得容易-無(wú)論是他們的同事還是Passage7ElonMuskenterstheworldofbrain-computerinterfacesofallthisisthatcomputerswill,oneday,enterthebrain.自從1946年第一臺(tái)可以由一個(gè)人操作的計(jì)算機(jī)ENIAC(電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī))開(kāi)計(jì)算機(jī)在20世紀(jì)80年代進(jìn)入家庭，然后遷移到圈，口袋和手腕周?chē)Ｔ趯?shí)驗(yàn)aserialtechnologicalentrepreneur.Informationneurologicalailments.MrMuskclearlyhasbtweetedcrypticmessagesreferringto“neurallace”,ascience-fictionalconceptinventedbylainM.Banks,anovelist,thatis,inessence,amachinein這至少是一家名為Neuralink的公司的賭注，該公司剛剛由連續(xù)技術(shù)企業(yè)家伊wouldtoandfromacomputerremainfirmlyintherealmofimaginatTheodoreBergeroftheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaproposedthatbrainimplantsmightbeusedtostoreandretrievememories.DrBerger'sprosthesiswouldbeintendedtohelpthosewhosebrainscannotformlong-termmemoriesbecau雖然能夠像進(jìn)出計(jì)算機(jī)一樣輕松地從大腦讀取和寫(xiě)入數(shù)據(jù)的設(shè)備仍然處于想象的境界，但這并沒(méi)有阻止神經(jīng)科學(xué)家(當(dāng)然，馬斯克先生)沉迷于一些猜測(cè)。。Ofmindsandmeldingtheywanttocreatecognition-enMusk,gotrichbyprocessingpaymentsonline(PayPal,whichMrMuskhelpedfound,boughtBraintree,MrJohnson'scompany,in2013).MrJohnsonput$100mofhisconsequentialopportunityinhistory."Kernel由布萊恩·約翰遜于2016年10月創(chuàng)立，他是一位企業(yè)家，像馬斯克先生一樣，通過(guò)網(wǎng)上處理方式致富(PayPal,馬斯克先生幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)，在2013年收購(gòu)了布倫特里，約翰遜先生的公司)。約翰遜先生將1億美元自己的資金投入內(nèi)systems,thoughtheydidnotworkwell.Cochlearimplants,torestorehearing,havedonemuchbetter.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplenowhavethem—though,strictlyordertorestoremovementtothelimbsoftheparalysed.耳蝸植入，恢復(fù)聽(tīng)力，做得更好?，F(xiàn)在有成千上萬(wàn)的人擁有它們-但嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，金森氏癥的癥狀可以通過(guò)電極來(lái)控制，這是一條深入大腦的意大利Inoneimportantway,however,KernelandNeuralinkaredifferenpossiblenon-medicalusesofthiskindofimplanttechnology.InFebruaryMrMuskputtinghismoneywherehismouthis.Mostneuroscientistswould,itmustbeacknowledged,regardallthisasheroicallyPolinaAnikeevaandhebroughtdevicesdowntoasizewhere必須承認(rèn)，大多數(shù)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家都認(rèn)為這一切都是英雄樂(lè)觀的。在1月份發(fā)表在大小進(jìn)入大腦可以考慮，未來(lái)面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)。Thebrain'scomplexity,andresearchers'presentlackofunderstandingofhowthatorgan'scomponentcellsworktogethertodobetweenbrainandmachinehard.But,evenwereitsimpleinprinciple,therigid,soft-tissueofbiolosurgeryneededtoputtheminplacecarriesrisksofitsown.大腦的復(fù)雜性和研究人員目前缺乏對(duì)器官組成細(xì)胞如何協(xié)同工作以實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能usingmagnets.Eachparticleproducesanelectricfie常小，可以與單個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的電場(chǎng)相互作用。研究小組將這些粒子(每次數(shù)百億)注入大鼠尾巴的靜脈，然后用磁鐵將它們拖入動(dòng)物的大腦。當(dāng)受外部子來(lái)影響附近神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的電狀態(tài)-因此，實(shí)質(zhì)上，重新編程它們。但是，在實(shí)Anotherapproach,beingpioneeredbyJoseCarmenaoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andhiscolleagues,usesdevicesthesizeofagrainofricetoconvertmusclecells.Ultrasoundtravelsthroughthebody,socanpoweradeviceswithoutwires.由加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的喬斯-卡梅納和他的同事們開(kāi)創(chuàng)的另一種方standardbraininterface,apatchofneedlelikeelectrodesknownasaUtaharraytpluggedintothebrain'ssurface.Thnaturalequivalentofsoftware—thewaythebrainencodesinformation.Suchwouldbepossibleonlyifbrainsignalswereproperlyunderstood.個(gè)問(wèn)題是，沒(méi)有人理解軟件的自然等效背后的機(jī)制-大腦編碼信息的方式。必medicalpurposesmightleadtomoreconsumer-orientatedapplications—doesseemasensiblewaytodothings.造使用光而不是電力刺激大腦的設(shè)備。但這兩家公司共同的潛在前提-醫(yī)療目的可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多以消費(fèi)者為導(dǎo)向的應(yīng)用-似乎是一種明智的做事方式。PeopleunderstandthatmedicalproceduafterwardsbuildupexpertisethatmightbeAsforMrMuskhimself,Neuralinkbringstofivethenumberofambitioustechnologytechgiant;SpaceX(rocketry);theBoringCompany(tunnelling);andHyperloop他的是特斯拉(電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，電池和太陽(yáng)能),它們?cè)?月底吸引了中國(guó)科技巨頭公司(隧道);和Hyperloop(真空列車(chē))。AEconomistsacceptthatifpeopledescribethemselvesashappy,thentheyarehappy.However,psychologistsdifferentiatebetwpsychologistMartinSeligmanhasspearheadedanhappiness.Thebadnewsisthatwe'renotwiredtobehappy.Thegoodnewsisthatpsychologyhashadlittletosayaboutgoodnessandcontenpsychologistshaveconcernedthemselveswithweaknessandmisery.Therearerespectablesciencetostudywhathappenswhenlivespsychologypapersdealin的經(jīng)歷，如喜悅，善良，利他主義和英雄主義，主要被忽視了。對(duì)于每100篇關(guān)BAfewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showicontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplaymillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150cheerfulcoloursandfuronMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandea資助了50個(gè)研究小組，涉及全球150名科學(xué)家。四個(gè)積極的心理學(xué)中心開(kāi)業(yè)，CButcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatislevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?Aren'ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemsofpositivethinking".Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"istomakesureitisancC但批評(píng)者要求回答大問(wèn)題。定義幸福水平和分類(lèi)美德有什么意義?難道這些概念不是模糊而且不可能確定的嗎?當(dāng)饑荒，洪水和流行抑郁等問(wèn)題得到解決時(shí)，你能否證明花錢(qián)資助研究積極的國(guó)家?塞利格曼知道他的作品可以與諸如我改善的時(shí)尚浪潮中漂浮”,這是為了確保它堅(jiān)持上面的積極哲學(xué)，以及下面的DAndthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.Homofloodsastheicemassesmeltlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencettalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgefavouredyou,butitdoesn'tworkinthemodemworld."D這將我們帶回到我們的進(jìn)化過(guò)去。人類(lèi)智慧在更新世時(shí)期(1.8米至10000年前)發(fā)展，這是一個(gè)艱難和動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)期。這是冰河時(shí)代，我們的祖先在冰川形是，在更新世時(shí)代有效。它有利于你,但它在現(xiàn)代世界中不起作用。"EAlthoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Expershowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fourDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlenegativeemotionseachtellus"somethingcourseofactionFWhatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?Andisthereabiologyofjoy?AtlowaUniversity,neuroswhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainadeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Thdanger-recognitionsysteF什么是大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是我們對(duì)消極思維的偏見(jiàn)的基礎(chǔ)?是否有喜悅的生物?在愛(ài)荷華大學(xué)，神經(jīng)科學(xué)家研究了當(dāng)人們看到愉快和令人不快的照片時(shí)會(huì)wantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwonucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopambrain'srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallypartners,toreceiveelectricals