華南理工大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《870英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)綜合》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2014年華南理工大學(xué)870語(yǔ)言學(xué)和英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考研真題及詳解

2015年華南理工大學(xué)870語(yǔ)言學(xué)和英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考研真題及詳解

2016年華南理工大學(xué)870語(yǔ)言學(xué)和英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考研真題及詳解

2017年華南理工大學(xué)870語(yǔ)言學(xué)和英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考研真題及詳解

2014年華南理工大學(xué)870語(yǔ)言學(xué)和

英美文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)考研真題及詳

解

PartOne

FundamentalsofLinguisticsandLiterature

（外國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)考生共答部分）

Ⅰ.Definethefollowingtermsinyourownwords(每題必答，共20分)

1.argument

【答案】Anargumentcanbedefinedasastatementorasetof

statementsusedinordertotrytoconvinceothersthatyouropinionaboutan

issueiscorrect.Itisanattempttodemonstratethetruthofanassertion,andit

isareasonedandresearchedclaim.

2.consonant

【答案】Consonantsareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbya

narrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducing

audiblefriction.

3.sense

【答案】Sensereferstotheabstractpropertiesofanentity.Itisdefined

intermsofrelationshipswhichholdbetweenthelinguisticelements

themselves.Itisconcernedwithintra-linguisticrelations.

4.minimalpair

【答案】Inphonology,minimalpairsarepairsofwordsorphrasesina

particularlanguagethatdifferinonlyonephonologicalunitandhavedistinct

meanings.Theyareusedtodemonstratethattwophonesaretwoseparated

phonemesinthelanguage.

5.foregrounding

【答案】Foregroundingisdefinedasartisticallymotivateddeviation.

Thisdeviation,oruncommonusage,involvesalllevelsoflanguage:

vocabulary,sound,meaning,graphology,etc.

6.thegildedage

【答案】ItiscoinedbyMarkTwainsatiricallydescribingthetime

periodinordertoaddresssomeoftheproblemsintheUnitedStates,suchas

reconstruction,povertyinallareasoftheUS,politicalandcorporate

corruptionandsoon.

7.individualism

【答案】Individualismisthemoralstance,politicalphilosophy,

ideology,orsocialoutlookthatemphasizesthemoralworthoftheindividual.

Individualistspromotetheexerciseofone’sgoalsanddesiresandsovalue

independenceandself-reliance,andadvocatetheirinterestsoftheindividual

shouldachieveprecedentoverthestateorasocialgroup,whileopposing

externalinterferenceuponone’sowninterestsbysocietyorinstitutionssuch

asthegovernment.

8.cavalierpoets

【答案】ThecavalierpoetsbelongtoaschoolofEnglishpoetsinthe

17thcentury,whichcamefromtheclassesthatsupportedKingCharlesⅠ

duringtheEnglishcivilwar(1642—1651).Charles,aconnoisseuroffine

arts,supportedpoetswhocreatedtheartshecraved.Thesepoetsinturn

groupedthemselveswiththeKingandhisservice,thusbecomingcavalier

poets.

9.naturalism

【答案】ThetermnaturalismwascoinedbyEmileZola,whodefinesit

asaliterarymovementwhichemphasizesobservationandscientificmethod

inthefictionalportrayofreality.Othercharacteristicsofliterarynaturalism

include:detachment,inwhichtheauthormaintainsanimpersonaltoneand

disinterestedpointofview;determinism,theoppositeoffreewill,inwhicha

character’sfatehasbeendecided,evenpredetermined,byimpersonalforces

ofnaturebeyondhumancontrol;andasensethattheuniverseitselfis

indifferenttohumanlife.

10.pointofview

【答案】Pointofviewistheperspectivefromwhichastoryis

communicated.Itdescribesthepositionofthenarrator,thatis,thecharacter

ofthestory-teller,inrelationtothestorybeingtold.Itcanbethoughtofasa

cameramountedonthenarrator’sshoulderthatcanalsolookbackinthe

narrator’smind.

Ⅱ.Answerthefollowingquestions(每題必答，共40分)

1.Whatislanguageaptitude?Pleasegivethreeexamplestoillustrate

thisconcept.

【答案】Peopledifferintheextenttowhichtheypossessanatural

abilityforlearninganL2.Thisability,knownaslanguageaptitude,is

believedtobepartiallyrelatedtogeneralintelligencebutalsotobeinpart

distinct.Languageaptitudeisthoughttobeacombinationofvariousabilities,

suchastheabilitytoidentifysoundpatternsinanewlanguage,theabilityto

recognizethedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsofwordsinsentences,andthe

abilitytoinferlanguagerules,andsoon.Ithasbeengenerallyacceptedthat

learnerswhoachievehighscoresinlanguageaptitudetestslearnrapidlyand

achievehighproficiencyinsecondlanguagelearning.Yethowthe

componentsworkonthelearner’sinter-languagedevelopmentstillremains

speculative.

2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaproficiencytestandanachievement

test?

【答案】Anachievementtestisatestofdevelopedskillorknowledge.

Themostcommontypeofachievementtestisstandardizedtestdevelopedto

measureskillsandknowledgelearnedinagivengradelevel,usuallythrough

plannedinstruction,suchastrainingorclassroominstruction.Achievement

testsareoftencontrastedwithteststhatmeasureaptitude,amoregeneraland

stablecognitivetrait.Aproficiencytestisusuallycommissionedbyanation

forthosewhoareasecondlanguagelearnerofthelanguageofthenation.It

isoftendividedintoseverallevelsfromthebasisonetothehighestgrade.

Anditisconductedaccordingtodifferentabilities,generallyincluding

reading,listeningandwriting.

3.TherearemanywaysofwordformationinEnglishlexicology.Can

youdefinebackformationandgivetwoexamples?

【答案】Backformationreferstoanusuallyabnormaltypeofword

formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfrom

alongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Take“televise”forexample.Theword

“television”appearedbefore“televise”.Thefirstpartoftheword

“television”waspulledoutandanalyzedasaroot,eventhoughnosuchroot

occurselsewhereintheEnglishlanguage.Insteadoftakingoutpartofaword

asaroot,backformationallowsustotakeoutawordofagivencategoryand

formanewhomophonouswordofadifferentcategory,suchasthenoun

form“white-wash”thatbecomestheverbform“whitewash”.

4.Whatdoes“TheLostGeneration”referto?

【答案】ItisaternregularlyusedaftertheFirstWorldWarinreference

tothehostofyoungmenwhowerekilledinit,andalsototheyoungmen

whosurvivedandwhothereafterwereadrift-morallyandspiritually.The

termisbelievedtohavebeeninventedbyGertrudeStein(1874—1946).The

moodofthelost-generation,amoodofdisenchantmentandsometimes

cynicism,waswellrepresentedbysomeAmericannovelists;particularly

ScottFitzgerald.Thegroupofmenwholatercametobeknownasthe‘war

poets’alsobelongedtothelostgeneration.

5.Whatdoes“TheBeatGeneration”referto?

【答案】Theterm‘beat’,inthisrestrictedsense,isgenerallybelievedto

havebeendevisedbyJackKerouac(1922—1969).Itbearsconnotationsof

down-beat,off-beat,drop-outandbeatitudeanddenotesagroupofAmerican

writers(especiallypoets)whobecameprominentinthe1950s.Theyare

particularlyassociatedwithSanFrancisco,USA,andtheirgenerallyaccepted

father-figureswereKennethRexroth,HenryMillerandWilliamBurroughs.

TheBeatwriters,highlyinfluencedbyjazz,ZenBuddhismandAmerican

IndianandMexicancults,livingaBohemianlife-styleassociatedwithdrugs

and‘free’-sex,developedtheirownslangandahighlyidiosyncraticstyle.

Theirconvictionsandattitudeswereunconventional,provocative,anti-

intellectual,anti-hierarchicalandanti-middle-class(the‘squares’).

6.WhoisJaneAusten(1775—1817)?

【答案】JaneAusten(1775—1817)wasanEnglishnovelistknown

primarilyforhersixmajornovels,whichinterpret,critiqueandcomment

upontheBritishlandedgentryattheendofthe18thcentury.Austen’splots

oftenexplorethedependenceofwomenonmarriageinthepursuitof

favorablesocialstandingandeconomicsecurity.Herworkscritiquethe

novelsofsensibilityofthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyandarepartofthe

transitionto19th-centuryliteraryrealism.Heruseofbitingirony,alongwith

herrealismandsocialcommentary,hasearnedheracclaimamongcriticsand

scholars.ShewrotePrideandPrejudice(1813),SenseandSensibility(1811),

Emma,NorthangerAbbey(1803)andMansfieldPark(1814).

PartTwo

TestforStudentsofLinguisticsandAppliedLinguistics

（外國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)考生必答部分）

Ⅰ.Discussandcommentonthefollowingtopics(每題必答，共40分)

1.Theinnativeviewoflanguageacquisition

【答案】Theinnatenessviewsaysthattheabilitytoacquireahuman

languageispartofthebiologicallyinnateequipmentofthehumanbeing,and

thataninfantisbornwiththisabilityjustasitisbornwithtwoarms,two

legs,andabeatingheart.Italsoclaimsthatthisbuilt-inabilityislinkedin

somemannertophysiologicalmaturation,thatitisthestrongestinthevery

smallchild,andthatsomedegreeofdecayinitsfunctionbeginsaroundthe

timeofpuberty.Evidencefortheinnatenesshypothesisisverystrong.For

example,thereisnoformalinstructioninfirstlanguageacquisition.Children

becomecompetentspeakersofalanguageatacomparativelyearlyagebefore

theyarereadyforothercognitivelycomplextaskssuchaslearning

mathematics,physicsorchemistry.Ithasalsobeenobservedthatchildrenall

overtheworldgothroughthesamestagesinlanguageacquisitionregardless

oftheirlinguisticenvironment.Childrendonotchoosetheirfirstlanguage;

theycanlearnanylanguageequallywellaslongastheyareintheright

linguisticenvironment.

2.Criteriaindeterminingaword’scategory

【答案】

Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameor

similarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseor

averb.Todetermineaword’scategory,threecriteriaareemployed.

Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.The

meaningsassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.

Forexample,whenwesaythatprettygirl,weareattributingtheproperty

“pretty”tothatgirl,andinthesentence“Jennyleavesquickly”,theadverb

“quickly”indicatesthemannerinwhichJennyleaves.

Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword’scategoryisinflection.Words

ofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.Suchnounsas“boy”and

“desk”takethepluralaffix-s.Verbslike“work’and“help”takethepast

tenseaffix-ed.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindeterminingaword’s

category,itdoesnotalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.For

example,nounslike“fog”donotalwaystakepluralsuffix-s.

Thelastmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisits

distribution.Thatiswhattypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword.

Forexample,nounscantypicallyappearwithadeterminerlike“thegirl”and

“thecard”,verbswithanauxiliarysuchas“shouldstay”and“willgo”.

Aword’sdistributionalfactstogetherwithinformationaboutits

meaningandinflectionalcapabilitieshelpidentifyitssyntacticcategory.

3.Sentencemeaningandutterancemeaning

【答案】Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofa

sentenceisoftenstudiesastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentence

itselfintermsofpredication.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeople

actuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesutterance,andit

shouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyutteredorused.

Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,thatofan

utteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceis

basedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofa

sentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

4.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety

【答案】Languageisregardedasamirrorofsociety,throughwhichwe

canunderstandsocialactivitiesofacertainsocietybetter.Functionally,

societyprovideslanguagewithasuitablecontextofuse,inwhichwecan

enjoyaspectsoflanguagevividlyandtruthfully.Therearemanyindications

oftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneofthemisthat

whilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedto

establishandmaintainsocialrelationships.Thissocialfunctionoflanguageis

embodiedintheuseofsuchutterancessuchas“Goodmorning”.Another

indicationisthatusersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.

Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhis

socialbackground,andlanguage,initsturn,revealsinformationaboutits

speaker.Whenwespeak,wecannotavoidgivingcluestoourlistenersabout

ourselves.Thentosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofits

lexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.

ForexamplewhilethereisonlyonewordinEnglishfor“snow”,thereare

severalinEskimo.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothe

structureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,andtheevaluationofalinguistic

formisentirelysocial.Toalinguist,alllinguisticformsandaccentsare

equallygoodasfarastheycanfulfillthecommunicativefunctionstheyare

expectedtofulfill.Therefore,judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessand

purityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.

5.Theroleofwordstressindistinguishingmeaning

【答案】Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.

Abasicdistinctionismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,the

formerbeingmoreprominentthanthelatter,whichmeansthatstressisa

relativenotion.Atthewordlevel,itonlyappliestowordswithatleasttwo

syllables.Atthesentencelevel,amonosyllabicwordmaybesaidtobe

stressedrelativetootherwordsinthesentence.Stressmaychangeover

historyandexhibitregionalordialectaldifferences,andsometimesitis

placedonadifferentsyllableforthedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsaword

plays.Forexample,theform“produce”ispronounceddifferentandfunctions

differentlywhenstressisputonthefirstandthesecondsyllablerespectively.

Sentencestressismoreinteresting.Ingeneralsituations,notionalwordsare

normallystressedwhilestructuralwordsaregenerallyunstressed.

Ⅱ.Analyzethelanguagedataaccordingtotherequirements(每題必

答，共50分)

1.Analyzethefollowingspeecheventintermsoftherelatedpragmatic

theory(15points)

Hamlet:Whosegrave’sthis,sirrah?

Clown(gravedigger):Mine,sir.

...

Hamlet:Whatmandostthoudigitfor?

Clown:Fornoman,sir.

Hamlet:Whatwomanthen?

Clown:Fornone,neither.

Hamlet:Whoistobeburiedin’t?

Clown:Onethatwasawoman,sir;but,resthersoul,she’sdead.

(Shakespeare,Hamlet)

【答案】

Thisspeecheventviolatesthecooperativeprinciple.Thecontentof

cooperativeprincipleistomakeyourconversationalcontributionasis

required,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirection

oftheexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Anditcontainsthefollowing

maxims.

Quality

Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.

(1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

(2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevident.

Quantity

(1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrent

purposeoftheexchange).

(2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

Relation

Berelevant.

Manner

Beperspicuous.

(1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.

(2)Avoidambiguity.

(3)Bebrief.

(4)Beorderly.

Apparently,inthisspeechevent,theclownviolatesthemaximof

qualityasheanswersthatthegraveisnotformanorwoman.Asaresult,

therecomesconversationalimplicature.Conversationalimplicaturearises

fromeitherstrictlyanddirectlyobservingordeliberatelyandopenlyflouting

themaxims.Conversationalimplicatureisatypeofimpliedmeaning,which

isdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwith

thecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.Inthisspeech

event,theclownwantstoimplythatsoulistheessenceofapersonandher

soulisdeadsoshedigsthegravetoburyherself.

2.Explaintherulesandprinciplesunderlyingtheungrammaticalityor

inappropriatenessinvolvedinthefollowingsentences(20points)

a.*Atthisverymoment,Ifeelveryexcitingandwanttoextendmy

sincerestthankstoallofyouhereforyourinspiration,encouragementand

supportduringmystayatCambridgeUniversity.

b.*Thegovernmenthasalreadyadoptedeffectivemeasuresagainstthe

growingcorruptionappearedintheprocessofeconomicreform.

【答案】

a.Theword“exciting”ismisusedhere.Thesuffix-ingisoftenadded

behindaverbtoformanadjectiveinordertomodifyinanimateobjects,

whilethesuffix-edisoftenaddedbehindaverbtoformanadjectiveinorder

tomodifypeople.Theword“exciting”meanscausinggreatinterestor

excitement.Andtheword“excited”meansfeelingorshowinghappinessor

enthusiasm.Herethesubjectis“I”,aperson,therefore,theadjectiveused

hereshouldbe“excited”.

b.Theword“appeared”ismisusedhere.Theverb“appear”hereisused

asapost-modifierofthenoun“corruption”.Ascanbeseenfromthe

sentence,theverb“appear”isanon-predicateelement.Sinceitcannotbe

usedinpassivevoice,thepastparticipleof“appear”cannotbeuseddirectly

afterthenoun“corruption”.Andconsideringthetenseofthissentence,the

growingcorruptionhasappearedintheprocessofeconomicreform.

Therefore,thecorrectformshouldbe“againstthegrowingcorruptionhaving

appearedintheprocessofeconomicreform”.

3.Analyzethefollowingpassageintermsoftherelatedstylistictheory

(15points)

Youdon’tknowaboutmewithoutyouhavereadabookbythenameof

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer;butthatain’tnomatter.Thatbookwas

madebyMr.MarkTwain,andhetoldthetruth,mainly.Therewasthings

whichhestretched,butmainlyhetoldthetruth.

(MarkTwain,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn)

【答案】Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthefeaturesof

situationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablish

principlescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividual

andsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Thedoublenegationinthefirst

sentenceisattractiveanditseemsabitredundant.However,justbecauseof

thisconventionaluseofstructure,theimportanceofreadingthenovelThe

AdventuresofTomSawyerisforegrounded,andthisistheintentionofthe

speaker.Theninthesecondsentence,thespeakerchangeshispointofview.

Thespeakerchoosesthethird-personpointofviewratherthandirectlysaying

thatheistheauthorofthebooksothatthestatementismadeobjectiveand

persuasive.Andthefinalsentenceisasupplementtothesecondonetomake

whathehassaidmoreaccurateandrigorous.Therepetitionofthecontent

againconstructsforegrounding.Thistimethespeakertriestoemphasizethe

word“truth”.Althoughtherearethingsthosearemadeupinthenovel,the

mainpartistrueandisworthreading.

PartThree

TestforStudentsofEnglishLanguageandLiterature

（英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)考生必答部分）

Ⅰ.Discussandcommentonthefollowingtopics(請(qǐng)選答其中的4道

題。請(qǐng)勿多答，若多答，只評(píng)前4題。共40分)

1.DoyouknowtheImagistPoetry?Explainandcommentonit.

【答案】

(1)Imagistpoetryisastyleofpoetrythathadbeenpromotedbythe

Imagists,firstledbyEzraPoundthenAmyLowellandH.Doolittle,during

Imagismmovement,thatstresses“a.directtreatmentofthe‘thing’,whether

subjectiveorobjective;b.touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontribute

tothepresentation;c.asregardingrhythmtocomposeinsequenceofthe

musicalphrase,notinsequenceofthemetronome.”

(2)TheImagismmovementthoughhasdeeplyinfluencedthecourseof

modernistpoetryinEnglish,thereshortcomingsasWallaceStevenssuggests

“notallobjectsareequal”,itsdemandforhardness,clarityandprecisionand

itsinsistenceonfidelitytoappearancecoupledwithitsrejectionofirrelevant

emotions.

2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutT.S.Eliot’s“tradition”?Describeand

commentonit.

【答案】AsEliotsuggeststhat“traditionisamatterofmuchwider

significance”,“cannotbeinherited”andoneneedsgreatefforttoobtainit.“It

involves,inthefirstplace,thehistoricalsense”.(1)Eliotattachesgreat

importancetotradition.Hissenseoftraditionisaunitedsystemwhich

mainlyinvolveshishistoricalsense,strongreligiousbeliefsandmythical

methods.Itrepresentsanadherencetothepast,atrendtogobacktohistory,

toadheretotradition.Historyandpastareviewedfromtheperspectiveof

boththepastandthepresent.(2)ToEliot,literarytraditioniskeptthrough

writers’impersonalcreationandtobecomeimpersonalinwriting,writersare

obligatedtoconstantlysubjectthemselvestotradition,becauseithaslaid

downruleswhichestablishedit.(3)Socialtradition,inEliot’sopinion,is

establishedandmaintainedbyanidealsocialorder.Religionandmythare

twoessentialelementstoensuretraditionandorder.

3.WhatisDavidCopperfield,thenovelwrittenbyDickens,about?

Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisnovel?

【答案】

(1)ThenoveltellsthestoryofDavidCopperfield,andiswritteninfirst

person,fromhischildhoodtomiddleage,withhisownadventuresandthe

weboffriendsandenemieshemeetsalonghisway.

(2)Therethreemajorthemeshavebeendepictedinthisnovel:(a)the

plightoftheweak,throughoutDavidCopperfield,thepowerfulabusethe

weakandhelpless,Dickensfocusesonorphans,women,andthementally

disabledtotheexploitationinanindustrialsociety;(b)theequalityin

marriage,intheworldofthenovel,marriagessucceedtotheextentthat

husbandandwifeattainequalityintheirrelationship;(c)wealthandclass,

throughoutthenovel,Dickenscriticizeshissociety’sviewofwealthand

classasmeasuresofaperson’svalue.Forinstance,DickensusesSteerforth,

whoiswealthy,powerful,andnoble,toshowthatthesetraitsaremorelikely

tocorruptthanimproveaperson’scharacter.

(3)Thisnovel,likeOliverTwist,hasexposedtheproblemofthe

employmentofyoungchildreninfactoriesandmines,andchildprostitution

andabuseinVictorianinstitutions,harshlycriticizedthebutteredand

creamedcrueltyunder“industrialcivilizations”.Itssocialinfluencehasnot

onlybroughtfametoDickenshimself,butalsoalegislativereformto

Victoriansociety.LikemanyothernovelsofDickens,itisanovelofboth

entertainingandeducation.

4.WhatdoyouknowaboutLeavesofGrass?Commentonitsartistic

achievement.

【答案】LeavesofGrass,collectionofpoetrybyAmericanauthorWalt

Whitman,firstpresentedasagroupof12poemspublishedanonymouslyin

1855.ThepoemsofLeavesofGrassarelooselyconnected,witheach

representingWhitman’scelebrationofhisphilosophyoflifeandhumanity.

Thisbookisnotableforitsdiscussionofdelightinsensualpleasureduringa

tiewhensuchcandiddisplayswereconsideredimmoral.Itwashighly

controversialduringitstimeforitsexplicitsexualimagery,especiallyinthe

firstedition.Wheremuchpreviouspoetry,especiallyEnglish,reliedon

symbolism,allegory,andmeditationonthereligiousandspiritual,itexalted

thebodyandthematerialworld.InfluencedbyRalphWaldoEmersonand

theTranscendentalistmovement,itselfoffshootofRomanticism.

5.ExplainandCommenton“blankverse”.

【答案】

(1)Blankverse,unrhymediambicpentameter,thepreeminentdramatic

andnarrativeverseforminEnglish.Itsrichnessandversatilitydependonthe

skillofthepoetinvaryingthestressesandthepositionofthecaesura(pause)

ineachline,incatchingtheshiftingtonalqualitiesandemotionalovertones

ofthelanguage,andinarranginglinesintothoughtgroupsandparagraphs.

(2)HenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,introducedthemeter,alongwiththe

sonnettoEnglandinthe16thcentury.ChristopherMarlowedevelopedits

musicalqualitiesandemotionalpower.Shakespearetransformedthelineand

theinstrumentofblankverseintothevehicleforthegreatestEnglish

dramaticpoetry.JohnMilton,laterhasrestoredblankversetoliveinhis

ParadiseLost(1667),EdwardYoung,WilliamWordsworth,P.B.Shelly,

JohnKeats,andRobertFrosthaveallappliedblankverseintheirworks.Itis

agreatandlong-lastingpoeticformindeed.

Ⅱ.Analysisandappreciation(每題必答，共50分)

1.Readthefollowingpassageandwriteananalyticalessayinabout250

words(25points)

Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageof

wisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwasthe

epochofincredulity;itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonof

Darkness;itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair;wehad

everythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingdirectto

Heaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway—inshort,theperiodwasso

farlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedonits

beingreceived,forgoodorforevil,inthesuperlativedegreeofcomparison

only.

【答案】

(1)Thesefamouslines,whichopenATaleofTwoCities,hintatthe

novel’scentraltensionbetweenloveandfamily,ontheonehand,and

oppressionandhatred,ontheother.Itestablishedtheerainwhichthenovel

takesplace,EnglandandFrancein1775.Theageismarkedbycompeting

andcontradictoryattitudes.“Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstof

times”.Thepassagemakesmarkeduseofanaphora,therepetitionofaphrase

atthebeginningofconsecutiveclauses—forexample,“itwastheage...itwas

theage”and“itwastheepoch...itwastheepoch...”Thistechnique,along

withthepassage’ssteadyrhythm,suggeststhatgoodandevil,wisdomand

folly,andlightanddarknessstandequallymatchedintheirstruggle.The

opposingpairsinthispassagealsoinitiateoneofthenovel’smostprominent

motifsandstructuralfigures—thatofdoubles,includingLondonandParis,

SydneyCartonandCharlesDarnay,MissProssandMadameDefarge,and

LucieandMadameDefarge.

(2)Thiscomparisonofdichotomouscharacters,however,seversthe

educationalpurposeandrefor