戰(zhàn)斗中凋零的愛情之花-從冰山原理角度解讀《永別了武器》中的戰(zhàn)爭與愛情

戰(zhàn)斗中凋零的愛情之花—從冰山原理角度解讀《永別了，武器》中的戰(zhàn)爭與愛情戰(zhàn)斗中凋零的愛情之花—從冰山原理角度解讀《永別了，武器》中的戰(zhàn)爭與愛情摘要：《永別了，武器》作為“迷惘的一代”海明威的經(jīng)典代表作之一，將戰(zhàn)爭與愛情這二者完美地融合在一起，講述了在殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭中一個(gè)充滿悲劇的愛情故事。同時(shí)，海明威也以其獨(dú)特的寫作手法，簡約含蓄的文體風(fēng)格，將冰山原理巧妙地運(yùn)用其中。本文將從戰(zhàn)爭與愛情這兩條主線去分析冰山原理在小說中的具體運(yùn)用，幫助讀者通過對語言、人物刻畫和對一些場景的描寫來深刻感悟這一原理，使讀者對其有更深的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)。關(guān)鍵詞：海明威;冰山原理;戰(zhàn)爭;愛情FlowersofLoveWitheredintheWar—AnInterpretationofWarandLoveinAFarewelltoArmsfromthePerspectiveofIcebergTheoryAbstract:AsoneoftheHemingway’sclassicmasterpieces,AFarewelltoArmsperfectlyintegrateswarandlovetogether,andtellsalovestoryfulloftragedyinthecruelwar.Atthesametime,HemingwayusedtheIcebergTheoryskillfullywithhisuniquewritingtechnique,simpleandimplicitstyle.ThisarticlewillanalyzetheconcreteapplicationsofHemingway’sIcebergTheoryinhisworkfromthetwomainlinesofwarandlove,sothattohelpreadersunderstandthisprincipledeeplythroughthedescriptionoflanguage,characterportrayalandsomescenes,sothatreaderscanhaveadeeperunderstandingofthistheory.KeyWords:Hemingway;IcebergTheory；War；Love ContentsIntroduction IntroductionErnestHemingway,afamousAmericanwriterandjournalist,regardedasoneofthemostfamousnovelistsinthe20thcentury.Heisalsoarepresentativeofthe“LostGeneration”writersintheUnitedStates.ThispaperwillintroducehismasterpieceAFarewelltoArmsfromhisusualwritingstyle“IcebergTheory”toyou.AlthoughtherearemanyresearchersonthestudyofHemingway’sworks,especiallytheicebergtheoryofliterature,mostoftheminterprethisbookHillsLikeWhiteElephants.TheicebergtheoryusedtoanalyzethenovelAFarewelltoArmsisraretofind.Soitisimportanttoresearchhowtheicebergtheoryisusedwiththetwomainlines:warandloveinAFarewelltoArms.Itrevealsthebasicviewoflifeandaprofoundsenseoflifetragedy.Deathcannotbeavoided.Thedeadhasbeenquiet,butthelivinghastobeartheentanglementoftheend.Inthiscase,readerscangetabetterunderstandingofthisbookandtheory,sothattogetahighlevelofliteraryappreciation.Inthispaper,thefirstpartistheliteraturereview,whichwillgiveashortintroductiontotheauthorandbookaswellassomerelatedstudiesathomeandabroad.AndthesecondpartistogiveabriefexplanationoftheIcebergTheory.Inthispart,Iwillintroducetheorigin,thedevelopmentandthemainconceptsoftheIcebergTheory.Finally,thepaperwillanalyzethebookAFarewelltoArmsfromtheperspectiveoftheicebergtheoryinthesetwoaspects:analysisofmajorfigure’scharacter;analysisofscenedescription.What’smore,twomethodswillbeusedinthispaper:thefirstone,LiteratureResearchMethod:ThroughCNKI,theschoollibrarynetworkdatabaseresourcesandotherreliableonlineresearchwebsites,getsomerelevantinformationaboutthepaper.Throughthecollectionandanalysisofthisinformation,providesatheoreticalbasisforfurtherstudyofAFarewelltoArms.Andthesecondone--CaseAnalysisMethod:separatelyanalyzesthetwomainlines:thewarandloveinthebook.InHemingway’snovels,headherestotheconciseprinciple-IcebergTheory,sothatreaderscanexcavatericherhistoryandemotionundersimplewords.Fromunderstandingthispoint,startingfromthegeneralresearchdirectionoftheicebergtheorybyotherauthors,wecanfindthattheworkshaveattractivebeautyofartandideologicalheightwhenwelookspecificallyatitspresentationinAFarewelltoArms.Speechandvoicerevealfeelings.ThefactthatHemingwayhidingundertheicebergisapartofourimaginationthatcanbefilledwithexperience.Therefore,thisicebergtheoryhasmobilizedthereader’sexperienceandparticipationtothemaximumextent,sothatthereaderfeelsthatthewritertrustshisunderstandingandexperienceability.Inthissense,Hemingwayleftseven-eighthsoftheicebergthere,allowingreaderstofilltheirmindswiththeirknowledgeandexperience.Tounderstandthemeaningoftheicebergtheory,andtointerpretAFarewelltoArmswiththeseprinciples,wecandigdeeperthoughtsoftheauthorunderthesimplelanguage,andanalyzethecharactersofthefiguresinthebook.ChapterⅠAFarewelltoArmsandItsRelatedStudies1.1IntroductiontoHemingwayErnestHemingwaywasborninOakPark,nearChicago,onJuly21,1899.HewasbaptizedinWalloonlake.HemingwayspentmostofhischildhoodinthefarmhouseofWalloonlake.Hisfatherisanoutstandingdoctor.HismotherisadevoutChristianwithgoodartisticcultivation.Influencedbyhisfamily,helovedliterature,artandsportssincechildhood.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,Hemingway,whorefusedtoenteruniversity,beganhiswritingcareerattheageof18whenhebecameajournalistintheinfluentialKansasCityStarintheUnitedStates.Hemingwaywaswelltrainedduringhissixmonths’workintheKamchatkastar.OnEveofgraduatingfromhighschoolinApril1917,theUnitedStatesgotintotheFirstWorldWar.Hesignedupforthearmybutwasnotacceptedbecauseofhisvisualdisturbance.In1918,despitehisfather’sopposition,HemingwayquithisjobasajournalistandtriedtojointheAmericanmilitarytoobservethefightingoftheFirstWorldWar.HemingwaywasonlytransferredtotheRedCrossrescueteamasanambulancedriverbecausehefailedthephysicalexaminationduetohisvisiondefect.OnJuly8,1918,HemingwaywasinjuredwhiledeliveringsuppliesanddraggedItalianwoundedsoldierstosafety.HewasawardedthesilvermedalofbraverybytheItaliangovernment.Later,HemingwayworkedinanAmericanRedCrossHospitalinMilan.ThisistheinspirationforhisearlynovelAFarewelltoArms.Hemingwayregardedhimselfastheprotagonistofthenovelandcreatedhisownworks.1.2IntroductiontoAFarewelltoArmsAFarewelltoArmsisanovelby\o"ErnestHemingway"ErnestHemingway.Firstpublishedin1929,thisbookisa\o"First-personnarrative"first-personaccountofanAmericanlieutenant,itsetagainstthebackdropofWorldWarI,describedalovestorybetweenthesoldierHenryandanEnglishnurse,CatherineBarkley.ItspublicationensuredHemingway’splaceasamodernAmericanwriterofconsiderablestature.Thebookbecamehisfirstbest-seller,andhasbeencalled“thepremierAmericanwarnovelfromthatdebacleWorldWarI.”ThenovelwasbasedonHemingway’sownexperiencesservinginthe\o"ItalianCampaign(WorldWarI)"ItaliancampaignsduringtheFirstWorldWar,especiallythehero’sfeelingsofwarreflectsHemingway’sattitudestowardsthewar.ThebookismainlyaboutatragedylovestorythathappenedinWWⅠ.Thehero--FrederickHenry,ayoungAmerican,volunteeredtoworkasanambulancedriverinthenorthernItalianwarduringtheFirstWorldWar,duringwhichhemetCatherineBarclay,aBritishnurse.HenrywasinjuredbyashellwhileondutyatthefrontandsenttothehospitalinMilanatthebackformedicaltreatment.Fatemakesthemmeetagain.Thistime,HenryfoundhimselfdeeplyinlovewithMissBarclay.DuringthemedicaltreatmentinMilan,theywereinloveandhadagreattime.Shortlythereafter,Catherinewaspregnant.Henryrecoveredandreturnedtothefrontline.HefoundthatthemoraleoftheItalianarmyfellsharply,andtherewasasenseoffailureanddespaireverywhere.TheGermanattackfinallydefeatedtheItalianresistance,andtheItalianarmybegantoretreat;thesoldierswereveryexcited,andtheantiwarenthusiasmreachedaclimax.Infrontofabridge,theItalianfront-linesoldierbegantoarresttheso-calledofficerswholefttheirpostswithoutpermissionandshotthemwithoutexception.Unfortunately,Henrywasalsoamongthem.Duringinterrogatingothers,Henryjumpedintotheriverandescapedexecution.Hefinallyrealizedthathisdutyasasoldierhadbeenwashedawaywiththeriver.Atthistime,hehadonlyonepurpose,thatistofindCatherine,andescapedfromthemiseryofwar.HenrywanderedtoMilanandfoundCatherinehadgonetoasmallresorttownontheborder.However,theyhadtofleetoSwitzerlandbecauseofthemanhuntofItalianpolice.HenryandCatherinespentahappytimeinSwitzerland,butintheend,Catherinediedinhemorrhage,leavingHenryaloneinexile.Warandlovearethetwomainthemesofthisbook.Thetitlealsorevealstwoimpliedmeanings:Farewelltowarsandfarewelltolove.MostofHemingway’snovelsarebasedonthethemeofwar,butthisbookcombinesthetwotogetherandcomposesabeautifulandmiserylovestoryinthecruelwar.Inthisbook,therearemanydescriptionsofwars,forexample,thesceneofthewar,thecasualtiesafterthewar,andpeople’sfeelingstowardswarwhentheytalkedaboutit.Taketheheroasanexample,Fromthebeginning,Henrywasfullofconfidenceinparticipatinginthewar,butwithtimewentby,hediscoveredthecrueltyofthewar,theinsignificanceofhumanpowerandhisinabilitytodoanythingaboutit,Hewatchedhiscomrades-in-armsdiedatthegunpointoftheenemy,underthebombardmentofartilleryshells,orundersevereinjuries.Hegraduallyfeltnumbandtired.Finally,afterreturningtothebattlefieldandbeingcaptured,hechosetoescapetheplacethathelovedonce.Fromsomedetaildescription,wecanseeachangeofhero’sattitudestowardsthewarandunthinkablecrueltyofwar.Inadditiontothethemeofwar,itislovethatdrivesthestory.Althoughthewarwascruel,itwasbecauseofitthatHenryandCatherinemet.Theirfirstsightisalsosocasual,andtheirfirstloveisjusttoseekspiritualcomfort,inordertoescapethecruelwaranddisturbingenvironmentoftheoutsideworld,inordertoseekapeace.ForHenry,Catherineisjustaboringpastimeinthewar,usinghertoescapethecruelwarthathehastoface.ForCatherine,shemayalsorealizethatHenrydoesn’tloveher,so,tosomeextent,thewarpromotedthemeetingofthetwo-person,andthesubsequentwarspromotedthedevelopmentoflovebetweenthem.Theever-changingwarmadethemseparatedandmet,andalsomadethemrealizetheimportanceofeachotherinthedaysofseparation.UntilthelasttimeHenryreturnedtothewar,hefoundthatthemoraleoftheItalianarmyhadfallensharplyandthewarsituationwasgettingworseeveryday,soHenrydecidedtoescapefromhisformerbeliefandfindhisnewpillar--Catherine.Althoughtheirlifewasnotgoodathiding,itshouldbethehappiesttimeforthemuntilCatherinediedinchildbirth,leavingHenryaloneintheworld.1.3RelatedStudiesatHomeandAbroadMostofHemingway’sworksarebasedonthethemeofwarandlove,andhisnovelAFarewelltoArmsintertwinedthetwothemestogether.SomeChinesescholarshavestudiedthethemesofhiswork,andthefirstisthethemeofconfusion.Asarepresentativewriterofthe“LostGeneration”,especiallyhisworkAFarewelltoArms,haspushedthe“LostGeneration”literaturetoaclimax.ZengYudan,aChinesescholar,inhisthesis(2017)heanalyzesthebookaroundthemainlineofwar,fromthethreedisillusionmentoftheHenry,throughcombiningthetypicalHemingwaystoryline,thestronganti-warfeelingandthevoiceofthe“LostGeneration”,heexpoundsthecharacteristicsofthe“LostGeneration”intheUnitedStates.Thesecondisthethemeofwar.ScholarsinChinahaverichresearchonthistopic.Amongthem,therearestudiesontheconceptofwaroranti-warinthespecialera,theanalysisofthecharactersoftheheroandthegradualchangeofhisattitudestowardswar,andtheanalysisofthecreativebackgroundandplotdevelopmentinordertoexplorehowthetwocluesofwarandloveareexpressedinthebooksothattoreflecttheauthor’screativeintentions.Inadditiontothematicstudies,therearemanystudiesonAFarewelltoArms.Forexample,fromtheearlyresearch:thesocialandhistoricalcriticism,thespecialbackgroundofthetimes,tothemedium-termresearch:thesymbolismandnarrativeartanalysis,andthelaterstudyofthefeministandexistentialistinterpretation,aswellasallkindsoflanguagestyles,narrativetechniques,andwritingcharacteristics,theliterarycircleshavealmostanalyzedeveryaspectofAFarewelltoArms.Forexample,inYaoQian’sresearchin2004,sheanalysessomewritingcharacteristicsandvarioussymbolsinAFarewelltoArms,suchasthesymbolicmeaningofnaturalenvironmentandcharacters,toimplythetrendofthewholestoryandtheideologicalcharactertobeexpressed.Intheseaspects,manytheorieshavebeenputforward.Asweallknow,Hemingway’scontributiontostyleandartismostlypraisedbyhis“IcebergTheory”.Underthistheoryofcreation,hisworksareextremelyextensibleandcondensed,andhisrefinedlanguageleavesendlessthinkingtoreaders.HemingwayisoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinthehistoryofAmericanLiteratureinthetwentiethcentury.Thethemeofhisnovelhasalwaysbeenthefocusofcontroversyinthecritics.O’Falin,anearlyresearcher,saidthatHemingwayneverexpressedanyseriousthoughtsinhisworks.Hewasnotinterestedinpoliticsandmorality.Therefore,anyattempttofindsomekindofthoughtordoctrinefromhisworksisuseless.Inthetwentiethcentury,Wilson,anAmericanliterarycritic,examinedthelegendofearlylifeexperienceandfoundthattherewasonlyonethemeinhisworks:personalheroism.WilsonbelievesthatHemingway’smasterpieceAFarewelltoArmsisavividreproductionofHemingway’spersonallifeexperienceduringthefirstWorldWar.TheBritishcommentatorBatesbelievesthatalltheHemingway’snovelshaveonlyonetheme,thatis,howmodernpeopledealwiththenihilityandthedeathintheworldthatfullofwar,violence,fear,confusion,anddespair.AFarewelltoArmsisalsothehero’sfearandevasionofdeathandnihilism,expressingtheauthor’shatredanddisgusttowardswar.AlthoughtherearemanyresearchersonthestudyofHemingway’sworks,especiallytheicebergtheoryofliterature,mostoftheminterprethisbookHillsLikeWhiteElephants.TheicebergtheoryusedtoanalyzethenovelAFarewelltoArmsisraretofind.Soitisimportanttoresearchhowtheicebergtheoryisusedwiththetwomainline-warandloveinAFarewelltoArms.Itrevealsthebasicviewoflifeandaprofoundsenseoflifetragedy.Deathcannotbeavoided.Thedeadhasbeenquiet,butthelivinghastobeartheentanglementoftheend.ChapterⅡTheoreticalFramework:IcebergTheory2.1OriginandDevelopmentoftheIcebergTheory“IcebergTheory”wasfirstputforwardbyFreud,anAustrianpsychologist.Hethoughtthatpeople’spersonalitieslikeanicebergonthesea.Theconsciouslevelthatemergesisonlyasmallpart,thatis,mostofthepersonalityisintheunconsciouslevel,whichtosomeextentdetermineshumanbehavioranddevelopment.In1932,Hemingwayfirstputforwardtheliterarycreationtheoryofthe“icebergprinciple”inhisdocumentaryliteraryworkDeathintheAfternoon.Hecomparedliterarycreationtoanicebergfloatingonthesea,andthereasonwhytheicebergmovementmakespeoplefeelmagnificentisthatonlyeightpercentofitsurfaced.“Icebergprinciple”isHemingway’ssummaryofBai’sliterarycreationexperience.ItisalsoacrucialprinciplethatHemingwayfollowsindealingwiththerelationshipbetweenlifeandart.ThroughoutHemingway’sliteraryworks,themajorityoflanguageisverysimpleandconcise.InHemingway’swords,thecontentdirectlyexpressedbywordsisonly“eightparts”ofthewholeiceberg,itsfunctionistoarousethereader’simaginationandexplorethe“seven-eighths”hiddenunderthewatersothathecandrawhisconclusionswhilebeingstronglyshockedandenlightened.Hemingwayalwaysadherestothisprincipleinhiswholelife,whichhasalong-termandprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofthehistoryoftheworldliterature.Eveninthecreationofmodernliteraryworks,weshouldactivelyunderstandandlearnHemingway’suniquecreationtechniques,soastoconstantlyimprovetheliteraryvalueofhisworks.2.2MainConceptsintheIcebergTheory2.2.1TheArtofSimplicityTheicebergtheoryisusedinmostofHemingway’snovels.Hemingway’sexpositionoftheicebergtheorycanbeunderstoodastwomeanings.Thefirstistheartofsimplicity.Thatistosay,allunnecessary,tediousandredundantmodificationsinthesentencesaredeletedtomakethesentenceslooksimpleandclearwithoutredundantadjectivesorothermodifiers.However,thissimplicityisnotmeaningless.Inthesentenceofsimplification,itcontainsadeepermeaningthantheoriginalsentence,andthisprofoundartisticconceptionneedstheauthortorealize.Inmyopinion,thepurposeoftheauthor’swritingistoletthereadershavetheirfeelingsandexperience,ratherthantoaddtheauthor’sfeelingstothereaders.Onlythesimpleartistryofthelanguagecanmakethereadersimmersethemselves,notinfluencedbytheauthor,andhavetheirownunderstandingandthinking.Thiskindof“blank”issimilartotheancientChineseinkpaintingtechnique,thatis,theblankcanvascontainsinfiniteandfar-reachingartisticconception,whichneedsthereaderstorealizethemselves.Thereisagoodsayingthat“athousandreadershaveathousandHamlets”.Thesuperfluousdecorationsfixthethinkingcontentoftheauthor,whichisnoteasytostimulatetheimaginationandthinkingofthereaders.2.2.2ClassicOmissionThesecondmeaningofthe“icebergprinciple”isverysimilartotheclassicalomissionputforwardbyMaYuan,anovelistinmainlandChina.ThisviewcandistinguishtheellipsisofHemingway’snovelstylefromtheblankartofChinesepainters.TheblankspaceinthetraditionalChinesepaintingisonlytodrawoutthemainframework,andtherestofthedetailsareleftforpeopletoimagine.Hemingway’somissioninhisworksistheindividualentityexperience,thatis,whatpeopleknowthroughtheaccumulationoflifeexperience.Hisellipsisisapartthatreaderscanfillinbasedontheirownexperience,soitcanappearlesscumbersomeorverbose.Theskillofellipsisistomaximizetheparticipationofreaders’experiencesothatreadersandauthorscanbuildtrustandproduceemotionalresonance.Inthissense,Hemingwayleftseven-eighthsoftheicebergforthereaderstounderstandandfill.ChapterⅢAnalysisofIcebergTheoryinAFarewelltoArms3.1AnalysisofMajorFigures’CharactersfromIcebergTheory3.1.1AnalysisofHenry’sCharactersfromIcebergTheoryHemingway,afamousAmericanwriter,hisrepresentativework,AFarewelltoArmsisrecognizedasthehighestachievementofalostgenerationofliterature.Hemingway’scharactersareknownas“ToughGuys”,buttheirpersonalitiesarenotsinglebutfullofcomplexity.Henry’spersonalityinAFarewelltoArmsisthemosttypicalreflectionofHemingway’swarexperienceandstateofmind,aswellasthesharedpsychologicalstateandspiritualcrisisrepresentedbythelostgeneration.InHemingway’snovel,themeaninghiddenintheappearanceofsimplicityisattitudeandemotion,thatis,theemotionofthewriter,theemotionofthereader,andtheuniversalemotionsharedbyhumanbeings.Inaword,literatureandartarenothingelse.Itisanextensionofhumanbeingsandasublimationexpressionofhumanemotions.“Artworksasawholeareemotionalimages.”Anartworkisanexpressiveform.Thiscreatedformisforoursensestoperceiveorforourimagination,andwhatitexpressesisthehumanemotion.InAFarewelltoArms,HemingwaylethistoughguyHenrytobetoughandflexible,showingustheemotionalworldintheheartofasteelman.Thecharactersarerealandtouching,fullandvivid.Inthefollowing,Iwillanalyzesometypicalplotsinthetexttoappreciatehowtheauthorexpresseshisdeepfeelingsthroughhistough-guyprotagonist.Atthebeginningofthestory,Henryisfullofdreamsandisdeterminedtofightforpeace.Butafterthebaptismofwar,whatheseesisbloodandkilling,andwhathehearsarecomplaintsandcurses.Hegraduallyrealizesthemeaninglessnessofthewar,whichmakeshimnumborevenfeelagainstthewar.Forexample,inchapter11,whenthepriestcametoseetheinjuredHenry,theytalkaboutthewar.“Youdonotmindit,youdonotseeit...stillevenyouwonderedyoudonotseeit.”“Havetheyeverbeenabletostopit?”“Theyarenotorganizedtostopthingsandwhentheygetorganizedtheirleadersellsthemout.”“Thenit’shopeless?’’“It’sneverhopeless.ButsometimesIcan’thope.ItryalwaystohopebutsometimesIcan’t.”(Hemingway,2012:60)Asawarparticipantandvictim,thepriest,whentalkedaboutthewar,couldn’thidehisdisgustatthewarandhishatredoftheleaderswholaunchedthewar.ThisdialoguealsolaidaseedinHenry’sheart,especiallywhenhesawsomeonediebeforehim,atthattime,theimpactonhimwasdoubled,whichallowshimtoknowthewarinanotherangle,andslowlychangedhisviewonwar.Butthereisalwaysahopeinhisheart.Theinjurykepthimawayfromthewartemporarily,butitdoesnotmeanthathecanescapethewarforever.WhilerecoveringinMilan,HenrymetCatherineagainandhadagreattimethere.Afterhecamebacktothefirstline,hesaid:“Itdidnotfeellikeahomecoming.”(Hemingway,2012:139)Incontrasttothebeautifullovelife,Henryfeltthatthewarwasevenmoreboring.Inaddition,heheardthatthesituationwasveryserious,andhewascapturedandalmostshotwhenheretreated.Inchapter32,hedescribedthescenewhenheescaped:“Angerwaswashedawayintheriveralongwithanyobligation.Althoughthatceasedwhenthecarabiniereputhishandsonmycollar...Iwasnotagainstthem.Iwasthrough.Therewerethegoodones,andthebraveones,andthecalmones,andthesensibleones,andtheydeservedit.Butitwasnotmyshowanymore...”(Hemingway,2012:197)Inthispart,theauthordoesnotusemanyadjectivestodescribethesceneofHenry’sescapeorHenry’sfeelings,butonlyuseaverysimpleexpressionorsentencetodescribesomeofHenry’sactionsandinnerthoughts,butthereaderscanlearnfromthesesimplesentencesthatHenryisnolongerhopefulandfullofbloodforthewar.Hehasabandonedallthehonorshegainedforthewar,thosethingsheoncewasproudof.WecanseeHenry’sdisappointmentwiththewar.Inpeople’sunderstanding,desertersaretooterribletotell.Henry’simagebeforethisisverybraveandfullofhopeandworship.ThischangealsomakesHenry’simagemorevividandfull.ThereisalsoamoreportrayalofthecharacterwhenCatherineentersthedeliveryroomwhileHenryiswaitingoutside.Ashewaitedaloneinfrontoftheward,hethoughthehadenteredatensenumbstate.Here,theauthorusesartistictechniquessuchastheflowofconsciousnessandrepetitiontoexpressHenry’simpatienceatthistime.Thestreamofconsciousnessistouseitsuniquecreativeskillstoachieveatrue,objective,andcomprehensivereflectionofhumansubjectivepsychologicalactivities,andtoshowthemostsincerepsychologyandfeelingsofthecharacters.Theapplicationofrepeatedmethodshasplayedanimportantroleinshapingtheimageofthecharacteranddisplayingthementalityofthecharacter.Inthisparagraph,itwrote:“Andwhatifsheshoulddie?Shewon’tdie.”“Yes,butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shewon’tdie.”“Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shecan’tdie.”“Yes,butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shecan’t.”“Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shecan’tdie.”“Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shewon’tdie.”“Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shewon’t.”“Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Shecan’tdie.Butwhatifsheshoulddie?Hey,whataboutthat?whatifsheshoulddie?”(Hemingway,2012:273)Thissimplesentencewasrepeatednearlytentimes,whichvividlyanddeeplyreflectedthedepthofHenry’strauma.Hewassorrowfultothepointofnumbness,onlytoworryaboutCatherine’sworriesinhismind,fearingthatthelovedonewouldleavehim.Thebottomofhisheartwasturbulent,andhisfearandominousanticipationofhislover’sdeathwasgrowingstronger.WhatHemingwayemphasizedisthatwhenthewriterisnarratingordescribing,hemustcreateaclearimagewithconcisewords,appealtosubjectivefeelingsandthoughtsandemotionstotheimage,sothathisemotionsarefullbutinvisible,histhoughtsaredeepandhiddenObscure,thuscombiningtheimaginationandsensibilityofliterature.Hemingway,whoadvocatessimplicity,doesnothesitatetowritehere,andwillrepeatedlyuseittotheextreme.Whathewritesisonlyone-eighthofthe“iceberg”,andtheseven-eighthspartisforreaderstofeelforthemselves.Deeperburiedinthisfearanddespairisthetendernessofhistoughguy!Thetendernessofthe“toughguy”willneverbelingeringlikeapassionateman,butonlydeepinhisheart,buriedinpainandseeminglyhardundertheshell.Thisuniqueartisticcharmrequiresouruniquewisdomandcarefultaste.Onlyinthiswaycanweleadustothedepthoftheworkandappreciatetheextraordinaryfeelingsofthemaster.3.1.2AnalysisofCatherine’sCharactersfromIcebergTheoryCatherineisthekindest,gentlest,mostromanticandbravestwomaninHemingway’sworks.SheisthemostunforgettableimageinHemingway’sworks.ThroughCatherine’stragiclifeandcomplicatedpersonality,Hemingwayexpressedhisanti-warthoughtsandhissilentcondemnationofthecruelwar.ItcanbesaidthatCatherinemakesthestorymorecompleteandrich.Thischaractercanbeexpressedthroughherwordsandactions.Forexample,theauthorwillnotdirectlysayorwritethatCatherineisveryoptimisticinthefaceoflife,butthroughnomatterwhatdifficultiessheisin,shewillsmileintheface,andwhensheispregnant,shewillcomfortHenryandstilllovelifewithinfiniteexpectationsoflife.Forexample,inthenoveltherearemanysentencesimplythatCatherinemaydie:“shelookedverytiredandwornnowbutshewasstillcheerful...(Hemingway,2012:278)“Shewasgettingverytired...(Hemingway,2012:279)“Catherinesaidinaverystrangevoice...(Hemingway,2012:280)“Mrs.Henryisalreadylosingmuchofherstrength...(Hemingway,2012:282)Fromthese,wecanseethatattheendofherchildbirth,shemayhaveapremonitionthatshemightdie,butshestillcomfortedHenryandencouragedherselftolive.Anothe