2024屆高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測試專題七概要寫作

專題七概要寫作一、題型解讀概要寫作要求學(xué)生基于所提供的短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。所提供短文詞數(shù)在350左右；所選材料體裁以議論文、說明文為主。1．簡潔性：用盡量少的語言對較長的原文進(jìn)行簡潔的重述。2．自主性：用自己的話語進(jìn)行概寫，避免對原文進(jìn)行抄襲照搬。3．理解性：表現(xiàn)作者對原文本的精準(zhǔn)理解。需要注意的是，不能對原文進(jìn)行解釋和評論，也不能摻雜任何個人想法或做出任何評判，因此不能出現(xiàn)“Ibelieve”“Ithink”等詞句。4．忠實性：概寫內(nèi)容和中心思想必須忠于原文主旨，不可偏離主題、肆意篡改。5．連貫性：概要寫作并非簡單羅列要點，各個要點之間要有恰當(dāng)?shù)你暯?，使概要銜接緊密、脈絡(luò)清晰。寫出的概要讀起來要完整連貫、獨立成篇。二、命題透視卷名語篇類型主題語境素養(yǎng)話題浙江卷2019議論文人與社會表揚孩子的方式2018說明文人與自我參觀即將要去讀的大學(xué)命題預(yù)測說明文1.事物描述類：對象＋結(jié)構(gòu)/性質(zhì)＋功用；2．問題解決類：問題＋(解決的)方法或措施；3．社會現(xiàn)象類：現(xiàn)象＋原因＋后果(＋措施或建議)議論文論點＋論據(jù)：其關(guān)鍵在于找出主題句或結(jié)論句，若文中有一分為二的觀點，不可漏掉其中任何一方三、賦分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(一)評分原則1．本題總分為25分，按5個檔次給分。2．評分時，先根據(jù)所寫概要的內(nèi)容和語言初步確定所屬檔次，然后以相應(yīng)檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。3．詞數(shù)少于40和多于80的，從總分中減去2分。4．評分時，應(yīng)主要從以下四個方面考慮：(1)對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況。(2)應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性。(3)上下文的連貫性。(4)對各要點表達(dá)的獨立性情況。5．拼寫與標(biāo)點符號是寫作規(guī)范的重要方面，評分時，應(yīng)視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。6．如書寫較差以致影響交際，可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個檔次。(二)各檔次的給分范圍和要求檔次描述第五檔(21～25分)——理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點——能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯——有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊——完全使用自己的語言第四檔(16～20分)——理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋絕大部分要點——所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯可能有些許錯誤，但完全不影響意義表達(dá)——比較有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊——有個別整句抄自原文第三檔(11～15分)——理解較為準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋大部分要點——所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有些錯誤，但不影響意義表達(dá)——應(yīng)用簡單的語句間連接成分使上下文內(nèi)容連貫——出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文的現(xiàn)象第二檔(6～10分)——理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點——有些語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，影響了意義的表達(dá)——較少使用語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性——出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文的現(xiàn)象第一檔(1～5分)——沒有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符——有較多語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，嚴(yán)重影響了意義的表達(dá)——缺乏語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫——多個句子抄自原文零檔(0分)——白卷、內(nèi)容太少無法評判或所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關(guān)四步精準(zhǔn)“提煉”第一步讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫概要之前，一定要先通讀原文，確定文章的體裁和主題。根據(jù)意義劃分文中的自然段，意義段的數(shù)量對應(yīng)的就是要點的數(shù)量。一個自然段不一定是一個要點，有時幾個自然段說明一個要點，有時一個自然段包含數(shù)個要點。議論文的概要寫作(Asummaryofanargumentation)Argument1/supportingdetail1Argument2/supportingdetail2Conclusion說明文的概要寫作(Asummaryofaphenomenon/anexposition)Thetopic—whatThereason—whyTheeffects—howThesolution/conclusion第二步去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息(1)明確全文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)后，就要處理原文的內(nèi)容，目的是保留主要內(nèi)容，刪除次要內(nèi)容。(2)先找出主題句，同時標(biāo)注與主題相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，最后歸納的要點往往是這些詞句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。(3)原文描述性的語言、細(xì)節(jié)性的信息，如列舉數(shù)字和列舉的事例等，無須在概要中一一列出。例如：Don'tforgettheclock—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime，andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes.Andwhileyou'reatit，actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown，turnrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.(加黑部分為與主題相關(guān)的部分)本段落主要內(nèi)容為通過吃飯慢減少對熱量的攝入，因此要將用餐時間延長至至少三十分鐘。用自己的語言將畫線部分重組后，關(guān)鍵信息如下：Recordthetimeandsetdinnertimeforhalfanhouraseatingslowlyhelpstakeinlesscalories.第三步歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)明確每個意義段的關(guān)鍵信息后，接下來應(yīng)用自己的語言準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)各意義段的要點。為避免和原文的句子重復(fù)，可利用同義轉(zhuǎn)述和句式轉(zhuǎn)換這兩種方式歸納要點。各要點的詞數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)文中對應(yīng)內(nèi)容的篇幅來定，分清主次。轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)注意遵循兩個原則：(1)不增不減不曲：客觀精準(zhǔn)地表述原文要點，不增添不屬于原材料的信息或刪減原材料關(guān)鍵信息或改變原材料所表達(dá)的意思。(2)不繁：在正確理解原文的前提下，用簡潔的語言表達(dá)與所給材料一致的信息。例如：Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff．Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoyou’reyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan．(畫線句為主題句)主題句關(guān)鍵詞如黑體部分所示：Thewayyoudesignyourhomemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)時可利用同義替換將ways改為tips；Thewayyoudesignyourhome改為Howtohaveyourhomedesigned。主題句轉(zhuǎn)換為Howtohaveyourhomedesignedaffectsyourfigure.Belowaretipstodesignyourhometohelpdiet.第四步句式多樣，注意過渡銜接在概要中合理使用非謂語、從句和特殊句式等使句式豐富多樣，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)不可過長，也不要用太復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。同時選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡銜接詞連接上下文，保證概要部分內(nèi)容的連貫性。[典例]閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Beesareverystrangecreatures.Theyhavetheirownwayoftellingeachotherthattheyhavefoundanewflower.Theybringsomeofitsnectar(花蜜)backhomeandthendoalittledancethatshowswheretheflowerisandhowfarawayitis.Inautumntheworkerbeesgooutandcollectasmuchnectarandpollen(花粉)astheycancarry.Thentheyreturntomakehoneyandstoreitforthelongcoldwinter.Beesbuildtheirownhousesbuttheydonotalwayshaveroundtopslikepeopledrawtheminstorybooks.Theyareusuallyfivestoreyshigh.Thequeenbeealwayshasthebottomstorey.Inbetweenthebottomstoreyandalltheresttherearebarsonlyjustwideenoughfortheworkerstopassthrough.Thequeenbeecannevergouptotheotherfloorsbecausesheisbiggerthanalltheotherbees.Thestoreysthequeencan'tenterarewherethestoreroomsare.Thereareroomsforpollen，nectarandroyaljellies(蜂王漿)．Ifthereisafiretheworkershavetocoverthewallsandentranceoftherooms.Theyhavetomovethehoneyandthenectarandpollenawayfromthehotwallsoftheroom.Thequeenistheonlythatcanlayeggs.Shemateswithamalebeecalledadrone(雄蜂)．Oncethequeenhaslaidtheeggsshethrowsthedroneoutbecauseadronejustsitsaroundeatinghoneyandnectar.Hecannotgooutandcollectpollenbecausedronesdonothavepollen-carryingthingsontheirlegsliketheworkershave.Youngbeesarecallednursesbecausetheyhavetonursethenewbornbeeswhethertheylikeitornot.Whatabeeendsupbeingwhenitgrowsupdependsonwhatiteats.Ifitistobeaqueenitmustfeedonroyaljelliesanditmustnever，everseteyesonanotherqueen.Ifitdoestheymustfighttillonlyoneofthemisstillalive.[四步解題示范]第一步：讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)本文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分”式。第1段內(nèi)容為主題段，引入主題，對蜜蜂進(jìn)行總括介紹；第2段介紹工蜂的職能；第3段介紹蜂王的住所；第4段介紹雄蜂；第5段介紹幼蜂的職責(zé)及命運。第二步：去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息段落關(guān)鍵詞1Topic：bees①strange，nectar，flower2workerbees：collectnectarandpollen②nectar，pollen，honey，store3queenbee：queenbee'slivingspace③bottomstorey，store__rooms4drones：dutyanddestiny④mate，sitaround5youngbees：responsibilitiesandfuture⑤nurses，growup，queen第三步：歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)段落要點內(nèi)容合并1利用詞語替換法將strange改為unusual，creatures改為animals，第二、三句說的是一種特殊交流方式。第一段可概括為：Beesareunusualanimalsandhaveauniquewaytocommunicatewithoneanother.2第二段主要說明工蜂努力工作以采集儲存花粉與花蜜，這兩項可以歸類成“食物”。這段可概括為：Workerbeesworktirelesslytostorefood.3利用詞語替換法將第三句中的has改為短語takesup，這一段可概括為：Unlikeworkerbees，therelaxingqueenbeetakesupthebottomstoreyofthefive-storeyhouse.4蜂王與雄蜂交配后會將其逐出蜂房，可以抽象表達(dá)為蜂王利用完雄蜂后將其拋棄。這一段可概括為：Sheevendesertsthedroneaftershefinishesusinghim.5利用詞語替換法將nurse改為短語carefor，這一段可概括為：Sameasworkerbees，youngbeesneedtoworktocarefornewbornbees，buttheycanonlyleavetheirfuturestowhattheyeat.第四步：句式多樣，注意過渡銜接本文作者介紹了蜂群中不同類型蜜蜂的特點，工蜂工作勤奮努力，蜂王靠著其權(quán)威過著輕松的生活，兩者形成對比，所以用Unlike連接兩個句子。第四段依然由蜂王引出雄蜂，所以用代詞She代替queenbee。最后一段中幼蜂需要與工蜂一樣努力工作，所以加Sameasworkerbees將二者聯(lián)系起來。[參考范文]Beesareunusualanimalsandhaveauniquewaytocommunicatewithoneanother.(要點1)Workerbeesworktirelesslytostorefood.(要點2)Unlikeworkerbees，therelaxingqueenbeetakesupthebottomstoreyofthefive-storeyhouse.(要點3)Sheevendesertsthedroneaftershefinishesusinghim.(要點4)Sameasworkerbees，youngbeesneedtoworktocarefornewbornbees，buttheyonlyleavetheirfuturestowhattheyeat.(要點5)Writing1閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2023·上海寶山統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測)IKEA，knownaroundtheworldasasupplieroffurnitureandotherhomegoods，istakingstepstoprotecttheenvironment.By2030IKEAplanstobeacircularbusiness，onewhoseproductscanallbereusedorrecycledratherthanthrownaway.Toachievethisgoal，thecompanyisredesigningallofitsproducts.Howcanitdesignproductsthatwilllastlongerandbeeasiertofixandthatpeoplecanrecyclewhentheyarefinishedwiththem？Byansweringthesequestions，IKEAhopestoimprovethesustainabilityofitsbusinessmodel.IKEAwantspeopletobeabletorepairitsproductsratherthanthrowthemawaywhensomethinggoeswrong.Toaccomplishthatgoal，thecompanyisstandardizingtheparts，materialsandcolorsthatituses.Thismeansthatifapartneedstobereplaced，itwillbeeasytofind.InthepastIKEAhasonlyofferedsparepartsforsomeproducts;nowitisgreatlyexpandingthenumberofsparepartscustomerscanpurchase.Thismakesitfeasibleforcustomerstorepairtheirownfurniture.IKEAisalsoredesigningthepartsofitsproductsthataremostlikelytowearoutquickly.Toextendthelifeofitsproducts，IKEAistryingtomaketheirmaintenanceeasier.Itisalsomakingitsproductseasiertotakeapartandtransport，sothefurnitureislesslikelytobreakwhenbeingmovedorchanginghands.Sometimespeoplereplacetheirfurniturenotbecausethereissomethingwrongwithit，butbecausetheirneedshavechanged.SoIKEAisalsotryingtohelppeoplekeepfurnitureforalongertimebymakingiteasytomodify.Somepiecescanbeexpandedorreducedinsizeasfamilymembersandguestscomeandgo.Othershavecoversthatcanbeexchangedfordifferentlook.Butevenwithalltheseefforts，itislikelythatcertainproductswilleventuallynolongerbeusable.Atthatpointtheycanberemanufactured—thepiecesreassembled(重新組裝)intosomethingnew—orrecycled.AndIKEAisdesigningproductstomaketheseprocesseseasier.Thecompanyisalsoworkingtoreducewasteinotherareas，suchaspackagingandfoodwastefromrestaurantsinsideitsstores.TheseeffortstoreducethenumberofIKEAproductsthatareabandonedandthrowninlandfillswillhelpcreateamoreenvironmentallyfriendlyeconomy.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考答案】IKEAistakingstepstoprotecttheenvironment，whichincludestandardizingtheparts，materialsandcolorsused，tryingtomaketheirmaintenanceeasier，makingitsproductseasiertotakeapartandtransport，tryingtomakethefurnitureeasytomodifyandmakingtheirproductseasytoberemanufactured.Thecompanyisalsoworkingtoreducewasteinotherareas.Writing2閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。TheDunning-KrugerEffect(2023·上海崇明統(tǒng)考二模)In1999，socialpsychologistsDavidDunningandJustinKrugerdidaseriesofstudiesevaluatingpeople'scompetenceincertainareas.Thepeopleinthestudieswerealsoaskedtoevaluatetheirownabilitiesineacharea.DunningandKrugerfoundthatpeoplewhoscoredverylowonthetesttendedtooverestimatetheirabilities.Laterresearchhasindicatedthatasimilarprincipleappliestootherareasaswell.ThisprinciplehasbecomeknownastheDunning-Krugereffectaftertheresearcherswhodiscoveredit.TheDunning-Krugereffectoccursbecauseonlywhenpeoplehaveskillsinagivenareaaretheyequippedtoevaluatetheirownskills.Forexample，insomesituationsittakesascientisttorecognizebadscience.TheoppositeoftheDunning-Krugereffectalsohappens:capablepeoplehaveamoreaccurateviewoftheirownabilities，andsometimestheyevenunderestimatethemselves.Anextremecaseofthiswouldbeimpostorsyndrome，whichiswhenaskilledpersonfeelsasiftheyarefakingtheirskillsdespiteknowingwhattheyaredoing.It'stemptingtothinkoftheDunning-Krugereffectasaproblemthatotherpeoplehave.Peoplemayevenlaughatthosewhothinkthemselvesmorecompetentthantheyare.Buteveryonehasareaswheretheylackcompetence—andtheDunning-Krugereffectmeanstheymaybeespeciallybadatidentifyingthoseareas.Evenifsomeoneisveryintelligentingeneral，therearestillthingstheydon'tknowmuchabout.Expertise(專業(yè)知識)inoneareacannotalwaysbetransferredtootherareas.That'swhyit'simportanttokeepdiggingforinformationevenwhenyouthinkyou'vefoundanswers.Itcanalsobehelpfultocheckyourideaswithotherpeople.Receivingnegativefeedbackcanhurt，butifyou'rewillingtolisten，itcanhelpyougrow.EvenjustkeepinginmindthattheDunning-Krugereffectexistscan