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海運提單風險研究外文翻譯文獻海運提單風險研究外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)譯文:海運提單風險研究提單作為國際貿(mào)易和航運的文件,并從物物交換,以文件交易形式.因而在國際貿(mào)易過程中起著重要作用,然而許多問題源于在實踐采用中提單時,包括交換保函和清潔提單、倒簽和先付提單以及運送貨物在原來的提單沒有提到的情況下,在本文探討到的問題和認識的風險,并確認哪些是有關(guān)各方應(yīng)負擔的風險。與此相對應(yīng),它提出了一些改善對策。隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展和頻繁使用的信用證(L/C的)遍布世界的,系統(tǒng)的提單,而受到威脅的現(xiàn)象,如清潔已交換保函(L/G)時,倒簽提單和先付提單,以及交付貨物,原來沒有的提單.盡管這些現(xiàn)象在海上貨物運輸中有詳細而具體的介紹,但如果未能認識到這些現(xiàn)象,有關(guān)各方可能會負擔那些不必要的損失。一、產(chǎn)生清潔提單和保函交換的原因在國際貨物買賣中,根據(jù)誠實信用原則,如果承運人送達的貨物有缺陷,承運人應(yīng)在提單上標明,以保證和保護收貨人的合法權(quán)益,著就是程序要求的關(guān)于在制單時應(yīng)注明的信息。至于付款方法,許多海上貿(mào)易是通過信用證解決的,它主要是基于獨立的交易買賣或其他交易合同形式。因此,信用證僅僅是一種商業(yè)文件,銀行僅基于單據(jù)審查報告確定,而不論文件表面上看其來是否構(gòu)成完整的單據(jù),但如果有任何差異,銀行將拒絕付款。如果承運人發(fā)現(xiàn)細節(jié)的描述,標記,包數(shù)或件數(shù),重量或數(shù)量的貨物,與實際收到的貨物不相符,它會記下。這樣的話,提單將不再是清潔提單,根據(jù)UCP600規(guī)定,在收到不清潔的提單時銀行有權(quán)拒絕交付,因為她不符合清潔提單和信用證的要求。為了獲得清潔提單承運人向托運人保證,對承運人造成的損失進行賠償。顯然,放棄保函是一種典型的欺詐行為。然而,保函在某種程度上可以促進有缺陷的貨物的轉(zhuǎn)讓。于是,用提單交換保函在全球范圍內(nèi)得到了普遍使用。事實上,這種做法在某種程度上具有促進經(jīng)濟和航運發(fā)展的積極作用。二、保函有效性的法律基礎(chǔ)使用保函交換清潔提單者一做法在國際貨物買賣中已得到廣泛的使用,當交付的貨物出現(xiàn)缺陷是,它可以緩解承運人與托運人之間的矛盾。例如,在美國和法國他們就拒絕承認保函的有效性,然而,在漢堡規(guī)則國際公約中,對保函在一些地區(qū)的法律效力作了系統(tǒng)的規(guī)定,所以承運人有權(quán)要求賠償向托運人簽發(fā)后,向受第三方造成的損失,但如果保函導致的第三方欺詐,包括收貨人,這樣保函就可以避免承運人和托運人之間不一致,而導致的索賠。(1)包含交換清潔提單的具體對策我們可以看到,交換保函既具有其積極的一面又有其不利的一面,在某種程度上,保函又是貨物能夠順利流動的基礎(chǔ),如果沒有保函國際間的貨物貿(mào)易將無法順利進行。就承運人而言,他們在接受保函的時候需要非常的小心,他們要非常細致的檢查貨物,當發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物有問題時應(yīng)當立即提出賠償?shù)囊蟆Πl(fā)貨人而言,在準備裝船期間他應(yīng)該仔細檢查貨物是否符合銷售合同條款的具體的規(guī)定。(2)收貨人采取的對策最高法院在正式的書面回答關(guān)于保函問題的有效性時做出了如下規(guī)定:“在海上運輸貨物,收貨人不是必須要按照承運人提出的用保函交換清潔提單。無論保函作何規(guī)定,這都不會影響收貨人要求承運人賠償損失?!币?guī)定表明,保函對收貨人的約束力是有限的,著可能增加對承運人提出賠償要求的可能性。然而,規(guī)定收貨人可以要求賠償并不意味著它就一定能成功獲得補償,因此,如果收貨人不熟悉托運人并沒有業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系前,收貨人應(yīng)當積極調(diào)查信用資質(zhì)和托運人與承運人通過這樣的機構(gòu)為中國國際銀行海事局。當事情出錯,收貨人應(yīng)在詐騙方收到貨物之前提起訴訟。(3)倒簽提單與先付提單的相同與區(qū)別不論是倒簽提單還是先付提單他們都記錄欺詐裝運日期。如果貨物是裝上船舶的,則具體日期記錄在貨物裝運日之前。具體而言,具有下述相似點:①兩種提單都是采用信用證付款形式。②兩種提單都涉及有關(guān)承運人和托運人陰謀欺詐的行為,尤其是在CIF術(shù)語下當托運人負責租船或訂艙時。③由于這兩種選擇模糊了收貨人事實上裝運延遲的問題,當收貨人了解了真相之后它可以選擇接收貨物的條件,或拒絕接受貨物或要求賠償根據(jù)條件損壞的貨物。④如果開證行在確定倒簽提單和先付提單后,它有權(quán)拒絕有關(guān)提單的談判。根據(jù)UCP600,銀行不承擔責任或責任的形式,充分性,準確性,真實性,偽造或法律效力的文件,這是對銀行的責任免除。然而,如果文檔審查銀行是假的,銀行仍有權(quán)拒絕接受提單。(4)倒簽提單和先付提單的風險及原因大部分倒簽提單是由承運人在托運人的要求下制定的。倒簽提單的目的是托運人保證出貨日期與銷售合同和信用證的要求相一致,因而他能履行交付義務(wù)和外匯結(jié)算的成功和順利。聯(lián)合聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約貨物與合同法考慮交付義務(wù)的一個重要的。如果托運人不能交貨或不能按時交貨,視為違反合同的根本和收貨人可以取消合同。即使貨物已到港目的地,收貨人拒絕提貨,如果他能證明托運人沒有完成的時間內(nèi)裝船發(fā)貨。此外,在信用證付款下,根據(jù)UCP600的規(guī)定,交單到期日,必須與信用證相符合,如果不符,銀行有權(quán)拒絕接受提單并且拒絕根據(jù)信用證條款付款,而且提供信貸的銀行將改為信貸業(yè)務(wù)。因此,托運人將面臨的風險沒有收到貨款。因此,托運人有權(quán)要求當實際裝運日期晚于規(guī)定的日期時采取倒簽提單形式。(5)針對兩種提單提出的建議為了減少由于倒簽提單和先付提單帶來的不必要的損失,在采取對策應(yīng)考慮兩點:建立完善的制度與實踐。有人建議,銀行可以提供延伸服務(wù)。這是,銀行與指定的機構(gòu),負責檢查是否裝運條件符合雙方的文件和信用證.然而,銀行也不能保證沒有任何欺詐行為,也不能保證是否銷售合同是成功的。根據(jù)規(guī)定的,銀行不承擔責任或責任的形式,充分性,準確性,真實性.所以為避免倒簽提單和先付提單的風險,必須要求托運人委托真正的檢驗機構(gòu)簽發(fā)有效證件,可以證明的準確性和真實性的裝運日期,而非提單和保險政策。否則,托運人不能結(jié)匯。三、對承運人的要求隨著時代的發(fā)展,航運業(yè)中運輸時間減少,特別是在短途運輸。然而,提單的操作程序仍然是傳統(tǒng)方式的操作,這是嚴重滯后。因此,我們經(jīng)常見到在貨物到達目的港口之后而提單卻還么送到。因而,大多數(shù)的運輸企業(yè)意思到他們需要遵守交付正本提單的義務(wù),否則他們將對由此造成的風險或貨物的損壞進行補償。所以貨物的正本提單可以避免額外的費用支出。然而,如果收貨人如果未能在規(guī)定你給的時間內(nèi)向海關(guān)部門申報,它將承擔其他費用如滯期費,集裝箱滯留費和附加費,報關(guān)進口貨物。其次,如果貨物是緊急或易腐等,收貨人將試圖說服承運人交付貨物的提單副本和保函。此外,在現(xiàn)代物流的發(fā)展下,執(zhí)法部門或其代理或經(jīng)銷商希望縮短了從生產(chǎn)到營銷著眼于節(jié)約成本和提高效率。所以收貨人要求貨物只是時間和不會留下太多額外的時間在卸貨港。(1)提單的延遲信用證是一種在國際貿(mào)易貨物轉(zhuǎn)售中普遍的付款方式的,貨物可能被轉(zhuǎn)售很多次而提單卻沒有得到電子銀行很好的檢查,著導致了提到到達時間的遲延。此外,在信用證下,銀行有義務(wù)審查報告的準確性,準確性的判斷僅僅基于提單,而不考慮其他單獨的文件。在他們看來,遵守貿(mào)易術(shù)語規(guī)定和信用證條款和其他是一致的。銀行在檢查文件的時候需要特別的小心,如果銀行認為提單和提貨單存在一些嚴重的差異,它將拒絕全部文件和要求托運人改造一新的全套單據(jù),根據(jù)規(guī)定,在信用證期滿前提交正確單據(jù)。以上這些都是造成提單延遲的原因。(2)沒有正本提單情況下運輸貨物的風險盡管在運輸貨物中沒有正本提單的而這時必要的,它任然是違反貨物運輸原則的。首先,它損害提單持有人的合法權(quán)利。其次,托運人可能不會收到付款的貨物和承運人可能面對船舶扣押的風險。一方當事人對策可能只是對自身效益本身有利,并不能保證別人的權(quán)益作為一個整體。因此,有必要做一些立法方法,這可能創(chuàng)造一個三贏的局面。建立統(tǒng)一的信用證標準和提單條例,作者相信提單法案是保證貨物正常運輸?shù)幕竟ぞ?,在沒有正本提單、倒簽提單或先付提單下保證能夠順利的實現(xiàn)保函和清潔提單的交換。然而,在我們國家卻沒有相關(guān)方面的法律,這一法律真空對與一個海運打過而言和WTO的成員之一是不相符的,為此我們需要加強這方面的立法工作。自從提單開始作為海上貨物運輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵性文件開始,到目前為止還沒有一份其他類型的文件能夠完全替代它。我們國家需要繼續(xù)以提單法例作為我國海運準則。有關(guān)沒有正本提單的運輸在制定提單條例時需要特別指出。四、電子提單的風險電子提單不但可以避免的倒簽提單和先付提單的風險,而且還可以避免沒有正本提單下貨物運輸?shù)娘L險。保函交換清潔提單是在現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)下制單和商業(yè)效率下的一個折中措施,倒簽提單和先付提單需遵守合同或信用證的裝運日期,在電子提單下,各交易方在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)通過標準格式交換信息。由于沒有書面文件,當托運人交付貨物的裝運港,當承運人接收貨物存儲在電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng),收貨人可以檢查裝運日期的計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)避免倒簽提單和先付提單的延遲。電子提單是基于電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng),也就是說,交易數(shù)據(jù)的相互交換是通過電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)實現(xiàn)的。那就是說,貨主的效率取決于電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)。五、電子提單的發(fā)展背景由于傳統(tǒng)的提單存在有不可避免的缺陷,人們正尋求采取一系列新文件例如交通海運單和電子提單替代傳統(tǒng)的海運提單,但仍存在以下問題:首先,托運人失去控制貨物裝船后承擔的風險,沒有收到貨款;其次,可談判海運單不符合實際貨物重新出售的情況。隨著科技的發(fā)展,人們開始探討電子提單。一個典型案例是洛杉磯的電子商務(wù)示范法。電子提單面臨的兩個主要問題是:規(guī)則采取的是基于目標功能對等的原則,通過傳統(tǒng)提單分析如何實現(xiàn)這些目標和功能的電子技術(shù)。其目的是模擬傳統(tǒng)提單以達到到最大程度的在電子技術(shù)和程序法下轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)。根據(jù)規(guī)則,承運人是一個關(guān)鍵的電子提單是承運人簽發(fā)人,使非官方注冊的電子提單轉(zhuǎn)移到官方控制的秘密注冊系統(tǒng)上操作的電子提單。規(guī)則第四條規(guī)定,信息收到的信息具有相同的效力和效果,如果他們被包含在一個紙質(zhì)提單中。規(guī)則第七條規(guī)定,在紙質(zhì)提單中控制權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓和轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)具有相同的效果作為轉(zhuǎn)讓等權(quán)利。規(guī)則第十一條規(guī)定承運人和托運人和隨后的所有各方利用這些程序同意,任何國家或地方的法律,習俗或習慣要求運輸合同,須以書面證明并簽署了滿意的傳達和電子數(shù)據(jù)保留在計算機上的存儲數(shù)據(jù)得到證實。在同意通過這些規(guī)則,當事人應(yīng)當采取同意不提高防御本合同中為寫明的。因此,電子數(shù)據(jù)與書面提單具有相同的效力。原文:StudyonTheriskofbillofladingBillofloadingisadocumentforinternationaltradeandshippingandplaysallimportantroleintheprocessofinternationaltradefrombartertodocumentarytransaction.However,manyproblemsarisesfromthepracticeofusingB/L,includingexchangingL/GcleanB/L.antidatedandadvancedB/LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB/LInlightofthesituationmentionedabove,thisdissertationprobesintotheproblemsandrecognizestheriskswhichrelevantpartiesshallburden.Correspondingly,itproposesseveralcountermeasureforimprovement.WiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthefrequentuseofLetterofCredit(L/C)alloverworld,thesystemofB/ListhreatenedbythephenomenasuchasexchangingLetterofGuarantee(L/G)forcleanB/L,antidatedB/LandadvancedB/LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB/L.Althoughthesephenomenaarequotidianinthecarriageofgoodsbysea,therelevantpartieswhofailtorecognizethesephenomenashallburdenunnecessaryloss.1.CausesforExchangingL/GforCleanB/LIntheinternationalsaleofgoods,Iftheshipperdeliverstheflawedgoods,thecarriershouldmakeanoteinB/L、withaviewtosecuringandprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsoftheconsigneeortheholderofB/L,accordingtotheprincipleofhonestyandcredibility.TheaboveisaboutthesystemofmakinganoteinB/L.Astothepaymentmethod.mostpaymentsaresettledbyL/C.L/CbyitselfisaseparatetransactionfromthesaleOrothercontractsonwhichitmaybebased.Consequently,L/Cisonlydocumentsbusiness.Banksonlyexamineapresentationtodetermine,onthebasisofthedocumentsalone,whetherornotthedocumentsappearOntheirfacetoconstituteacomplyingpresentation。Ifthereisanydiscrepancy,bankswillrefusenegotiation.Ifthecarrierfindsparticularsconcerningthedescription,mark,numberofpackagesorpieces,weightorquantityofthegoodswhichdonotaccuratelyrepresentthegoodsactuallyreceived,itwillmakeanoteinB/L.Inthatcase,B/Lisunclean.AccordingtoUCP600。theuncleanB/Lcan'tbenegotiatedinbanksbecauseitisnotcomplyingwiththecleanandshippedB/LstipulatedinL/C.InordertoobtainthecleanB/L.theshippersurrendersL/GtothecarrierindicatingthattheshipperundertakestoindemnifythecarrieragainstlossresultingfromthecleanB/Lissuedbythecarrierwhodidn’ttransferthenotationfrommale’sreceipttoB/L.Apparently,surrenderingL/Gisacertainkindoffraud.However.L/Gcanfacilitatethetransferoftheflawedgoodsfromtheshippertothecarrier.SoexchangingL/GforcleanB/Lisuseduniversally.Asamatteroffact,thispracticehaspositiveeffectinpromotingeconomyandshippingtoSomedegree.2.TheLegalBasisforL/GValidityExchangingL/GforcleanB/Lhasbeenanaccustomedpracticeintheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtheshippingindustry,whichcanabatethecontradictionbetweenthecarrierandtheshipperwhendisputesovertheflawedgoodsarise.Forinstance,AmericaandFrancedenyL/GValidity,However,internationalconvention,HamburgRulesfirstformulatesthelegalstatusandValidityofL/Ginsomeareas.Sothecarrierhasafighttoclaimcompensationfromtheshipper,whoissuedUQafterindemnifiedagainstthethirdpartythelossresultingfromL/GButifL/Gresultingindefraudingathirdparty,includingaconsignee,suchL/Gisvoidevenbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,andthecarrierhasnofighttoclaimcompensationfromtheshipperevenifithasindemnifiedtheconsignee.(1)CountermeasuresofExchangingL/GforCleanB/LWecanseethatdeliveryL/Ghasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects.Tosomeextent,issuanceofL/Gisinevitableforsmoothdeliveryofgoods.Astothecarrier,itshouldbecarefulattheacceptanceofL/Gtotheconsignee.itshouldbeactivetoexaminethegoodsandclaimscompensationimmediatelywhentheproblemarises.Astotheshipper,itshouldpreparethegoodsforloadingontimeandstipulatetoacceptsomenotationinsalecontract.(2)CountermeasuresAdoptedbytheConsigneeInanofficialandwrittenreplytotheproblemaboutL/GValidity,SupremePeople’sCourtstipulatedasfollow:“Inthecarriageofgoodsbysea,theconsigneeisnotboundbyL/GwhichtheshipperissuedinexchangeforthecleanB/L.NomatterhowL/Gisstipulated,itcall’taffecttheconsigneetoclaimforcompensationagainstthecarrierortheshipper.”thestipulationexpressesthattheconsigneeisnotboundbyL/Ganditcanincreasethepossibilityofreceivingthecompensationfromthecarrier.However,thestipulationthattheconsigneecanclaimforcompensationdoesn’tmeanthatitcallsuccessfullyreceivethecompensationTherefore,iftheconsigneeisnotfamiliarwiththeshipperandthereisnobusinessrelationshipbefore,theconsigneeshallinvestigatepositivelythecreditandqualificationoftheshipperandthecarrierthroughsuchorganizationasBankofChinaofInternationalMaritimeBureau.Whenthingsgowrong,theconsigneeshouldbringanactionontimebeforethedefrauderreceivespaymentforgoods(3)SimilaritiesandDifferencesofAntidatedB/LandAdvancedB/LAntidatedB/LmeansthatashippedB/L,whoseissuedateispriortotheactualshipmentdate.WhileAdvancedB/LmeansthatashippedB/Lissuedwhenthecarrierhasnotbegunloadingorcompletedshipment.BothantidatedB/LandadvancedB/Lfraudulentlyrecordtheshipmentdate.TheshipmentdaterecordedinB/Lispriortotheactualshipmentdateifthegoodsindeedareloadedontoshipintheend.Tobespecific,similaritiesareasfollows:①BothkindsofB/LalwaysoccurunderpaymentofL/C.2.BothkindsofB/Linvolvetheconspiredfraudbetweentheshipperandthecarrier,especiallywhentheshipperisliableforcharteringshiporbookingspaceunderCIFandCFRtradeterms.②BecausebothkindsofB/Lobscuretheconsigneefromthefactofdelayinshipment,whentheconsigneelearnthetruth,itcanchoosetoreceivethegoodswithcondition,ortorefusetoreceivethegoodsortoclaimcompensationaccordingtotheconditionofdamagetogoods.③IftheissuingbankidentifiesantidatedB/LandadvancedB/L.ithastherighttorefusenegotiation.AccordingtoUCP600,abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform,sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness,falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument,whichisaboutbank’Sexonerationfromliability.However,ifthedocumentexaminedbythebankisfalse,thebankstillhastherighttorefusetoreceiveB/L.(4)CausesandRisksofAntidatedB/LandAdvancedB/LMostantidatedB/Lareissuedbythecarderattherequestoftheshipper.TheaimofantidatedB/ListhattheshippermakessurethattheshipmentdateisconsistentwithrequirementofthesalecontractandL/C,soitCanfulfilltheobligationofdeliveryandsettleforeignexchangesuccessfullyandsmoothly.UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsandContractLawconsidertheobligationofdeliveryasanimportantone.Iftheshippercan’tdeliverthegoodsorcan’tdeliverthegoodsontime,itisdeemedbreachescontractfundamentallyandtheconsigneecancancelthecontract。Evenifthegoodshavealreadyarrivedattheportofdestination,theconsigneeCallrefusetotakedeliveryofgoodsifitcanprovethattheshipperdidn’tfinishshipmentwithinthetimeofshipment.Moreover,underpaymentofL/C,accordingtoUCP600,theexpirydateforpresentationmustbeconsistentwithstipulationinL/CwhentheshippernegotiatesB/L.Ifnot,thebankwillrefusetoreceivesuchB/L.thepaymentofL/Cwillbevoid.a(chǎn)ndthecreditofbankwillbechangedintothecreditofbusiness.Consequently,theshipperwillconfronttheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods.Therefore,theshipperrequires.thecarriertoissueanantidatedB/Lwhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthestipulatedtimeofshipment.(5)CountermeasuresofAntidatedB/LandAdvancedB/LInordertodecreaseunnecessarylossoftherelevantpartiesresultingfromantidatedB/LandadvancedB/L,thecountermeasuresshouldbeconsideredintwoways:insystemestablishmentandinpractice.SomeonesuggeststhatthebankCanofferaextendedservice.Thatis,thebankcontactswiththedesignatedorganizationsandisliableforcheckingwhethertheshipmentconditionisconsistentwithbothdocumentandL/C.However,banksneitherguaranteethatthereisn’tanyfraud,norguaranteewhetherthesalecontractissuccessful.AccordingtostipulationofUCP600,abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform,sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness.falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument,norforthecreditandqualificationofthecarrier:butabankonlyisliableforexaminingapresentationtodetermine,onthebasisofthedocumentsalone,whetherornotthedocumentsappearontheirfacetoconstituteacomplyingpresentation.SoinordertoavoidtheantidatedB/LandadvanedB/LtheconsigneemustrequiretheshippertobringtherelevantdocumentsissuedbyauthenticinspectionorganizationwhichCanprovetheaccuracyandauthenticityoftheshipmentdate,otherthanB/Landinsurancepolicy.Otherwise,theshipperCan’tsettleforeignexchange.3.TheCarrier’sRequirementWiththedevelopmentoftheshipmentindustry,thetimeoftransportationisdecreasing,especiallyinshort-distancetransportation.However,theoperationprocedureofB/Lisstilloperatedinthetraditionalway,whichisbadlylaggedbehind.Therefore,itiscommonthatB/Lhavenotreachedtheconsigneewhilethegoodshavearrivedatportofdestination.MostcarriersaleawareofabidingbytheobligationofdeliverywiththeoriginalB/L,otherwisetheywilltakerisksofindemnifyinglossofordamagetogoods.Thereasonwhytheconsigneeisanxioustotakedeliver),ofgoodswithouttheoriginalB/Listoavoidtheextracharge.Normally,theconsigneecanstorethegoodswithinsomedaysforfree.However,iftheconsigneedoesn’tapplytothecustomswithinsuchtime,itwillbearotherchargessuchasdemurragecharge,containerdetentionchargeandsurchargeondelayeddeclarationofimportgoods.Secondly,ifthegoodsareforemergencyorperishableetc。,theconsigneewilltrytopersuadethecarriertodelivergoodswithcopyB/LandL/GAdditionally,underthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics.theimposeroritsagentoritsdistributorswishtoshortentheperiodfromproductiontomarketingwithaviewtoeconomizingcostandenhancingefficiency.Sotheconsigneerequiresthegoodsinjusttimeandwillnotleavetoomuchextratimeinunloadingport.(1)DelayedArrivaloftheDocumentandB/LL/Cisauniversalmethodofpaymentintheinternationaltrade.ThegoodsmayberesoldmanytimeswhenthedocumentsandB/Lhavenotbeenexaminedbyebanks,whichcausesB/Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport,MoreoverunderL/C.theissuingbankhasaobligationofexaminingapresentationtodetermine,onthebasisofthedocumentsalone,whetherornotthedocumentsare,ontheirface,incompliancewiththetermsandconditionsofL/Candconsistentwithoneanother.Thebankisverycautionstoexaminedocuments.IfthebankconsiderstherearesomeseriousdiscrepanciesamongB/L,packinglist,invoiceandspecificstipulationofL/C.itwillrejectfullsetofdocumentsandrequiretheshippertoremakeanewfullsetofdocumentsaccordingtothestipulation.withintheexpirydateofL/C.ThesituationmentionedabovecausesB/Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport.(2)RisksofDeliveryofGoodswithoutPresentationoftheOriginalB/LAlthoughitisnecessaryforexistenceofdeliveryofgoodswithouttheoriginalB/L,itstillviolatestheprincipleofdeliveryofgoodswiththeoriginalB/L.First,itharmsrightsofthelegalholderofB/L;second,theshippermaynotreceivethepaymentforgoodsandthecarriermayfacetheriskofthearrestofships.CountermeasuresofonepartymayonlybenefititselfandCannotguaranteeothers’rightsandinterestsasawhole.Therefore,itisnecessarytodosomelegislativeapproaches,whichmaycreateawin-win-winsituation.EstablishmentofUniformStandardforL/GB/LAct,ThewriterbelievesB/LActisafundamentaltooltoformulatethedeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB/L,antidatedB/LoradvancedB/LandexchangingL/GforcleanB/L.However,thereisnoB/LActinOurcountry,whichisalegislativevacancyinsuchabigshippingcountryandWTOmember.SinceB/Liscrucialincarriageofgoodsbysea,thereisstillnowayforseawaybillandtheelectronictoreplaceB/L.U.S.A.a(chǎn)ndsomeEuropeancountrieshavealreadypromulgatedB/LAct.OurcountryshouldconstituteB/LActasaspeciallawunderMaritimeCode.TherelevantproblemofdeliverywithouttheoriginalB/L,L/GandsooilshouldbestipulatedinB/LAct.4.RisksoftheElectronicB/LTheelectronicB/LcannotonlypreventtherisksofantidatedB/LandadvancedB/LbutalsoavoiddeliverywithouttheoriginalB/L.ExchangingL/GforcleanB/LisacompromisebetweenthesystemofmakinganoteinB/Landtheefficiencyofcommerce.AntidatedB/LandadvancedB/LiSforthecomplianceintheshipmentdatewithL/Corthecontract.UndertheelectronicB/L,thepartiesconcernedsendandreceivemessagethroughastandardformat.Sincethereisnowrittendocument,whentheshipperdeliversgoodstotheportofshipmentandwhenthecarrierreceivesgoodsarestoredinEDIsystem,theconsigneeCanchecktheshipmentdatebycomputernetworktoavoidantidatadB/LandadvancedB/L.TheelectronicB/LbasesonElectronicDataInterchange,i.e.theinterchangeoftradedataiseffectedbyteletransmission.Thatis,thegoodsownershipoftransferiseffectbyEDIsystem.5.BackgroundoftheElectronicB/LPeopleseektoadoptaseriesofn
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