如何寫說服性短文和進(jìn)行演講

如何寫說服性短文和進(jìn)行演講EffectivePersuasioninWritingandSpeaking

LearningObjectivesAfterthissession,youshouldbeableto…Distinguishbetweenpersuasivewritingandotherwritingtypessuchasexposition.Useasetofpersuasivedevicesandevaluateothers’writingandspeakingcriticallyinlightofsuchdevices.Speakandwritereasonablyandlogicallythrougheffectivepersuasion.Persuasivelyargueabouttopicsrelevanttodailylife,academicpursuit,careerandothercontexts.Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceannouncements.ModesofWritingExposition1Persuasion/Argumentation2Description3Narration4Communicationsmaybedividedintofourmodes(types).Theyarethebasicwritingtypes.Toexplainorinform

ToconvinceorpersuadeTocreateinwordsapictureofaperson,place,object,orfeelingTotellastoryorrecountaneventWhatisPersuasiveWriting?Definition:Inapersuasiveessay,…

youmusttakeapositioneitherfororagainstsomething;Youarewritingtoconvinceyourreadertobelieveordosomething;Inotherwords,therewillbeacalltoactioninapersuasiveessay.

Significanceofpersuasion"Menarenotgovernedbyjustice,butbylaworpersuasion.Whentheyrefusetobegovernedbylaworpersuasion,theyhavetobegovernedbyforceorfraud,orboth."

-BernardShawLead-inTask1(1minute)

WhentoPersuadeanAudienceDirections:Canyouthinkofotherpersuasivecontexts?Workingroups.Findoutasmanysituationsasyoucanwhereyouneedtopersuadeothers.

E.g.Youpersuadeyourteachernevertogivehomeworkagain.Youpersuadeyourmomtoletyouwearahairstyleshedoesn’tlike.Youpersuadeyourfriendtojoinanassociationwithyou.OutlineofaPersuasiveEssay

IntroductionBodyparagraphsOpposingviewandcounterargument

Developoneparagraphtoaccuratelyexplainthemostsignificantopposingviewandthenrefuteit,beforeorafterpresentingyoursupportingpoints.Conclusion-Creativelyrestateyourmainidea.

PersuasiveStrategies

inSpeakingandWriting1.UnderstandyourAudience2.Buildcommonground3.Predicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumenttorefutethem4.SupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesUnderstandYourAudienceRelateyouraudiencetoyourtopic.Appealtotheirheartsaswellastheirminds.Useanecdoteswhenappropriate.PaintyourtopicinwithplentyofdetailsappealtoreasonappealtoemotionEstablishcommongroundwithyouraudienceE.g.PointofOpposition:Youmightsupportawar,whereasyouraudiencemightnot.Commonground:Bothsideswanttoseetheirtroopscomehome.E.g.Tofavortuitionincreaseintheuniversity–anunpopularviewpointwiththeaudience.Asweallknow,therearemanydifferencesamongthepeopleinthisuniversity.Butregardlessofage,major,background,orgoals,weallshareonethingincommon–weareallconcernedwiththequalityofeducationinuniversity.Andthatqualityisclearlyindanger.Becauseofbudgetreductions,facultysalarieshavefallenbelowthoseatcomparableuniversities,libraryhourshavebeencutback,andmoreandmorestudentsarebeingcrowdedoutofclassestheyneedtotake.Whetherwelikeitornot,wehaveaproblem–aproblemthataffectseachofus.Iwouldliketodiscusswhetherthisproblemcanbesolvedbyanincreaseintuition.PredictopposingviewsYoumustbeawareofothersidesandbefairtothem;dismissingthemcompletelywillweakenyourownargument.Exle:YourArgument:Organicproduce(有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)fromlocalFarmers’Marketsisbetterthanstore-boughtproduce.TheOpposition:Organicproduceistooexpensive.CreateaStrongCounterargument: Organicproduceishigherinnutritionalvaluethanstore-boughtproduceandisalsofreeofpesticides,makingitabettervalue.Also,store-boughtproducetravelsthousandsofmiles,andthecostofgasolineaffectsthepricesoffoodonsupermarketshelves.UsingtransitionstoacknowledgeoppositionUsetransitionalwordsorphrasestomakeconcessionbeforerefutingtheopposingview:Certainly/Ofcourse/Nodoubt/TobesureAdmittedly,Granted,

althoughit'struetosaythatwhileit'sfairtosaywhileIagreethatAdmittedly,itisdifficult,butitisn’timpossible.Granted,it'snotapleasantjob,butithastobedone.Followedbywhatyouagreewith,thenwhatyoudon'tagreewith,oracontrastingidea)SupportYourPerspective

withReliableSourcesBuildcredibility/Ethos(Aristotle’sterm)Useevidence(logos)fromcrediblesourcesEsp.statisticsandreputablestudies

-Appealtotheaudience’sreasonQuestion:Whichoneofthefollowingstatements(imaginary)ismorecredible?

“Withintenyears,changesintechnologywillmaketoday’spersonalcomputersseemhopelesslyold-fashioned.”(BillGates)“Personalcomputersarenotlikelytobemuchdifferentintenyearsthantheyaretoday.”(ZhangYimou)

“Despitechangesinaudiencevalues,therewillalwaysbeamarketforwell-madekungfufilms.”(ZhangYimou)

“Thereisnolongerasignificantmarketforkungfufilms.”(BillGates)18Evidenceinclude:personalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexlesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimonyDifferenttypesofevidenceCiteReliableSourcesWhichpersonwouldareaderbemorelikelytobelieve?--JoeSmithfromFortWayne,IN--Dr.SusanWorth,Prof.ofCriminology(犯罪學(xué))atPurdueUniversityOrganizingpersuasivespeechesFourspecialpatternstoorganizepersuasivespeeches:1)Problem-solutionorder2)Problem-cause-solutionorder3)Comparativeadvantagesorder4)MotivatedsequenceItistailor-madeforpersuasivespeechesthatseekimmediateaction.MotivatedSequence–FiveStepsAttention:Gaintheattentionofyouraudience.Need:Maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchange.Satisfaction:Satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutiontotheproblem.Visualization:Showvividlyhowmuchbetterconditionswillbeonceyourplanisadopted.Action:Callforaction(whattodo,andhowtodoit).ORGANDONATION(Slepersuasiveessay)

InputreadingLadiesandgentlemen,todayIamheretosharewithyoumyviewsonorgandonation,inthehopethatyouwilltakethemonboard(接受)andgivesomeonetheultimategiftafteryouhaveleftthisearth-thegiftoflife.thesisstatementidentifyyouraudienceattentionLadiesandgentlemen,atthismomentintheUSthereare79,000U.Spatientsonthetransplant(移植)waitinglist.Threethousandamonthareaddedtothistotal.Notalotyoumaysaywhenthepopulationisclosetothreehundredmillion,butnowaddtwentytothirtyfamilyandfriendstoeachpatient,andthenumberincreasesvastly(極大地).

usestatisticspredictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargumentAppealtothereaders’heartsneed

Everydaybetween16and17peoplediewhilst(=while)waitingforatransplant.Againyoumaysaynotalot-butintheaveragemans’lifetimethedeathtoll(死亡人數(shù)）is1,980,160-almosttwomillionpeople.Ladiesandgentlemenyoucanhelp.Bydonatingyourvitalorgansafteryouhavepassedaway(去世)youcansavelives.Forthemoresentimentalofyou,ofthe79,000patientswaitingforatransplant,over10percentofthesearechildrenunder18yearsofage.appealtothereaders’heartsusestatisticsrelateyouraudiencetoyourtopicpredictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargument

So,howcanyouhelp?Allyouhavetodoisgetintouchwithyourlocaldoctorandhewilltellyouallyouneedtoknow.Youfilloutoneform,andreceiveacard;itreallyisthateasy.Then,onceyouhavepassedawayinmanyyearstocome,yourorganswillberemovedandwillgivesomebodyelsethechanceoflife.Afteratransplantofavitalorgan,theaveragesurvivalrate（存活率）isover80%.Amassiveincreasefromthe20%thatwouldlivewithoutthesurgery.usestatisticsrelateyouraudiencetoyourtopicsatisfactionvisualization

Somepeopleworry.Willtheybeleftopenafterthesurgeryastheyarealreadydead,orwilltheystillbeabletohaveanopencasket(棺材)funeral?Theanswerstothesearesimple.Youwillbetreatedwiththeupmost(最大的)respectinthesurgeryandthesameproceduresapplyto(適用于)thebodyasalivingbody.Andyes,youwillbeabletohaveanopencasketfuneralifyouwishto.predictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargumentparadox

Ladiesandgentlemen-thegiftoflifeisthemostamazinggiftanybodycangive.HowIseethings,andwhatmademebecomeadonor(捐贈(zèng)人),isthatafterIamgoneIwillhavenouseformyorgans.SowhyshouldIdeprive（剝奪）someoneelsefromusingthem.PleaseconsiderwhatIhavesaidtoday.Thankyou!conclusionso-whatactionTask3–Makingaspeech

inthemotivatedsequence

(10minutes)Directions:1)

Workinpairs.2)Preparefor2minute.3)Taketurnstomakeatwo-minutespeechononeofthefollowingtopics.Organizeyourspeechaccordingtothemotivatedsequence.

AttentionNeedSatisfactionVisualizationActionTopic1:Persuadeyourclassmatetodoregularexercise.Topic2:Persuadethecitizenstodonateblood.Topic3:Persuadetheschooladministratorstoimprovethecurrentmixeddormitorysystem.

RecapThepurposeofargumentation/persuasionisto___________________,whilethepurposeofexpositionisto___________________.PersuasivestrategiesinspeakingandwritingUnderstandyourAudienceBuildcommongroundPredicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumentSupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesAppealstomakepersuasionappealto__________appealto__________

emotionreasonconvinceorpersuadeexplainorinform

RecapMotivatedsequencetomakepersuasionthatcallsforimmediateaction.__________________________________________Differenttypesofevidencepersonalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexlesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimony

attentionneedsatisfaction

visualization

action

IndividualHomework

Written:Writeapersuasiveessayonyourchosentopic.Itshoulddealwithanarguableandcurrentissue.

Length:300words,or3minutesinlengthwhenpresentedinspeech.

Oral:

Rehearsedeliveringaspeechbasedonthepersuasiveessayyouwrite.*Nexttime,youwillhaveaspeechcontestinyourgroupbasedonthispersuasiveessay,andwillcritiqueeachother’sperformance.Prewritingactivities-BrainstormingDirections:Sitingroupstobrainstormtopicsthatmightbeusedforthepersuasiveessayyouaregoingtowrite.*Whilebrainstorming,evaluatetheeffectivenessofyourpartner’stopic.Isthetopicarguable,current,

fresh,relevantandinteresting?(Avoidoutdatedandoverusedtopics.)Enrichmentpractice

–ListeningandviewingView“CulturalProgramsandthe2008OlympicGames.”

*Noticeandcritiquehowthespeakerutilizesthestrategiesofpersuasioninappealingtotheintendedaudience.

GroupWork-Writingapersuasivepoem

Rational:“Logicandgrammarareimportant.ButforstudentstotrulyowntheEnglishlanguage,theyneedtoreadandwritepoems.”

-DorotheaLasky

UnleashyourpoetselfThereisapoetinsideallofus…InvitepoetryintoyourheartSetfreeyourinnerpoetFuelyoursoulbywritingpoetry.

Task–Writingapersuasivepoem

(10minutes)Directions:Workingroups.Writeapersuasivepoemfo