2023年考研外語提分試卷12

考研外語提分試卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1>Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocial

behavior,andhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos(1969)

suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals

(1)they,too,reliedupontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.

Yetsomeprimitivehumans(2)acauseandeffect

relationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating

(3)ofadiseaseor(4)theconditionofawound.

(5)therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot

(6)thefunctioningofthebody,magicbecameanintegral

componentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath

(7).Thereforeitisnot(8)thatearlyhumans

thoughtthatillnesswascaused(9)evilspirit.Primitive

medicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyused

incombinationwithsomeform,ofritualto(10)harmful

spiritfromadiseasedbody.

Oneoftheearliest(11)intheWesternworldtoformulate

principlesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand

(12)ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkofthe

Greek,physicianHippocrates.Thewriting(13)tohimhas

providedanumberofprinciplesunderlyingmodernmedical

practice.Oneofhismostfamous(14),theHippocratic

Oath,isthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics.

Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbe

derivedfroma(15)ofthenaturalsciencesandthelogic

ofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis(16)_____thesis,

OnAirs,Water,andPlaces,Hippocratespointedoutthathuman

well-beingis(17)bythetotalityofenvironmental

(18):livinghabitsorlifestyle,climate,geographyof

theland,andthequalityofair,andfood.(19)_____enough,

concernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofair,water,and

placesare(20)verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury.

A.inthat

B.nowthat

C.because

D.sothat

2、(2)

A.identified

B.recognized

C.admitted

D.esteemed

3、(3)

A.symbols

B.signs

C.symptoms

D.syndromes

4、(4)

A.arranging

B.adjusting

C.developing

D.improving

5、(5)

A.While

B.Although

C.Provided

D.Since

6、(6)

A.confirm

B.appreciate

C.tolerate

D.discover

7、(7)

A.damages

3

B.agitation

C.disorders

D.collapse

8、(8)

A.surprising

B.obvious

C.promising

D.unwise

9、(9)

A.in

B.by

C.off

D.up

10、(10)

A.discharge

B.exclude

C.dismiss

D.expel

11、(11)

A.expedition

B.incentives

C.stimuli

4

D.endeavors

12、(12)

A.foundation

B.rejection

C.integration

D.acceptance

13、(13)

A.attributed

B.committed

C.acknowledged

D.confined

14、(14)

A.attractions

B.subscriptions

C.thorough

D.immediate

15、(15)

A.creation

B.expectation

C.perception

D.preference

16、(16)

5

A.durable

B.classic

C.thorough

D.immediate

17、(17)

A.impressed

B.surpassed

C.influenced

D.regarded

18、(18)

A.elements

B.factors

C.components

D.deposits

19、(19)

A.Interesting

B.Appealing

C.Demanding

D.Exaggerating

20、(20)

A.even

B.indeed

6

C.still

D.moreover

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildren,but

ifyouwereaparentinthosedays,atleastyouknewwhereyou

stood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandcompany

didawaywithal1thatandparentshavebeenbewilderedever

since.Thechild'shappinessisall-important,the

psychologistssay,butwhatabouttheparents'happiness?

Parentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheir

childrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood

“old-fashioned“spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodern

child-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetrouble

isyouarenotallowedeventoshout.Whoknowswhatdeep

psychologicalwoundsyoumightinflict?Thepoorchildmay

neverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitis

thatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildren

complexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn'tevenbeenheardof.

Certainlyachildneedslove,andalotofit.Buttheexcessive

permissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthan

good.

Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents)

confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn，ttakenchildren

longtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodern

classicsonchild-care,therearecountlessarticlesin

magazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadvice

flyingabout,mumanddadjustdon'tknowwhattodoanymore.

Intheend,theydonothingatall.$o,fromearlychildhood,

thekidsareinchargeandparents'livesareregulated

accordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledears

developintoteenagers,theytakecompletecontrol.Lax

authorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainst

parentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingto

haveaparty,forinstance,parentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.

Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoor

parentsdobutobey?

Childrenarehardycreatures(farhardierthanthe

psychologistswouldhaveusbelieve)andmostofthemsurvive

theharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthe

normalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydo

not.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageis

largelyduetoparentallaxity.Mother,believingthatlittle

Johnnycanlookafterhimself,isnotathomewhenhereturns

fromschool,solittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.The

dividing-1inebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceis

veryfineindeed.

Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeep

theirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andif

childrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocess,itmay

notreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemto

developvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomething

positivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere'ssometruthinthe

ideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessintheir

childhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfailtomakeasuccess

oflife.

Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

A.ThereisnodefenseforVictorianattitude.

B.Freud,adviceleaveschildrenrunningwild.

C.Parentscannotbetoostrictwiththeir'children.

D.Child-carebooksproveoutdatedandharmful.

2、

Theauthorassertsthatinthefaceofexcessiveamountsof

child-careliterature,parentsare

A.ataloss.

B.onthealert.

C.underfire.

D.inthedark.

3、

WhatdoestheauthorwantstoillustratewithJohnnyroaming

thestreets?

A.Aninstanceofarbitrariness.

B.Aconsequenceofpermissiveness.

C.Aprototypeofclassics.

D.Anexampleofirresponsibility.

4、

Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthat

childrenwhoenjoyall-importanthappinesswill

A.stayawayfromtheharmfulinfluenceofextreme

permissiveness.

B.fallvictimtodeeppsychologicalwoundstheyexperience

atchildhood.

C.givefullplaytothedevelopmentofthevigorousviewsof

theirown.

D.growuptobemorepsychologicallyimmatureand

irresponsibleadults.

5、

Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof

A.socialeducators'authority.

B.children，rebellion.

C.psychologists'misguidance.

D.parents,confusion.

6、ThomasHardy,simpulsesasawriter,allofwhichindulged

inhisnovels,werenumerousanddivergent,andtheydidnot

alwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegree

interestedinexploringhischaracters'psychologies,though

impelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhe

felttheimpulsetocomedy(inal1itsdetachedcoldness)as

wellastheimpulsetofarce,buthewasmoreofteninclined

toseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliterary

realismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedto

describeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheir

dilemmasrationally(and,unfortunatelyevenschematically);

andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.

Finally,hewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedto

transcendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolely

recordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawareness

oftheoccultandthestrange.

Inhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeach

otherinevitablyandofteninevitably,becauseHardydidnot

careinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearned,

andthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulse

oftensurrenderedtoafresheroneand,unfortunately,instead

ofexactingacompromise,simplydisappeared.Adesiretothrow

overrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlyto

thedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist

scientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureand

textureofaflower.

Inthisinstance,thenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.

Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.But

onotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighly

energizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatally

relaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.When

arelaxingimpulsewasindulged,thestyle一thatsureindexof

anauthor'sliteraryworth—wascertaintobecomeverbose.

Hardy,sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrol

thecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhis

unwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandrisky

ones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanother,andthespirit

blewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhis

novels.Hismostcontrollednovel,UndertheGreenwoodTree,

prominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilable

impulses一adesiretobearealist-historianandadesireto

beapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplot

arenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseven

thisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts.

Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthe

passage,basedonitscontent?

A.Hardy'sNovelisticStyle.ALiteraryLight.

B.Hardy,sCreativeConflict:RationalismandRealism.

C.Hardy'sAchievements:AnAmbiguousTriumph.

D.Hardy'sNovelisticImpulses:TheProblemofConflicts.

7、

TheauthormentionsHardy'snovel“UndertheGreenwoodTree”

tojustifyhiscommentson

A.hisawarenessofprofundity.

B.hiscontrastiveimpulses.

C.histendencytocompromise.

D.hisnonconformistimage.

8、

Whichofthefollowingwordscouldbestbesubstitutedfor

“relaxed”(Paragraph3)withoutsubstantiallychangingthe

author'smeaning?

A.Wordy.

B.Spontaneous.

C.Concise.

D.Commonplace.

9、

Aspointedoutinthepassage,theexpositionofthestructure

andtextureofaflowerisagoodexampleof

A.sensitivity.

B.obscurity.

C.preciseness.

D.deviation.

10、

Concerningliteraryrealismasmentionedinthepassage,which

ofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagreewith?

A.Novelistsofliteraryrealismreconcileacompromisein

theirimpulses.

B.Theterm“l(fā)iteraryrealism“issusceptibletomorethana

singledefinition.

C.Thelabelofz，literaryrealism"istooall-inclusivetobe

clearlyspecified.

D.Chancesareslimthatwritersintegratedifferentdesires

intotheirworks.

11Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorso

insecure.TheEuroarea"s'stabilityandgrowthpact"was

supposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessive

budgetdeficits,definedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongthe

restraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernments

breachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenow,

noonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.In

theearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25th,theEuro'sfiscal

straitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.

Thepact,sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingof

theeuroarea's12financeministers.Theychewedoverthesorry

fiscalrecordoftheEuro'stwolargestmembers,Franceand

Germany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDP

lastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreach

thelimitforthethirdtimein2022.Earlierthisyearthe

EuropeanCommission,whichpolicesthepact,agreedtogive

bothcountriesanextrayear,until2022,tobringtheir

deficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisit

theirbudgetplansfor2022andmakeextracuts.Francewas

askedtocutitsunderlying,cyclicallyadjusteddeficitbya

full1%ofGDP,Germanyby0.8%.Bothresisted.

Underthepact'shales,thecommission，sprescriptionshaveno

forceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea's

financeministers,knownasthe"Euro-group”.Andthevotes

weresimplynotthere.Instead,theEuro-groupagreedonaset

ofproposalsof,itsown,drawnupbytheItalianfinance

minister,GiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructural

deficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyear,Germanyby0.6%.In2022,both

willbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%,economicgrowthpermitting.

NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFrance

andGermany'sword.TheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)wasalarmed

atthisoutcome,thecommissionwasdismayed,andthesmaller

Euro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:

treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco,Germansteamroller”,

asLeFigaro,aFrenchnewspaper,putit.

ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspill

overintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.Having

throwntheirweightaroundthisweek,FranceandGermanymay

findothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogive

groundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthe

draftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallyless

votingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFrance

andGermanyonTuesday,andwillpointtotheirfiscal

transgressionstoshowthattheEU'sbigcountriesdonot

deservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgive

them.

TheEuro'sfiscalstraitjacketismentionedtoshow

A.thechallengeoflargefines.

B.thebrokenlimitofGDP.

C.therestraintsofthepact.

D.thebeliefofEuro,smembers.

12、

WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheEuroarea's

financeministers?

A.Activebutdiscouraged.

B.Earnestandpowerful.

C.Cautiousbutvigorous.

D.Feebleandvulnerable.

13、

Accordingtothetext,whatannoystheEuroareaisthatFrance

andGermanyrefuseto

A.agreeonanEUconstitution.

B.definetheirGDPas30/4.

C.respectEuro'sfinancemembers.

D.controltheirbudgetdeficits.

14、

Thephrase"Franco-Germansteamroller，z(Para3)asusedinthe

textdenotes

A.suddenalarms.

B.substantialmight.

C.extraefforts.

D.sheerreluctance.

15、

Itcanbesafelyconcludedfromthetextthatsmallermembers

oftheEuroareawouldbecomemore

A.vocalintheirowninterests.

B.angryinfaceofpotentialthreats.

C.considerateoflargemembers.

D.supportiveofaproposedtreaty.

16、Eversincethisgovernment，stermbegan,theattitudeto

teachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteachers

cannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewarded,too.

That'swhy,despitetheobviousneedforthem,bigpayrises

havenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatest

payrisewas3.6percent一madinthepresentsituation.That,s

why,aswell,thelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywas

foughtasteachernumbersslid.

______Q

q18

Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybe

achievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegood

teachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment，sattemptsto

relievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonoffering

incentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.

Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealready

arebad,thatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.

Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalack

ofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecause

teachinghasaretentionproblem,withmanyleavingthe

profession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingso,which

cannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon”

pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhateven

beyondthehateduniongrandstanding,teachersarenothappy.

Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthatthe

shortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddly,

though,theydon'tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsfor

thismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandtheway

itisrun.Instead,theGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheidea

thatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselves,thatthey

havesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncil,abodythatwill

representteacherswhethertheywantittoornot,andtowhich

theyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.

Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthan

solvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingthe

problembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafew

potentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernment

hasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbad

educationisalmostexclusively1inkedtobadteachers

representedbydestructiveunions,italsoseemsappallingthat

inasurveylastyear,workinghoursforprimaryteachers

averaged53hoursperweek,whilesecondaryteachersclocked

up51hours.

Attheirspringconferences,thefourmajorteachingunions

intendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentan

independentinquiryintoworkingconditions.Thisfollowsthe

McCronereportinScotland,whichproducedanagreementto

limithoursto35perweek,withamaximumclasscontact-time

of22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.

Accordingtothetext,theteachershortageissomething

A.thatisinitselfapressingproblem.

B.thatbadteachersareresponsiblefor.

C.thatthegovernmenttendstooverlook.

D.thatteachingunionscanalonecopewith.

17、

Thegovernment,infaceofthedangerousstateofaffairs,has

madegreateffortsto

A.rewardgoodteachersasmuchaspossible.

B.laystressontheroleteachingunionsplay.

C.attractteacherscomingintotheprofession.

D.solvetheprobleminsignificantways.

18、

Theword"exacerbate”(Paragraph5)iscloselyassociatedwith

A.identify.

B.aggravate.

C.emphasize.

D.alleviate.

19、

Oneimportantreasonwhyteachersareleavingtheirprofession

isthattheyare

A.onlytooirresponsibletoabandonpupilspermanently.

B.stuckintheconflictbetweengovernmentandunions.

C.moreorlessdissatisfiedwiththeirworkingconditions.

D.notmotivatedtoworkmorethan35hoursperweek.

20、

Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor

A.issympatheticwithteachers.

B.favorsteachingunions,view.

C.isindifferenttothesituation.

D.poursscornatbadteachers.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgetting?Perhaps

10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombination

ofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevision

moviesrichinhumanvalues,buttheyhavenowbecomean

endangeredspecies.Ifindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwith

whatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyare,

veryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcerned

withsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenit

tellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewhole

truthweneedtohear.

B.Whyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizing

potential?Isthecreativecommunityatfault?Partially.But

notprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor

32years,asbothpriestandproducer.Asagroup,thesepeople

havevalues.Infact,inHollywoodinrecentmonths,audience

enrichmenthasbecometheinthing.Acoalitionofmedia

companieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcan

recognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit.

C.Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalso

givethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.

Bysodoing,itcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycentered,

sovereignfree,joyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemto

be.Meaning,freedomandlove一thesupremehumanvalues.And

thisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublic

hasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment.

D.TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellers

ofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhave

tooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepast,

thebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublic

service.Butinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemass

audience,hugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproduction

costshavecombinedwiththeFCC'sabdicationofits

responsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmost

totalpreoccupationwiththebottom1ine.Thenetworksare

strugglingtosurvive.Andthat,thestatisticsseemto

indicate,ismindless,heartless,escapistfare.Ifweare

dissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedto

watch,Ithinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.

Whenwetunein,arewereadytoplungeintoreality;soasto

extractitsmeaning,orarewehopingtoescapeintoasedated

worldofillusion?Andifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethe

qualityofthecountry，sentertainment,theyshouldforget

aboutboycotts,productioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshould

workateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandat

mobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers.

E.Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.These

arecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestory

thatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.

Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.

Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight.

F.Thatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentof

America，sentertainment.

G.Despitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthem,theattacks

bythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontent

oftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambers

oftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstill

acceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmerican

TV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevision

initscapacitytocommunicatevalues,providerolemodels,

form,consciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducator,

churchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceof

thosewhocreatethenation，sentertainment.

Order:Gisthefirstp

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Inthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasingly

complicatedandmorevolatile,itisal1themoreimportantto

understandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthe

marketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestment

andbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicators

willassistinthedecisionmakingprocess,providinga

snapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture.

(46)Eac