2023考研英語二真題答案解析超詳解析

2023年全國碩士探討生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(二)試題答案與解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedbIanktherearefourchoicesmarked

A,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.(10points)

TheoutbreakofswinefIuthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdecIaredaglobaI

epidemiconJune11,2023.11isthefirstworIdwideepidemic1bytheWorId

HeaIthOrganizationin41years.

TheheightenedaIert2anemergencymeetingwithfIuexpertsinGeneva

thatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustraIia,andrising3in

Britain,Japan,ChileandeIsewhere.

Buttheepidemicis"4"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,the

organization'sdirectorgeneraI,5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatients

experiencingonIymiIdsymptomsandafulIrecovery,ofteninthe6of

anymedicaItreatment.

TheoutbreakcametogIobaI7inIateApriI2023,whenMexicanauthorities

noticedanunusuaIIyIargenumberofhospitaIizationsanddeaths8heaIthy

aduIts.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto

9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworId.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.

ButinIateSeptember2023,officialsreportedtherewas11fIuactivity

inaImosteverystateandthatvirtuaIIyaIIthe12testedarethenewswine

fIu,aIsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonaIfIu.IntheU.S.,ithas13more

thanonemillionpeopIe,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000

hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials14TamifluforchiIdrenfromthenationaI

stockpiIeandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefIuvaccine.

Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannuaIfluvaccine,is____16ahead

ofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavaiIableinearIy

October2023,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasaIspray

type,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopIeover50orthosewith

breathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveraIother19.Butitwas

stillpossibletovaccinatepeopIeinotherhigh-riskgroup:healthcareworkers,

peopIe20infantsandheaIthyyoungpeopIe.

1[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]

designated

2[A]proceeded[B]activated[0]foIIowed[D]

prompted

3[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums

4[A]moderate[B]normaI[0]unusuaI[D]extreme

5[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by

6[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]

favor

7[A]reaIity[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]

notice

8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to

9[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[D]

coverup

10[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]untiI

11[A]excessive[B]enormous[0]significant

[D]magnificent

12[A]categories[B]exampIes[C]patterns[D]

sampIes

13[A]imparted[B]immerse[C]injected[D]

infected

14[A]reIeased[B]reIayed[C]reIieved[D]

remained

15[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving

16[A]feasibIe[B]avaiIabIe[C]reIiabIe[D]

appIicable

17[A]prevaIent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]

initial

18[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]

introduced

19[A]probIems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings

20[A]invoIvedin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]

wardingoff

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Text1

ThelongestbuIIruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramatic

notewithasaIeof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”，

atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember15th2023.AlIbuttwopiecessold,fetching

morethan￡70m,arecordforasaIebyasingleartist.ItwasaIastvictory.As

theauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWaIIStreet,

LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

TheworIdartmarkethadaIreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrising

bewiIderinglysinee2023.Atitspeakin2023itwasworthsome$65biIIion,reckons

ClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm——doublethefigurefive

yearsearIier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarket

generatesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,

enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewother

industries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfoIIowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysort

becamedeepIyunfashionabIe,especiaIIyinNewYork,wherethebaiI-outofthebanks

coincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinanciaIdemiseofmany

art-buyinginvestors.IntheartworIdthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfrom

galIeriesandsalerooms.SalesofcontemporaryartfelIbytwo-thirds,andinthe

mostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearIy90%

intheyeartoNovember2023.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,

Sotheby?sandChristie,s,hadtopayoutnearIy$200minguaranteestocIients

whohadpIacedworksforsaIewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestopped

buyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostserious

contractioninthemarketsineetheSecondWorIdWar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthat

pricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmore

fluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:"I'mpretty

confidentwe'reatthebottom.”

WhatmakesthissIumpdifferentfromtheIast,hesays,isthattherearestill

buyersinthemarket,whereasintheearIy1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,

therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycoIlectorswantedtoseiI.Christie,srevenues

inthefirsthalfof2023werestillhigherthaninthefirsthaIfof2023.Almost

everyonewhowasinterviewedforthisspeciaIreportsaidthatthebiggestprobIem

atthemomentisnotaIackofdemandbutaIackofgoodworktosell.Thethree

Ds—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyone

whodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssaIewasreferredtoasuaIastvictory”

because____.

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifuIInsideMyHeadForeverwonoveraIImasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworIdfinancialcrisis

22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeepIyunfashionablew(Line

1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat.

A.coIIectorswerenoIongeractiveIyinvoIvedinart-marketauctions

B.peopIestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalIeries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadIostitsappeaItoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneraIhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.SalesofcontemporaryartfeIIdramaticallyfrom2023to2023.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.ThemarketgeneraIIywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedintheIastparagraphare____

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.styIesrepresentingimpressionists

25.ThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouIdbe___

A.FIuctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecIine

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

Text2

IwasaddressingasmaIIgatheringinasuburbanVirginiaIivingroom-awomen's

groupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeen

particuIarIytaIkative,frequentIyofferingideasandanecdotes,whiIehiswifesat

siIentIybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthat

womenfrequentIycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquickly

noddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinour

family."TheroomburstintoIaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"

heexpIained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeep

theconversationgoing,we'dspendthewhoIeeveninginsilence."

ThisepisodecrystaIIizestheironythataIthoughAmericanmentendtotaIkmore

thanwomeninpubIicsituations,theyoftentaIkIessathome.Andthispatternis

wreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoIiticaIscientistAndrewHackerintheIate1970s.

SocioIogistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTaIk"that

mostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonIyafewofthemen—gaveIackof

communicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateof

nearIy50percent,thatamountstomiIIionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear

—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocused

notontangibIeinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto

accompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdaiIyIife-support

workIikecIeaning,cooking,sociaIarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocused

oncommunication："Hedoesn'tIistentome.""Hedoesn'ttaIktome."Ifoundas

Hackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstand

foremostconversationaIpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheir

wives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypical

cartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttabIewithanewspaperheldupin

frontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotaIk.

26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Sharinghousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)most

probablymeans___.

A.generatingmotivation.

B.exertinginfIuence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

28.AIIofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

A.mentendtotaIkmoreinpubIicthanwomen

B.nearIy50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D.afemaIetendstobemoretaIkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A.ThemoraIdecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequaIities.

C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.ConversationaIpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.InthefollowingpartimmediateIyafterthistext,theauthorwiIImost

probabIyfocuson

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTaik

B.adetaiIeddescriptionofthestereotypicaIcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoIiticaIscientistAndrewHacker

Text3

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomatic

behaviors—habits—amongconsumers.ThesehabitshaveheIpedcompaniesearn

biIIionsofdoIIarswhencustomerseatsnacks,appIyIotionsandwipecountersaImost

withoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

“TherearefundamentaIpubIichealthproblems,Iikedirtyhandsinsteadofa

soaphabit,thatremainkiIlersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeopIe'

shabits,Dr.Curtissaid.aWewantedtoIearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreate

newbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,CoIgate-PaImoIive

andUniIever-hadinvestedhundredsofmiIIionsofdoIIarsfindingthesubtIecues

inconsumers'Iivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

IfyouIookhardenough,you'IIfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday

—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,water

purifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabric

softeners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopIe

reguIarIybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcanny

advertisingandpubIichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabitualIygivetheirpearly

whitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithCoIgate,Crestoroneof

theotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopIedidn,tdrinkwateroutsideofameaI.Then

beveragecompaniesstartedbottIingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnow

officeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralIdaylong.Chewinggum,oncebought

primariIybyadoIescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommerciaIsasabreathfreshener

andteethcleanserforuseafterameaI.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspart

ofmorningbeautyrituaIs,sIippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,“said

CaroIBerning,aconsumerpsychoIogistwhorecentIyretiredfromProcter&GambIe,

thecompanythatsoId$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.

“CreatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumersJIives,and

it'sessentiaItomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,sociaIscientistsIikeDr.Berninghave

IearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabituaIcuesthrough

reIentIessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshave

eruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtoseIIquestionablebeautycreamsor

unhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitsIikehandwashingwithsoap.

[A]shouIdbefurthercu11ivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.BottIedwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph

5soasto___

[A]reveaItheirimpactonpeople,shabits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroIeofgoodhabits

33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople'

shabits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilever

34.FromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumerTshabitsaredeveIopeddueto

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehaviorcreation

[C]commerciaIpromotions

[D]scientificexperimerits

35.Theauthor*sattitudetowardtheinfIuenceofadvertisementonpeople'

shabitsis___

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcruciaI

democraticvaIues,includingtheprinciplesthataIIcitizenswhomeetminimal

quaIificationsofageandIiteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;that

jurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthe

community;thatnocitizenshouIdbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccount

ofrace,reIigion,sex,ornationaIorigin;thatdefendantsareenti11edtotrial

bytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouIdrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunity

andnotjusttheletterofthelaw.ThejuryisaIsosaidtobethebestsurviving

exampIeofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,

citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemseIves,ratherthaneIectingrepresentativesto

governforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconfIictedwiththese

democraticideaIs.Insomestates,forexampIe,jurydutywasIimitedtopersons

ofsupposedlysuperiorinteIIigence,education,andmoralcharacter.Althoughthe

SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionaIraciaIdiscrimination

injuryseIectionasearIyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepractice

ofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaround

thisandotherantidiscriminationIaws.

ThesystemaIsofailedtoreguIarIyincIudewomenonjuriesuntiIthemid-20th

century.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnot

untiIthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Even

thenseveraIstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunIessthey

personaIIyaskedtohavetheirnamesincIudedonthejuryIist.Thispracticewas

justifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuries

unrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySeIectionandService

Act,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.ThisIawaboIished

speciaIeducationaIrequirementsforfederaIjurorsandrequiredthemtobeseIected

atrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.IntheIandmark1975decision

Taylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesbe

representativeofaIIpartsofthecommunitytothestateIeveI.TheTayIordecision

aIsodecIaredsexdiscriminationinjuryseIectiontobeunconstitutionaIand

orderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemaIejurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat

[A]bothIiberateandiIIiteratepeopIecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noageIimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepubIic

37.ThepracticeofseIectingso-caIIedelitejurorspriorto1968showed

[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationIaws

[B]theprevaIentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconfIictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjustices

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseIdomonthejuryIistinsomestatesbecause

[A]theywereautomaticaIIybannedbystateIaws

[B]theyfelIfarshortoftherequiredquaIifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepubIicengagement

39.AftertheJurySeIectionandServiceActwaspassed.___

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryseIectionwasunconstitutionaIandhadtobe

abolished

[B]educationaIrequirementsbecameIessrigidintheselectionoffederaI

jurors

[C]jurorsatthestateIeveIoughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederaIcourtinreformingthejurysystem

40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[A]itsnatureandprobIems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

PartB

BOTHBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,

the787andA350respectively.TheircleverdesignsandIightweightcomposites

certainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,led

byIIanKroo,hassuggestedthatairIinescouIdtakeamorenaturaIisticapproach

tocuttingjet-fueIuse,anditwouIdnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,Iieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminaIpaperby

aGermanresearchercalledCarIWieseIsberger,scientistshaveknownthatbirds

flyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise-expendIessenergy.Theair

flowingoverabird'swingscurIsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknown

asupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendIess

energypropeIIingthemseIves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerIy

atCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthern

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr

KrooandhisteammodeIIedwhatwouIdhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfrom

LosAngeIes,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtah,assumean

invertedV-formation,occasionallyswapplacessoaIIcouldhaveaturninthemost

favourabIepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumed

asmuchas15%IessfueI(withaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).

Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsofthefIightfeIIbyaround

aquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,or

atIeasttheperceptionofit.WouIdpassengersfeeIcomfortabIetraveIIinginconvoy?

DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouIdbeseparatedbyseveraInauticaImiIes,

andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsIike

theRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheother

pIanes.WhethertheseparationdistancesinvoIvedwouIdsatisfyair-traffic-controI

reguIationsisanothermatter,aIthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationaICivil

Aviation.OrganisationhasincludedthepossibiIityofformationflyingina

blueprintfornewoperationalguideIines.

ItremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairfIowsthatmake

formationfIightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes'wakes

willdecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwiIIdiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneof

theareashisteamwiIIinvestigatefurther.ItmightalsobehardforairIinesto

co-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythat

wouIdallowthemtogainfromformationfIight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,might

beeasiertorescheduIe,asmightroutinemiIitaryfIights.

Asithappens,America,sarmedforcesareonthecaseaIready.EarIierthis

yearthecountry?sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedpIansto

payBoeing