學(xué)姐包過版!《英國文學(xué)史及選讀》第二冊(cè)-期末復(fù)習(xí)講義(絕對(duì)全)

介紹一下，一共包括四分講義，按順序看，學(xué)姐沒有看書，只看得講義，復(fù)習(xí)了一個(gè)星期，考了90多分，第一份：總體了解考點(diǎn)，大體了解就行〔往下翻還有別的〕English

Literature

(

Book

II)Romanticis1.Romanticism〔名詞解釋〕要對(duì)浪漫主義興起的時(shí)間，根源，主要特點(diǎn)，主要代表作家都有所了解。2.William

Wordsworth要知道他的

“Lyrical

Ballads〞前言是英國浪漫主義時(shí)期開始的標(biāo)志，也是宣言。Lake

Poets〔名詞解釋〕。他詩歌的主要兩類題材：nature

and

common

people’s

lives。寫過的著名作品：I

wandered

lonely

as

a

cloud;

To

the

cuckoo;

Lines

composed

a

few

miles

above

Tintern

Abbey;

The

solitary

reaper;

We

are

seven

等等。3.

Samuel

Taylor

Coleridge兩首名詩：The

Rime

of

the

Ancient

Mariner;

Kubla

Khan主要寫作supernatural題材。4.

George

Gordon

Byron，Byronic

Heroes

(名詞解釋);

著名作品：Child

Harold’s

Pilgrimage要知道大致內(nèi)容，另外此詩用Spenserian

Stanza寫成；Don

Juan要知道大致內(nèi)容。

5.

Percy

Bysshe

Shelley著名作品：Queen

Mab;

The

Revolt

of

Islam;

Prometheus

Unbound〔lyrical

drama，要知道大致內(nèi)容及此劇與古希臘的“被束縛的普羅米修斯〞不同之處及其意義。〕其它名作:

Ode

to

the

West

Wind;

To

a

skylark等等。6.

John

Keats著名作品：Ode

to

Autumn;

Ode

to

a

Nightingale;

Ode

on

a

Grecian

Urn〞。注意Keats與Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的詩歌沒有兩人那么強(qiáng)的革命性，他的詩歌主要是為了締造一個(gè)唯美的世界，為了追求美而寫作的。7.

Charles

Lamb：The

Essays

of

Elia

(humorous,

archaisms,

quotations

from

other

writers)8.

Walter

Scott:

founder

and

great

master

of

the

historical

novel;

his

death

marks

the

ending

of

Romantic

Period

in

English

literature;

famous

novels:

Rob

Roy,

Ivanhoe;

features

of

his

novels.

English

Critical

Realism9.

Critical

Realism批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，要知道它興起的時(shí)間，歷史背景，主要代表人物及主要特點(diǎn)。10.

Charles

Dickens主要作品:

The

Pickwick

Papers

(first

novel);

Oliver

Twist;

Dombey

and

Son;

David

Copperfield;

A

Tales

of

Two

Cities等等，對(duì)這些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要對(duì)情節(jié)，主要人物形象，主題及其意義有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小說的特色。11.

William

Makepeace

Thackeray主要作品即Vanity

Fair要知道這個(gè)題目出自John

Bunyan的The

Pilgrim’s

Progress，另外小說的副標(biāo)題

“A

novel

without

a

hero〞的意思，小說的情節(jié)，主題，人物形象都要了解。12.

Jane

Austen主要作品：Pride

and

Prejudice其它5部小說知道名字即可，對(duì)于《傲慢與偏見》簡單看一下它的情節(jié)和主要人物。Austen的寫作特點(diǎn)：thin

plot,

mostly

everyday

life

of

simple

country

society;

good

at

writing

young

girls;

modest

satire;

witty

dialogues。13.

Charlotte

Bronte主要作品Jane

Eyre，要知道其情節(jié)和意義，另外簡愛的人物形象也比擬重要。14.

Emily

Bronte主要作品Wuthering

Heights，情節(jié)，人物形象及意義。勃朗特姐妹的小說雖然寫作在批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期，但其作品有明顯的浪漫主義特色，比方包含的一些supernatural

elements，特別表達(dá)在吼叫山莊中。15.

George

Eliot主要作品:

Adam

Bede,

The

Mill

on

Floss.Prose-writers

and

poets

of

the

mid

and

later

19th

century16.

Alfred

Tennyson主要作品:

In

Memoriam,

The

Idylls

of

the

Kings；有名的短詩Break,

Break,

Break;

Crossing

the

bar等，此人政治態(tài)度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音樂性和色彩。17.

Robert

Browning

introduced

dramatic

monologue

to

poetry.

His

famous

poems:

“Home-thoughts

from

abroad〞

etc.

Elizabeth

Barrett

Browning:

“Sonnets

from

the

Portuguese〞.18.

Aestheticism唯美主義〔名詞解釋〕Oscar

Wilde主要作品，寫作特點(diǎn)及其意義簡要了解。

Twentieth

Century

English

Literature19.

John

Galsworthy:

主要作品

“The

Forsyte

Saga〞注意這是兩個(gè)trilogy構(gòu)成的，可不是一本小說，其中比擬重要的是

“The

Man

of

Property〞就是書上介紹的那一部，要知道此部小說主人公的名字，以及這個(gè)主人公的性格，和小說主題。

20.

George

Bernard

Shaw主要作品Mrs

Warren’s

Profession和Major

Babara，對(duì)他作品的主要人物，情節(jié)，主題和意義要了解，他是比擬重要的一個(gè)作家。21.

T.

S.

Eliot比擬重要，特別是他的The

Waste

Land要知道包括哪幾個(gè)局部，大概是什么情節(jié)，有什么象征意義，主題是什么，有什么寫作特點(diǎn)。另外他著名的文章Tradition

and

the

Individual

Talent被認(rèn)為是manifesto

of

modernist

poetry.22.

Modernist

fiction

put

emphasis

on

the

description

of

the

characters’

psychological

activities

under

the

influence

of

Austrian

doctor

Sigmund

Freud’s

theories.23.

D.

H.

Lawrence重點(diǎn)作品Sons

and

Lovers這個(gè)作品明顯受到弗洛伊德影響，特別是其中表達(dá)的Oedipus

complex，對(duì)其人物，主題要有了解；The

Rainbow及其續(xù)篇Women

in

Love要有簡單了解，特別是對(duì)其主題。Lady

Chatterley’s

Lover簡單了解即可。勞倫斯的思想特點(diǎn)以及局限性要了解。24.

Stream-of-consciousness〔名詞解釋〕25.

James

Joyce其它作品簡單了解，但Ulysses非常重要，需要知道題目來源，題目的含義，小說的主人公和情節(jié)，以及主題。26.

Virginia

Woolf重要的意識(shí)流作家，主要作品要指導(dǎo)。書上主要介紹的是Mrs.

Dalloway，其實(shí)她的其它幾部作品特別是To

the

Lighthouse也比擬知名，需要了解一下。第二份：課本對(duì)應(yīng)版，很多細(xì)節(jié)題都在里面，不看課本直接背這個(gè)講義我考了90分，這份是重點(diǎn)《英國文學(xué)史及選讀》第二冊(cè)復(fù)習(xí)提綱PartVII.THEROMANTICPERIODIntroductionHistoricalBackgroundThepolitical&socialfactorsthatgaverisetotheRomanticMovementwerethethreerevolutions–theAmericanRevolution,theFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolution.IntellectualbackgroundTheshiftinliteraturefromemphasisonreasontoinstinct&emotionwasintellectuallypreparedforbyanumberofthinkersinthelaterhalfofthe18thcentury.RepresentativethinkersareRousseau,EdmundBurkeandThomasPaine.Term–RomanticismRomanticismisaliterarytrendfightingagainsttheideaofEnlightenment.ItprevailedinEnglandduringtheperiodof1798—1832.ItbeginswiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgeandendswithSirWalterScott’sdeath.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.Inessence,itdesignatesaliterary&philosophicaltheory,whichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllife&allexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart,makingliteraturemostvaluableasanexpressionofhisorheruniquefeelings&particularattitudes,&valuingitsaccuracyinportrayingtheindividual’sexperiences.Term–LakePoetsorTheLakersInEnglishliteratureitreferstosuchromanticpoetsasWilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridgeandRobertSoutheywholivedintheLakeDistrict.Term—GothicNovelItisatypeofromanceverypopularinthe18thcenturyandatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.Itemphasizesthingswhicharegrotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,desolateandhorrifying.ItwasappliedbyHoraceWalpoletohisnovelTheCastleofOtranto.IthasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewritersoftheRomanticperiodwithitsdescriptionofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature.GothicnovelhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewritersoftheRomanticperiod.WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.RomanticAuthorsinEnglandThegloryoftheageisinthepoetryofWordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley,KeatsandSouthy.Ofitsproseworks,thoseofScottalonehaveattainedverywidereadingTheessaysofCharlesLambThenovelsofJaneAustenandhistoricalnovelsofWalterScottWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)“...poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility…〞(“Preface〞)所有的好詩都是熾烈情感的自然涌流，而這種情感又是經(jīng)過在寧靜中追憶的.——quotationfromWilliamWordsworth.MajorworksfromWilliamWordsworthLyricalBallads抒情歌謠集〔IWanderedLonelyasaCloud我好似一朵孤獨(dú)的流云；ComposeduponWestminsterBridge寫于威斯敏斯特橋上〕LucyPoems露西組詩(SheDwettAmongtheUntroddenWays她走在人跡罕至的路邊；TotheCuckoo杜鵑頌;TheSolitaryReaper孤寂的割麥女);TheExcursion遠(yuǎn)足ThePrelude序曲AnalysisofWilliamWordsworth’sworksSheDwettAmongtheUntroddenWaysisoneofhisfamousLucyPoems,inwhichthelovertellsthatshelivedunknownanddiedunknown.ComposeduponWestminsterBridgedescribesavividpictureofabeautifulmorninginLondon.TheSolitaryReaperdescribesvividlyandsympatheticallyayoungpeasantgirlworkinginthefieldsandsingingassheworksandshowsthatthegirl’ssingingdeeplymovedthetravelerandkeptlingeringinhisheart.IWanderedLonelyasaCloudisperhapsthemostanthologizedpoeminEnglishliterature,andonethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth’spoeticbelief.FormThispoemcontainsfoursix-linedstanzasofiambictetrametre(四步抑揚(yáng)格),witharhymeschemeofababccineachstanza.ThemeThethemeofthispoemistheserenebeautyofnaturethroughvividdescriptionofdaffodilsandthepoet’srespectfornature.ContentFirstStanza–Itshowsaharmoniouspicture.Theimageof“cloud〞givesustheimpressionofthepoet’sprideandloftiness.Butonseeingnumerousdaffodils,thepoetdescendsfromabovetobelow.SecondStanza–Inthisstanza,thepoetdrawsananalogybetweenstarsanddaffodilstoemphasizethegreatnumber.“Star〞inthisstanzaechoeswith“cloud〞inthepreviousstanza.ThirdStanza–Thepoetdrawsananalogybetweenwavesofwaterandwavesofdaffodils.Thedescriptionofthesceneryendsinthesecondline.Followingthat,thepoetshiftshisemphasisfromscenerytoemotion.FourthStanza–Thegleeofdaffodilsturnsintohappinessofthepoet.Asaresult,thebeautyofnaturebecomesthebeautyofmind.Thelasttwolinesexplainwhydaffodilshadbroughtgreatwealthtome,becausetheyhadbroughtfreshinspiration,greatercreativityandnewcapacityforimagination.Newlifehasbeenbroughttohimbythememory.BriefcommentonWilliamWordsworthHeistheleadingfigureofEnglishRomanticpoetry,andheisregardedasa“worshipperofnature〞.HisLyricalBallads,writtenwithColeridge,markedthebeginningofRomanticisminEnglishpoetry.Hedefinedpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.〞Hewasoneofthe“LakePoets〞.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824)IntroductionGeorgeGordonByronwasasfamousinhislifetimeforhispersonalitycultasforhispoetry.Hecreatedtheconceptofthe“Byronichero〞—aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Byron’sinfluenceonEuropeanpoetry,music,novel,opera,andpaintinghasbeenimmense.HewasthemostrenownedEnglishlanguagepoetofhisday.Term–ByronicHeroThisisaconceptcreatedbyGeorgeGordonByron.Itreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisfigurewouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptedsociety,andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.Term–LyricLyricisashortpoemwhereinthepoetexpressesanemotionorillustratessomelifeprinciple.Lyricoftenconcernslove.“Myloveislikeared,redrose〞isRobertBurn’swell-knownlyric.MajorworksHoursofIdliness1807EnglishBordsandScottishReviewers1809ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage1812TheGiaour1813TheCorsair1814Lara1814Manfred1817Cain1821DonJuan(1819-1824)Famousselectedpoemsinourtextbook:WhenWeTwoParted;SheWalksinBeauty;TheIslesofGreecetakenfromDonJuanAnalysisofByron’sworksDonJuan,Byron’smasterpiece,isregardedasthegreatpoemoftheRomanticAge.ItisapoembasedonatraditionalSpanishlegendofagreatloverandseducerofwomen.WhenWeTwoPartedisalyricpoemofusuallovebetweenmanandwoman.Thepoemisalternatelyrhymedtoshowthepoet’smentalpainoflovemingledwithhate.Themetricalmovementofthispoemisbasicallyacombinationofiambicandanapaestic(抑抑揚(yáng)格)feet,witharhymeschemeababcdcd.SheWalksinBeautyisoneofB’searlylovelyrics.Backgroundknowledge–OnJune11,1814,Battendedapartywhereheforthefirsttimenethisyoungcousin,LadyWilmotHorton,whowasdressedinablackmourninggown.Bwassostruckbyherbeautythat,onreturninghome,hewrotethispoeminasinglenight.Theme–Thislyricpoemisacomplimenttoaladyandtocelebratethebeautyofthewoman.Form–Thepoemcontainsthreestanzasofiambictetrameter,witharhymeschemeababab.TheIslesofGreeceistakenfromDonJuan,CantoIII,whichissungbyaGreeksingerattheweddingofDonJuanandHaidee.Intheearly19thcentury,GreecewasundertheruleofTurk.BycontrastingthefreedomofancientGreeceandthepresentenslavement,thepoetappealedtopeopletostruggleforliberty.CommentsonByronByronisthemostexcellentrepresentativeofEnglishRomanticism.Hewasoneofthemostinfluentialpoetsofhistime.Hecreatedtheconceptofthe“Byronichero〞—aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.HispoemsarefavoritesoftheBritishworkers&thelaboringpeopleofothercountries.Heopposedoppression&slavery,&hadanardentloveforliberty.Hepraisedthepeople’srevolutionarystrugglesinhisworks.HewasthemostrenownedEnglishlanguagepoetofhisday.PercyByssheShelley(1792-1827)IntroductionShelleyisoneoftheleadingRomanticpoets,anintenseandoriginallyricalpoetintheEnglishlanguage.Shelleydrewnoessentialdistinctionbetweenpoetryandpolitics,andhisworkreflectedtheradicalideasandrevolutionaryoptimismoftheera.Term–OdeItisadignifiedandelaboratelystructuredlyricpoemofsomelength,praisingandglorifyinganindividual,commemoratinganevent,ordescribingnatureintellectuallyratherthanemotionally.Originallytheyweresongsperformedtotheaccompanimentofamusicinstrument.JohnKeatswrotegreatodes.HisOdeonaGrecianUrnisacaseinpoint.Term--TerzaRimaItisanItalianversethatconsistsofaseriesofthree-linestanzasinwhichthemiddlelineofeachstanzarhymeswiththefirstandthirdlinesofthefollowingstanzawiththerhymingschemeaba,bcb,cdc,ded,etc..ItappearedfirstinDante’sTheDivineComedy.Besides,Shelley’sOdetotheWestWindisacaseinpoint.MajorWorksTheNecessityofAtheism《無神論的必要性》Adonais《阿多尼斯》QueenMab1813《麥布女王》TheRevoltofIslam1818《伊斯蘭的反叛》PrometheusUnbound1820《解放了的普羅米修斯》ADefenceofPoetry《詩辯》Famousselectedpoemsinourtextbook:ASong:MenofEnglandOdetotheWestWindOzymandiasToaSkylarkTheCloudAnalysisofShelley’sworksASong:MenofEnglandisoneofShelley’sgreatestpoliticallyrics.Itisnotonlyawarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopletoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressors,butanaddresstothempointingouttheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitation.Thepoetwarnstheworkingpeoplethatiftheyshouldgiveuptheirstruggle,theywouldbedigginggravesforthemselveswiththeirownhands.OdetotheWestWindisoneofthemostpopularandbest-knownofShelley'slyrics.MainIdea–Shelleyeulogizedthepowerfulwestwind&expressedhiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.“WestWind〞—inthepoemsymbolizesbothdestroyeroftheoldandpreserverofthenew.Itdestroysleaves/things/thoughts/ideasthataredead;itpreservesnewlifeorseedsthatrepresentnewlifeornewbirth.Form—Thisodeconsistsoffivestanzas,eachastanzaformedoffourunitsofterzarima(三行詩節(jié))completedbyacouplet.Famouslines—〞WildSpirit,whichartmovingeverywhere;/DestroyerandPreserver;hear,Ohear!〞and“Ifalluponthethornsoflife!〞and“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?〞PrometheusUnboundisShelley’sgreatestpoeticdrama.Thedramacelebratesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression.QueenMabisarevolutionarypoemcondemningtyrannyandexploitationandtheunjustwarwagedbytherichtoplunderwealth.JohnKeats(1795-1821)RomanticpoetscomparedWordsworth:beautyinsimplicityColeridge:beautyintheextraordinaryandsupernaturalByron:beautyinpowerandsatireShelley:exquisitebeautyKeats:sensuousbeauty(給人以美的享受的).OnJohnKeats’tombarecarved,accordingtohisownrequest,thewords:“Hereliesonewhosenamewaswritinwater.〞(此地長眠者，聲名水上書)JohnKeatsisoneofthemajorEnglishRomantistsinthe19thcentury.HewrotebestodesinEnglishliterature.Hesoughttoexpressbeautyinallofhispoems.Hisleadingprincipleis“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty〞.Hispoetryisdistinguishedbysensuousnessandtheperfectionoftheform.Hisabilitytoappealtothesensesthroughlanguageisvirtuallyunrivaled.MajorWorksLongPoemsShortPoems“Endymion〞《恩底彌甕》“OdeonaGrecianUrn〞《希臘古甕頌》“Isabella〞《伊薩貝拉》“OdeonMelancholy〞《憂郁頌》“TheEveofSt.Agnes〞《圣愛格尼斯之夜》“OdetoAutumn〞《秋頌》“Lamia〞《萊米亞》“OdetoaNightingale〞《夜鶯頌》“Hyperion〞《赫披里昂》Sonnet:OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomerAnalysisofKeats’worksOdeonanGrecianUrnshowsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassion.Form—Eachstanzais10lineslong,meteredinarelativelypreciseiambicpentameter,anddividedintoatwopartrhymescheme:thefirst7linesofeachstanzafollowanABABCDErhymeandthelast3linesofwhicharevariable.Thefamouslinefromthisodeis“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty〞and“Heardmelodiesaresweet,butthoseunheard/Aresweeter〞.OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomerisaPetrarchanorItaliansonnetwitharhymeschemeofabbaabbacdcdcd.Theoctet(eightlines)describesKeats'sreadingexperiencebeforereadingChapman'stranslationandthesestet(sixlines)contrastshisexperienceofreadingit.OdetoaNightingaleexpressesthecontrastbetweenthehappyworldofnaturallovelinessandhumanworldofagony.WalterScott(1771—1832)WalterScott,aScottishnovelistandpoet,isthefatherofthehistoricalnovel.HishistoricalnovelishischiefcontributiontoEnglishliterature.HishistoricalnovelsconcernthehistoryofScotland,EnglishhistoryandthehistoryofEuropeancountries.HislanguageisdifficultwithScottishdialect.MajorWorksofWalterScottPoems1802,MinstrelsyoftheScottishBorder,《蘇格蘭邊區(qū)歌謠集》1805,TheLayoftheLastMinstrel,《最末一個(gè)行吟詩人》1808,Marmion《瑪密恩》1810,TheLadyoftheLake《湖上夫人》NovelsOfScottishhistoryWaverley《威弗利》1814GuyMannering《蓋曼納合》1815OldMorality《清教徒》1816RobRoy1817《羅布·羅伊》,thebestofthegroupTheHeartofMidlothian1818《彌德洛西恩的心》OftheEnglishhistoryIvanhoe《艾凡赫》1820,isScott’smasterpiece.ItisanovelofEnglishsubjectcoveringthedaysaftertheNormanConquest.Kenilworth,《肯納爾沃思堡》1821TheFortunesofNigel,《尼格爾的家產(chǎn)》1822Woodstock《皇家獵宮》PeverilofthePeak《貝弗利爾·皮克》1823OftheEuropeancountriesQuentinDurward《昆丁·達(dá)沃德》1823Talisman《驚軍英雄記》1825CountRobertofParis《巴黎的羅伯特伯爵》1832St.Ronan’sWells《圣·羅南之泉》,theonlyone,dealingwithhiscontemporarylifeFeaturesofScott’sNovelsScotthasanoutstandinggiftofvivifyingthepast.Inhisnovels,historicaleventsarecloselyinterwovenwiththefatesofindividuals.Inhishistoricalnovels,heconcernsboththelivesanddeedsofthehigherclassandthatoftheordinarypeople.HeisaromanticwhileaTory,aconservativeinpolitics.JaneAusten(1775-1817)IntroductionShewasawomannovelistofthe18thcentury,thoughtshelivedmainlyinthe19thcenturyforherworksshowclearlyherfirmbeliefinthepredominanceofreasonoverpassion,thesenseofresponsibility,goodmannersandclear-sightedjudgmentovertheRomantictendenciesofemotionandindividuality.SixNovelsEmma《愛瑪》Persuasion《勸導(dǎo)》MansfieldPark《曼斯菲爾德莊園》NorthangerAbbey《諾桑覺寺》PrideandPrejudice《傲慢與偏見》SenseandSensibility《理智與情感》AnalysisofPrideandPrejudicePride&PrejudicewhichwasoriginallydraftedasFirstImpressions,mainlytellsofthelovestorybetweenarich,proudyoungmanDarcyandthebeautifulandintelligentElizabethBennet.Inthisnovel,DarcystandsforPrideandElizabethrepresentsPrejudice.Intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved.MainCharacters—Mr.BennetandMrs.BennetwiththeirdaughtersofJane,Elizabeth,Mary,CatherineandLydia,besidesthereareCharlesBingleyandFitzwilliamDarcy.MajorThemes—PrideandprejudiceLoveandmarriageFamilyFamousquotationsfromChapter1①“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife〞.——OpeningsentencefromPrideandPrejudiceExplanationsoftheopeningsentence—P&Pbeginswithoneofhermostfamoususesofirony.Thefirstsentencetakesalocalattitude,tobeexemplifiedinMrs.Bennet,abouttheneedofwell-to-domentomarry,andtransformsit,tongue-in-cheek,intoaself-evidentfact“universallyacknowledged.〞②“Whatishisname?〞“Bingley.〞“Ishemarriedorsingle?〞“Oh!single,mydear,tobesure!Asinglemanoflargefortune;fourorfivethousandayear.Whatafinethingforourgirls!〞“Howso?howcanitaffectthem?〞“MydearMr.Bennet,〞r(shí)epliedhiswife,“howcanyoubesotiresome!YoumustknowthatIamthinkingofhismarryingoneofthem.〞——ConversationsbetweenMr.andMrsBennetExplanationsofthisconversation—TheconversationtellsusthatMrs.Bennetiseagertomarryoneofhisdaughterstothementionedyoungman,butherhusbanddoesnotcaremuch.JaneAusten’scontributiontoEnglishliteratureJaneAustenisoneofthemostimportantRomanticnovelistsinEnglishliterature.ShecreatessixinfluentialnovelssuchasSenseandSensibility,Emma,PrideandPrejudice.Hermainliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelationships.Shemakestrivialdailylifeasimportantastheconcernsabouthumanbeliefandcareerandsalientsocialevents.ThisiswhatmakeherimportantinEnglishliterature.(3%)JaneAustenhasbroughttheEnglishnovel,asanartofform,toitsmaturitybecauseofhersensitivitytouniversalpatternsofhumanbehaviorandheraccurateportrayalofhumanindividuals.Shedescribestheworldfromawoman’spointofview,anddepictsagroupofauthenticandcommonwomen.CharlesLamb(1775-1834)RomanticprosewritersTheearly19thcenturyisremarkableforthedevelopmentofanewandvaluabletypeofcriticalprosewriting.TheleadersinthisnewandimportantdevelopmentareWilliamHazlitt,LeighHunt,DeQuincyandCharlesLamb.TheseprosewritersweremuchinfluencedbytheFrenchRevolutioninpoliticsandbytheRomanticMovementinliterature.Theyfreelyexpressedtheirownpersonalityintheirwritings.ThebestrepresentativeofthesewritersisCharlesLamb.MajorliteraryworksFirstPeriodJohnWoodvil《約翰·伍德維爾》1802Mr.H《H君》1806SecondPeriodTalesfromShakespeare《莎士比亞故事集》1807cooperatedwithhissisterSpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoetsContemporarywithShakespeare《莎士比亞同時(shí)代英國戲劇詩人之范作》1808ThirdPerid—seriesofessaysEssaysofElia《伊利亞隨筆集》1823LastEssaysofElia《后隨筆集》1833PartVIII.TheVictorianAgeAgeDivisionTheVictorianAgecanberoughlydividedinto3periods:TheEarlyPeriod(1832-1848):atimeofsocialunrest.TheMiddlePeriod(1848-1870):aperiodofeconomicprosperity&religiouscontroversy.TheLastPeriod(1870-1901):aperiodofdecayofVictorianvalues.FeaturesofVictoriannovelsTheplotisunfoldedagainstasocialbackground,whichisbroaderthanwhatithadbeeninpreviousnovels.Thecause-effectsequenceismuchmorestrikingthaninpreviousnovels.MostoftheVictoriannovelsfirstpublishedinserialform,thatis,byinstallment,beforetheywerefullypublishedinasinglebook.TheVictoriannovelsweretaintedbythespiritofPuritanismoftheVictorianage.TheVictoriannovelswerecharacterizedbytheirmoralpurpose.Manywriterswrotenovelswithapurposetoedifyreaders&tobringaboutreforms.VictorianPoetsAlthoughthenovelwasthepredominatinggenreofliteratureintheVictorianage,itdoesnotfollowthattherewerenoprominentpoetsafterthedeathsofmajorRomanticpoets.Infact,poetslikeAlfredTennyson(1809-1892),RobertBrowning(1812-1889),ElizabethBarrettBrowning(1806-1861),&MatthewArnold(1822-1888)wereimportantinthesensenotonlythattheywrotehighlylyricalpoemsastheRomaticistsdid,butalsothattheyintheirpoetryreflectedthespiritualsearchwhichwascharacteristicoftheage.Terms—CriticalRealismCriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealistwhoappliesthismethod.Terms—DramaticMonologueDramaticMonologue,inliterature,referstotheoccurrenceofasinglespeakersayingsomethingtoasilentaudience.RobertBrowning’sMyLastDuchessisatypicalexampleinwhichtheduke,speakingtoanon-respondingaudience,revealsnotonlythereasonsforhisdisapprovalofthebehaviorofhisformerduchess,butsometyrannicalandmercilessaspectsofhisownpersonalityaswell.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)“Hewasasympathizertothepoor,thesuffering,andtheoppressed;andbyhisdeath,oneofEngland'sgreatestwritersislosttotheworld.〞——TheEpitaphofCharlesDickensCharlesDickensisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwritersoftheVictorianAge.Hisworksareintendedtoexposeandcriticizeallthepoverty,injustice,hypocrisyandcorruptnessofthe19thcenturyEngland,particularlyLondon.Allhisworksarecharacterizedbyaminglingofhumorandpathos.MajorworksTheFirstPeriod1836SketchesbyBoz《博茲隨筆》1837ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外傳》1837-1838OliverTwist《霧都孤兒》criticizesthedehumanizingworkhousesystemandthedark,criminalunderworldlife.1838-1839NicholasNickleby《尼古拉斯.尼科爾貝》1840TheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》TheSecondPeriod1842AmericanNotes《美國札記》1843MartinChuzzlewit《馬丁.瞿述傳》1843AChristmasCarol《圣誕歡歌》〔圣誕故事集〕1844TheChimes《鐘聲》〔圣誕故事集〕1846DombeyandSon《董貝父子》1849DavidCopperfield《大衛(wèi).科波菲爾》isaboutthedebtor’sprison.TheThirdPeriod1852BleakHouse《荒涼山莊》attacksthelegalsystemandpracticesthataimatdevouringeverypennyoftheclients.1853HardTimes《艱難時(shí)世》lashestheUtilitarianprinciplethatrulesovertheEnglisheducationsystemanddestroysyoungheartsandminds.1854LittleDorrit《小杜麗》1859ATaleofTwoCities《雙城記》1860GreatExpectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》exposetheoverwhelmingsocialenvironmentwhichbringsmoraldegenerationanddestructiontopeople.1864OurMutualFriend《我們共同的朋友》ThecharacteristicsofCharlesDickens’worksAsanovelist,CharlesDickenswasfirstrememberedforhissketchesofcharactersandexaggeration.Asamasterofcharacterization,Dickenswasskillfulindrawingvividcaricaturalsketchesbyexaggeratingsomepeculiarities.Dickensiswellknownasahumoristaswellasasatirist.Hesometimesemployshumortoenlivenasceneorlightenacharacterbymakingit(himorher)eccentricorlaughable.Dickenslovedcomplicatedandfascinatingplotinhisnovels.Heisalsoskillfulatcreatingsuspenseandmysterytomakethestoryfascinating.Aplotformulainhisnovelisthehappyending.AsthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,Dickensmadehisnoveltheinstrumentofmoralityandjustice.Eachofhisnovelsrevealsaspecificsocialproblem.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(1811-1863)WilliamMakepeaceThackerayisoneofthemostimportantwritersoftheEnglishcriticalrealism.ThroughhismasterpieceVanityFair,Thackeraysharplyexposesthevicesofhissociety:hypocrisy,money-worship,andmoraldegradation.MajorworksTheBookofSnobs1846-47《勢利人臉譜》《勢利者集》VanityFair1847-48《名利場》TheHistoryofPendennis1849-50《彭登尼斯》TheNewcomes1853-55《紐克姆一家》TheHistoryofHennyEsmond《亨利?埃斯蒙德》1852TheVirginians《弗吉尼亞人》1859TheAnalysisofVanityFairGeneralIntroduction—VanityFairisThackeray'smasterpiece.Itwaspublishedin1847-48inmonthlyinstallments.Thetitle—wastakenfromBunyan's“Pilgrim'sProgress〞.Thesub-title—ofthebook,“ANovelWithoutaHero〞,suggeststhefactt