2023年考研外語考試題目及答案9

考研外語考試題目及答案9

一、UseofEnglish

1、Humanshavealteredtheworld'sclimateby(1)

heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilization

andevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousand

yearsago,ascientistsaid.

Mostscientists(2)arise(3)globaltemperatures

overthepastcentury(4)toemissionsofcarbondioxide

(5)humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperating

factories.

Dr.WilliamRuddiman,aprofessorattheUniversityofVirginia,

saidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion(6)

humans'effect(7)climatewentbacknearly10,000years

(8)peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming.

Inacommentaryaccompanyingthearticle,Dr.ThomasJ.Crowley

ofDukeUniversity,saidhe(9)Dr.Ruddiman,spremiseat

first.z，ButwhenIstartedreading,Dr.Crowleywrote,“Icould

nothelpbut(10)_____whetherhejustmightbe(11)

something.

Theclimateofthelast10,000yearshasbeenunusuallystable,

(12)civilizationtoflourish.Butthatisonlybecause

peoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEurope,ChinaandIndia

forcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide(13)bythe

destructionoftheforests,plusmethane,another

heat-trappinggas,(14)byirrigatedricefieldsin

SoutheastAsia,trappedenoughheatto(15)anexpected

naturalcooling.

Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnatural

cycles(16)thousandsofyears,andbothreachedapeak

attheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththen

declined(17)expected.

Both(18)decliningthroughthepresentday,leadingto

lowertemperatures,andanewiceageshouldhavebegun4,000

to5,000yearsago,Dr.Ruddimansaid.Instead,levelsofcarbon

dioxidereversed8,000wearsago.Thedecline(19)methane

levelsreversed5,000yearsago,(20)withtheadventof

irrigationricefarming.

A.generating

B.generated

C.originating

D.originated

2、⑵

A.apply

B.attribute

C.attend

D.assign

3、（3）

A.on

B.at

C.in

D.to

4、（4）

A.inpart

B.insegment

C.inproportion

D.inrelation

5、（5）

A.in

B.for

C.by

D.as

6、（6）

A.that

B.which

43

C.where

D.when

7、⑺

A.from

B.to

C.at

D.on

8、(8)

A.to

B.sincewhen

C.aswhen

D.towhen

9、(9)

A.wasdelightedwith

B.wastakenabackby

C.tookto

D.agreedto

10、(10)

A.towondering

B.tobewondering

C.wonder

D.wondering

4

IK(H)

A.onto

B.on

C.for

D.against

12、(12)

A.granting

B.permitting

C.prohibiting

D.allowing

13、(13)

A.released

B.wasreleased

C.hasbeenreleased

D.hadbeenreleased

14、(14)

A.produced

B.wasproduced

C.producing

D.hadbeen

15、(15)

A.aggravate

5

B.intensify

C.offset

D.provoke

16、(16)

A.lasting

B.lasted

C.last

D.havelasted

17、(17)

A.to

B.for

C.as

D.since

18、(18)

A.havebeen

B.wouldhavebeen

C.couldhavebeen

D.shouldhave

19、(19)

A.for

B.in

C.about

6

D.on

20、(20)

A.coincided

B.coinciding

C.together

D.contrary

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedoneto

studylightning,ateamofatmosphericscientistshasfound

thatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingair

conditionsathighaltitudes.

BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohave

developedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosamplethe

atmosphereupto3.5kilometershigh,foruptotwodaysata

time.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsand

aircraft,thetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.

Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10

kilometershigh,andBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbon

dioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestand

thetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.

Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylar,which

'isnotonlystrong,butunlikenylon,Joesnotabsorbwater.

Thekite"string“ismadeofKevlar,famousforitsusein

bullet-proofvests,whichissostrongthat6kilometersofit

weighsjust18kilograms,yetcanwithstandaloadingof430

kilograms.

ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAM,or

TetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurements,whichcanmovethe

samplinginstruments'upanddownthetetherwhilethekite

maintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuch

thingsastemperature,pressure,humidity,andconcentrations

ofozoneandotherairpollutants,，zBeasleyexplains."Weneed

togetcontinuousmeasurements,overthecourseofdays,from

variousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscan

samplesuchparameters,buttheycannotstayinanyoneposition,

andarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcan

sampleatanyaltitude,buttheyareveryexpensivetooperate,

andcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours.”

TheTRAM,whichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedby

smallwheelstothekite'stether,canbeoperatedfromthe

ground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetether,ormaintainagiven

altitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportant

costofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackage,which

typicallycostsabout$1000,andisalwayslost."Baselysays

“NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAM,andnotonlyget

moredata,butreuseitagainandagain,z/TheTRAMwithits

instruments,includingtheradiotelemetrylinktothe

scientistsontheground,weighs6kilograms,including

batteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.

Baselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekite

andTRMA,andexpanditscapacities,butBaselynotesthatit

doeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10

kilograms,andthismeanstheequipment'spowerrequirements

mustbelow,too.Weneedlocationswithsteady,relatively

strongwinds,andmustalsoavoidairtraffic.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothe

firsttwoparagraphsofthepassage?

A.Kiteshavebeenfoundtobeausefultoolinresearchon

airconditions

B.Balloonsandaircraftaretraditionaltoolsinresearchon

airconditions

C.Thekitescannowflyupto10kilometershigh

D.Thekitesareexpectedtoflyhigheranddomoreresearches

inthenearfuture

2、

Mylarinline1ofthethirdparagraphis.

A.akindofkite

B.akindofman-madematerial

C.thenameofakitefactory

D.thenameofaperson

3、

Whatdoestheword“which"inline3ofthethirdparagraph

referto?

A.Bullet-proofvests

B.kite"string”

C.Thekite

D.Kevlar

4、

Whichofthefollowingadvantagesdoesn'ttheTRAMhave?

A.TheTRAMcanhelpmaintaincontinuousmeasurements

B.TheinstrumentsontheTRAMcanbeusedformanytimes

C.TheTRAMweighsonly18kilograms

D.TheTRAMcanbeoperatedfromtheground

5、

ThekiteislimitedbythefollowingconditionsEXCEPT

for.

A.thestrengthofthewind

B.airtrafficconditions

C.thepowerrequirementsoftheequipment

D.themovabilityoftheTRAM

6、Therighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartofthe

UnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinour

democratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetween

thecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaverage

citizenontrial.Therighttobejudgedbyajuryisaright

thatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.However,dueto

recentjurydecisions,somecriticsarequestioningthevalue

ofthisinstitution.

Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjectto

constantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritandits

downfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapable

ofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneon

manyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealso

intriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveat

importantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthe

jurysystem,therehasbeenconsiderablecontroversy

surroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmore

concernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.Theoutcomesofthe

RodneyKing,the0.J.Simpson,andtheMenendezbrotherstrials

inLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury's

decisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhenthe

effectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.

Fromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethem,

itisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheir

decisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasit

istothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthatthe

averagejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisions

theyarefacedwith.Thesecritics'suggestionsrangefrom

restructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.

MostaverageAmericans,Ibelieve,feelthattherighttoajury

trialisafundamentalone,anditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.

Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannot

dealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcase,butjuries

cantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuries

arefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthe

communitytheycomefrom.Indeed,manyproponentsofthejury

supportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybias,

thetendencyforjurors,toplacejusticeabovethelaw.

Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedin

legalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeof

responsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealso

arguethatjuriesarebiased.Infact,thepsychological

literatureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsareless

likelytopunishasadordistresseddefendant,asopposedto

ajoyfulone,apparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeing

punishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuries

areinstructednottopayattentiontothemedia,theyaremore

easilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejury

systemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoften

unabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecision

makingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelaw,judges

andlawyers.

Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewith

thejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedto

beimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeople

suggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearing

testimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystemby

providingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellas

givingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Research

hasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheir

decisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsof

guilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshould

havetheresponsibilityofinsuringthatthejuryisadequately

informedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailableto

handlethoseissues.

Onthewhole,though,IfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeof

trialbyjuryisavaluableone

A.thejurysystemisunnecessarilycomplexandrigid

B.recentjurydecisionsaremadeagainstthedemocratic

tradition

C.thereisconstantdebateaboutitsmeritanditsdownfalls

D.Somejuries,havemademistakesrecently

7、

Opponentsofthejurysystemaccusejurorsof.

A.placingjusticeabovethelaw

B.knowingnothingaboutthepsychologyoftheaccused

C.nothavingenoughknowledgeofthelaw

D.failingtoconsiderindividualcircumstancesofeachcrime

8、

Towhichoftheargumentsdoestheauthoragree?.

A.Thejurysystemisflawedbeyondremedy

B.Someimprovementsshouldbemadeonthejurysystem

C.Thejurysystemshouldbekeptasitis

D.Thejuryshouldbecomposedofjudgesandlawyers

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraphthat.

A.theauthorisagainstthejurysystem

B.thejuryisseldomadequatelyinformedabouttheeasehe

ishearing

C.bettereducatedpeopleshouldbeselectedforthejury

D.enoughlegalknowledgehelpsjurorsmakefairerdecisions

10、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejurysystemis.

A.neutral

B.biased

C.negative

D.positive

11、Darwinisbasicallyright,thoughonlytosomeextentthat

speciesandindividualscompete,fight,killandsurvival

belongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportant

mechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.As

thehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionofthe

ecosystem,doesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwell,

manmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;say,let

thosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeath?

Wemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughthe

examinationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothe

humanhistory.Takingthemaritimeswamplandasanexample,

themangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfully

overothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachiefly

throughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.

TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethe

droppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthe

droppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.The

dropper'sshapeislikeapen,withasharpandheavierlower

end.Sowhenitripens,itdropsandinsertsitselftogether

withtheseedlingintothemudbelowasaresult,andthe

seedlingcangetholdoftheground,starttotapthemuch

fresherwaterunderthemudsurface.Thisadaptiveevolution

ofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreater

successfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfindit

difficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.

Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplace,it

alwaysexploitsresourcesfromtheland,drainsoutnutrients

fromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasa

resultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhuman

manipulation.Butwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflat,

millionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogether

withit.Ittapswater,mineralsfromthemudandthenletthem

tocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoform,thebuilding

materialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessof

photosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvarious

organicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterand

morediverselivingenvironmentformoreland,waterandair

speciestodwellin,evenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.

Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearth,the

endresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeans

theyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweapons,some,ofthe

humanracesalsoevolvedroppers,butthosedroppersare

droppersofnuclearbombs,whicharealllifedestructivewhen

used.

Animalsneverburnupaforest,orpracticefightingskills

twelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;they

justletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportion

oftheirspecies,orthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurvive

inthefirstplace.Onthecontrary,mancanworkroundtheclock,

andexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemies,

whethermilitaryorcommercial,aswecanallseeinourmodern

societies.Suchpractice*generatesquitegraveproblems:

First,itpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalof

defeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.

Second,alltheavailabletime,energyandresourcesofan

individualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythe

competition,verylittleislefttootheractivities,sonearly

allmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnew

problemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Third,asallparticipants

inputasmuchtime,energyandresourcesascanbeexploited

bythem,mostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreates

alotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.

Weshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconform,toNatureinsuch

awaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.Infactthisis

Nature'swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlisten

tothisinternalguidance,b

A.theextensionoftheecosystem

B.thesurvivalofthefittest

C.themaintenanceoflife'squality

D.theevolutionoflife

12、

Theevolutionofthemangrovespeciesisdescribedto.

A.illustratethesimilaritiesofhumansocietytothenatural

world

B.provideacontrastiveexampletothedevelopmentofhuman

society

C.explainhowNatureruthlesslygetsridoftheweaker

species

D.howplantsevolvetomaintaintheirqualityoflife

13、

Thekeydifferencebetweenhumanandplantcompetitionfor

survivalisthat.

A.theaimofthelatterisnottogetresources

B.theformerisunnecessarilymorecomplicatedthanthe

latter

C.thelatterhasevolvedsomemorecomplexmechanisms

D.thelattermakestheenvironmentmorehabitable

14、

Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingwillresultfrom

humancompetitionEXCEPT.

A.awasteofhumanandnaturalresources

B.economicdominateoverthecompetitors

C.constantcreationofsocialproblems

D.formationofaevercomplexsociety

15、

TolearnlessonsfromNature,theauthoradvocatesthathumans

should.

A.makethehumansocietymoreDarwinistic

B.makepeacewitheveryotherspeciesinNature

C.maketheenvironmentbetterforfellowbeings

D.protecttheenvironmenttheyfindthemselvesin

16、Overthepastfewdecades,therehasbeenaconsiderable

increaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysis,bothforsolving

everydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmany

disciplines.Forexample,economics,biology,geographyand

medicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseof

quantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematics

meanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanics

andlittleelse一now,appliedmathematics,orasmanypeople

prefertocallit,applicablemathematics,couldrefertothe

useofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingtheme

thattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodeling,

bywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodelto

describethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchanging

areallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasy,

wehastentoadd,althoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbook

istoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.

Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeon

thetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeen

devotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodels,but

verylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstruct

mathematicalmodels,thatis,howtotakearealproblemand

convertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethat

wemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotackle

realproblems,wedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodel

formulationasacrucialstep,andmuchofthisbookisdevoted

toattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.

Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebetter

modelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingreal

problems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbook,westress

thatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblems

posedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelp

youtogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedivided

thebookintofourdistinctsections.

Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesof

howmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepractical

problems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematical

analysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpecting

youtodomuchatthisstage,excepttoreadthroughthecase

studiescarefully,payingparticularattentiontothewayin

whichtheproblemshavebeentackled一theprocessof

translatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.

Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblems,

togetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Each

problemhasaclearstatement,andweverymuchencourageyou

totrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithout

lookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequire

forsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematics,andyoumight

findyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopics

required.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthem,sothatthe

levelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyou

movethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingour

solutionsand,particularlyifyoudon，tlookatoursolution,

youmightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmight

provideabettersolution.

Here,inthethirdsection,wetrytogiveyousomeadviceas

tohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolving,and

wegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.

Itmust,though,againbestressedthatweareallconvinced

thatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededfor

confidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSections

Iand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutions

tosomeoftheproblemsset,youwillnothavegainedanyreal

experienceintacklingrealproblems,andthissectionwillnot

reallybeofmuchhelp.Ontheotherhand,ifyouhavetaken

theproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionII,youmightfindthe

generaladvicegive

A.solvingproblemsinreallifewithmathematics

B.theapplicationofmathematicsinproblemsrelatedto

mechanics

C.itsabilitytodescribevarioussituations

D.theconstructionofmathematicalmodeling

17、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTtrueaccordingtothe

secondparagraph?.

A.Manybookshavebeenwrittenonthetopicofmathematical,

modelingtheseyears

B.Booksdevotedtomathematicalmodelingusuallypayspecial

attentiontomodelingformulation

C.Thebookintroducedheredoesnotclaimthatithadthebest

methodsforteachinghowtodealwithrealproblems

D.Thebookintroducedheretakesthemasteryofmodel

formulationasitsmainpurpose

18、

Accordingtothisintroduction,thebestwaytousethisbook

is.

A.tobecomeagoodmathematicalmodeler

B.totackleasmanymathematicalproblemsaspossible

C.todotheproblemsgiveninthebookonone'sown

D.tohaveconfidenceinconstructingmathematicalmodels

19、

SectionIIIwillbeofnohelpunlessthereader.

A.readsitcarefully

B.understandsthegeneralconceptitprovides

C.readsSectionIandIIaswell

D.triestosolvetheproblemsprovidedinSectionsIandII

20、

Theauthorofthebookhopesthatbyreadingthebook,the

readercan

A.bemoreproficientinmasteringmathematicalknowledge

B.bemoreproficientinapplyinghismathematicalknowledge

torealproblemsolving

C.haveabetterunderstandingofthevarioususesof

mathematicalmodels

D.finedrealexcitementandsatisfactioninsolvingproblems

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticle