紡織服裝國際貿(mào)易中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：ExportCompetitivenessofIndianTextileandGarmentIndustryINTRODUCTIONTheinternationaltradeintextileandclothingsectorshasbeenaegregiousexceptiontothemostfavourednationprincipleofGATTand,sincetheearly1960s,hasbeenacaseofmanagedtradethroughforcedconsensus.However,theWTOAgreementonTextileandClothing(ATC)markedasignificantturnaround.AccordingtotheATC,beginning1stJanuary1995,alltextilesandclothingproductsthathadbeenhithertosubjectedtoMFA-quota,arescheduledtobeintegratedintoWTOoveraperiodoftenyears.“Thedismantlingofthequotaregimerepresentsbothanopportunityaswellasathreat.Anopportunitybecausemarketswillnolongerberestricted;athreatbecausemarketswillnolongerbeguaranteedbyquotas,andeventhedomesticmarketwillbeopentocompetition”.From1stJanuary2005,therefore,alltextileandclothingproductswouldbetradedinternationallywithoutquota-restrictions.Andthisimpendingrealitybringstheissueofcompetitivenesstotheforeforallfirmsinthetextileandclothingsectors,includingthoseinIndia.ItisimperativetounderstandthetruecompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingfirmsinordertomakeanassessmentofwhatliesaheadin2005andbeyond.Owingtoitssignificantcontribution,theIndiantextileandclothingindustryoccupiesauniqueplaceintheIndianeconomy.Itcontributesabout4%ofGDPand14%ofindustrialoutput.Secondlargestemployerafteragriculture,theindustryprovidesdirectemploymentto35millionpeopleincludingsubstantialsegmentsofweakersectionsofsociety.Withaverylowimport-intensityofabout1.5%only,itisthelargestnetforeignexchangeearnerinIndia,earningalmost35%offoreignexchange.Thisistheonlyindustrythatisself-sufficientandcompleteincottonvaluechain-producingeverythingfromfibrestothehighestvalueaddedfinishedproductofgarments.ItsgrowthandvitalitythereforehascriticalbearingsontheIndianeconomyatlarge.WhatIsCompetitiveness?Competitivenessisaboutproductivity,whichinturnisafunctionoffactorsrelatedtocostofproducts,aswellasthoserelatedtonon-pricefactorssuchasdeliveryschedules,reliabilityofproducers,andsuchintangiblefactorslikeimageofthecountry/companyandbrandequity.Together,theydefinethecompetitivesinewsofaproducttocompeteunderconditionsoffreemarket.However,inordertotranslateindustrycompetitivenessintosales(greaterexportshareinworldmarket),anothersetofissues-inadditiontoproductivity-needtobeexamined.Theserelatetomarketaccessconditions.Indeed,industrycompetitivenessofrestrainedexporterssuchasIndiawasnotmuchofanissueduringthelastalmostfourdecades,eversincetheShortTermArrangement(STA)of1961.Andthereasonlaynotinpriceandnon-pricefactors,butinthe‘managed’conditionsunderwhichglobaltradeintextileandclothingproductstookplace.Infact,itwaspreciselybecauseofthepricecompetitivenessofsomeAsianexportersinthe1950sandthe1960sthatthe“generallyandsolemnlyagreedrulesofpost-warpolicyconduct-includingthekeystoneofthesystem,thenon-discriminationrules-wereformallysetasideforreasonsregardedaspragmatic”.Thissystemofmanagedtrade,however,willcometoanendon31stDecember2004.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,industryhasbeendefinedasagroupoffirmsmanufacturingproductsthatdirectlyorindirectlycompeteswitheachother.Itisimpliedthatnonationcanbecompetitiveinmanufacturingallgoodsandservices.Hence,industrycompetitivenessofanentirenationisnotquitemeaningful.Instead,sinceitisthefirmswhocompeteininternationalmarkets,theentireframeworkofcompetitivenesswouldrevolvearoundthestudyofthefirm.“…industrialsuccesswasfoundedonbehaviouroffirms,notonthedecisionsofgovernments”.Thelistofproducts(industries)identifiedisinAppendixA.Objective&ScopeOfTheStudyTheobjectiveoftheprojectistoevaluatetheexportcompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingsectors.BecauseIndiantextileandclothingsectorispredominantlycottonbased,thisstudywouldfocusmainlyonthecottontextileandapparel,andlookattheentirevaluechainfromfibretogarmentandretaildistribution.Withtheaforementionedobjectiveinmind,thisstudyhasfirstidentifiedtheproductsinIndianexportbasketwhichhaveshownapromisinggrowthinvalue,orinunitvalueandhaveaconsiderableweightintheIndianexportbasketonthebasisofrecentperformanceofIndianexportsoftextileandclothingsectorsintheUSandEUmarkets.ResearchMethodologyInordertoevaluatethedemand-sideofIndiantextileandclothingexports,thestudyhasanalysedthecompetitiveperformanceofIndianexportsofthe‘identified’productsintheUSandEUmarkets.Ithasalsobeenusedtohighlighttheroleofemergingtradepolicyenvironment-specifically,theroleofdiscriminatoryrulesoforigininRegionalTradingArrangements[RTAs],tariffpeaksandenvironmentalandlabourstandards-asmarketaccessissuesrelevanttotextileandclothingexportingcountries.Toassessthesupply-sidefactorsofexportcompetitiveness,apreliminaryinterviewwasconductedwithafewexporters.Theinterviewsoughttheirviewsandopinionschieflyinrespectofthesupply-sidebottlenecksthattheyarefacinginIndia.Thesupply-sideframeworkisbasedmoreonopinionsthanondata/numbers.Theinferencesaboutthesupply-sidefactorsarethereforebasedontheopinionsexpressedbyexportersofidentifiedproducts.GLOBALTRADEINTEXTILEANDCLOTHING:INDIA’SCOMPETITIVEPERFORMANCEDuringtheMFAperiod,thetextileexportersfromindustrialcountriesandthosefromdevelopingcountriesmerelychangedsharesbetweenthemselvesduringthe24yearsperiod.Theshareofindustrialcountriesdeclinedbyalmostasmuch(19.2%)aswasthegainintheshareofdevelopingcountries(18.8%).Clothingexporters.however,exhibitsignificantchanges,withtheshareoftop13exportershavingdeclinedby13.8%.Newentrantshavecomeinaswellassomeoldoneshavebeenknockedout.Ofthesenewentrants,most-ifnotall-arefromdevelopingcountries,sincetheshareofindustrialcountrieshasdeclinedduringtheperiod,andthatofdevelopingcountrieshasincreased.Thecountriesthataregainingshareinclothingexportsaretheoneswhoseindustriesareintegratedtooneortheotheradvancedcountrythroughsomepolicy-inducedpreferentialarrangements.Mexico,Caribbeanregion,EastEuropeancountriesandMediterraneancountriesarecapturingmuchofthespacevacated.Therehasbeenamuchdeeperglobalisationinclothingthanintextiles.Indeed,thathasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsforthedevelopedcountriesagreeingtoaneventualphase-outofMFAquotaintheURofnegotiations.DuringtheMFAperiod,(between1973to1997,tobeprecise),whileintextiles,therewasaninexorableshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesandtodevelopingcountriesatlarge,inclothingtheshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesisincreasinglybeinggrabbedby‘preferred’developingcountries.Thus,inclothing,thenon-preferredgroupofdevelopingcountriesisfightingamongstthemselvesforapiethatisincreasinglydeclining.Oneshouldexpectamuchhigherlevelofintra-industryandintra-firmtradeinclothingthanintextiles.Thisisentirelycompatiblewiththefactthatitisthetradeinclothingthatisgrowingfasterthanthatintextiles.Andthistrendislikelytodeepen,asclothingretailersconsolidate,andOutwardProcessingTrade(OPT)trafficincreases.Theopportunityclearlyliesmuchmoreinclothing,thoughthecaveatisthattheexportingcountrywouldhavetoachievethe‘preferred’status,andintegrateitsmanufacturingwiththatofanimportingcountryinordertocontinueexportingtotherestrictedmarkets.Thepressuretoexportwouldintensifyintheyearstocomesince80%ofadditionaloutputduring1995-2005isexpectedtobelocatedindevelopingcountries.Ontheotherhand,only50%oftheadditionalfibreconsumptionwouldoriginateindevelopingcountries.India’sCompetitivePerformanceintheUS1.Oftheeightcottonapparels,India’smarketshare(in2000)inUSimportmarketexceeded10%incottondresses(336),W&Gwovenshirts(341),andcottonskirts(342).Marketsharegrewin336and341.In336,Indiaexportedhigherquantityatreducedprices,whilein341,Indiamovedupthevaluechain.ButtheUSimportmarketgrewstronglyin341and342,andnotasmuchin336.However,in341,thesizeofquotaisclosetothesizeofUShomemarket,whereasin336,about43%ofUShomemarketwouldbeopenedonlyon1stJanuary2005.Therefore,notmuchgrowthshouldbeexpectedin341intermsofUSmarketsize.Besides,therearenocurrentthreatsfrom‘preferred’developingcountriesin341yet.HencethisisonecategorywhereIndiashouldveryclearlyfocus,sincethecompetitorcountriesareessentiallyAsian.Theonebigthreat,wouldbeChina.Currently,ChinaexportsatanappreciablyhigheruvrcomparedtoIndia.Theevidencefrom1995-2000indicatethatChinahasupgradedits341fasterthanIndiahas.IfChinacontinuesonthatpath,Indiamaynotworrytoomuch,sincethegapbetweenIndianandChinesepriceswouldbequitesignificant.Butthen,ifIndiaalsoupgradesitsproduct,asithasdonein341,competitivenessbasedonlyonpricewillbeextremelyrisky.2.Indescendingorderofuvr,Indianexportsofthechosencottonapparelsbelongtobetween40and50percentile,amongallsuppliercountriesforagivenMFAproductcategory.WhichmeansIndiaoperatesinthelowvaluesegmentinmostcottonapparelsintheUS.However,itisinterestingtonotethattherearethreecottonapparelswhoseuvrhavebeenbetweenpercentiles55and60.Theyareknitshirts(cat338)andtrousersforM&B(cat347)andforW&G(cat348).Incidentally,USimportsoftheseproductsisgrowingfastestamongallcottonapparelcategories.However,Indiahaslostmarketshareinallexcept347during1995-2000.In347,itsunitpriceshavegrownfastestamongtoptensuppliers.Andalmost70%ofUSmarketremaintobecomequota-freeonlyon1stJanuary2005.Indiamustbuildupitsstrengthinthisproductcategoryquicklytocapturethehugemarketthatwouldsuddenlyopenin2005.Quiteapartfrom‘preferred’groupofdevelopingcountries,Pakistanisonecountrywhichhasdoneexceedinglywellin347,andhasbeenbuildingitsdomesticmanufacturingfacilitiesveryfast.ButPakistanisnotyetasmuchofathreatsinceitsunitvalueisconsiderablylowerthanIndia.China,however,islikelytoemergeasabigthreattoIndiain347sincetheiruvrisclosertoIndia’sandtheytooareupgradingtheirproductrapidly.Theirmarketsharedeclinedduewhollytoquotaconstraint.Buttheyseemtobeproducinglessnumbers,andbetterqualityof347forUSexportmarket.TheywouldposeabigchallengetoIndia.3.Incottonapparels,thecompetitorcountries-asidefrom‘preferred’developingcountries-areIndonesia,Malaysia,HongKong,Philippines,Indonesia,SriLankaandBangladesh.Fromamongthese,Bangladeshisthelowestcostsupplierinalmostallcategories.Inviewofthethreatfrom‘preferred’developingcountries,Indiamustmoveawayfromcompetingonlyonthebasisofprice,sincetheshareofthissegmentisanycasedecliningwiththe‘preferred’countriesgrowingrapidlyinthissegment.AndwhenIndiaupgradesitsvalue,itwouldhavetocontendwithstrongAsiancompetitorslikeHongKong,ChinaandSouthKorea,whoseperformancehasbeenconstrainedduetoquotaceilings.Butoncethequotasareremoved,Indiamayfinditselfagainlosinginthisupgradedmarketsegmentduetosheersizeofthesecountries’exports.TheimportantlessonforIndiathereforeisthatitmustnotonlyupgradeitsvalues,butalsobegintofindwaysofcompetingincreasinglyonnon-pricefactors.譯文：印度服裝紡織行業(yè)的出口競爭力一、簡介20世紀(jì)60年代初以來，紡織和服裝部門的國際貿(mào)易一直是在關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定和最惠國待遇原則之外的，一直都是通過強(qiáng)迫達(dá)成的共識(shí)。然而，從1995年1月1日開始，世界貿(mào)易組織紡織品與服裝協(xié)議（ATC）的實(shí)施標(biāo)志著一個(gè)重大的轉(zhuǎn)變。所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品將在加入WTO之后有為期十年的配額，這些配額有MFA決定。配額制度的拆除代表的是一種機(jī)遇，也是一種威脅。機(jī)會(huì)是因?yàn)槭袌霾粫?huì)受到限制；威脅是市場將不再受配額得到保證，甚至將開放國內(nèi)的市場競爭。從2005年1月1號(hào)開始，所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的國際貿(mào)易將沒有限額配置。這即將到來的現(xiàn)實(shí)給從印度所有的服裝和紡織行業(yè)公司帶來了競爭力方面的問題。2005年之后的印度服裝和紡織行業(yè)的競爭力問題是怎么樣的，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是了解其中的真相。由于其顯著貢獻(xiàn)，印度的服裝和紡織行業(yè)在印度經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有顯著的地位。它貢獻(xiàn)了大約4%的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和14%的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值。其就業(yè)人口達(dá)到了35萬人，是僅次于農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)提供就業(yè)人口的第二大產(chǎn)業(yè)。在印度1.5%的低強(qiáng)度下，它是印度最大的凈收入來源，占有近35%的外匯。這個(gè)行業(yè)是唯一的自給自足的從價(jià)值鏈生產(chǎn)到成品的最佳附加值的產(chǎn)業(yè)。它的增長是印度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的關(guān)鍵所在。二、什么是競爭力競爭力是一種生產(chǎn)力，是關(guān)于一組相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品成本因素的作用，以及那些涉及非價(jià)格因素，如交貨時(shí)間，生產(chǎn)商的可靠性，如一個(gè)國家或者公司的形象等無形因素品牌權(quán)益的生產(chǎn)力。他們是在自由市場條件下一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的競爭力。然而，為了將產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力更多的進(jìn)入到一種銷售（更大的世界市場出口份額），另一些的生產(chǎn)力的競爭力需要被檢查。事實(shí)上，自從1961年的短期安排（STA）開始，這些涉及市場準(zhǔn)入條件，行業(yè)限制的問題，如印度出口商的競爭力等在過去40年的問題很多。其原因不在于價(jià)格也非價(jià)格的因素的條件，是在“管理”的條件下，在紡織和服裝產(chǎn)品的全球貿(mào)易中發(fā)生的。事實(shí)上，正是因?yàn)?0世紀(jì)50-60年代一些亞洲出口商的價(jià)格競爭力的“普遍商定的規(guī)則，并鄭重戰(zhàn)后政策的行為，包括體系的基石，以及不歧視規(guī)則作為務(wù)實(shí)等的原因”。但是，這種貿(mào)易體系將出現(xiàn)到2004年13月31日底。就本研究的目的，行業(yè)內(nèi)被定義為一個(gè)廠商之間的直接或間接的相互競爭。這是任何國家和企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)商品或服務(wù)的時(shí)候都隱含的競爭。因此，整個(gè)名族工業(yè)的競爭力就不太有意義了。相反，因?yàn)樗瞧髽I(yè)在國際市場上的競爭，競爭力的整個(gè)框架將圍繞在該公司進(jìn)行。“……工業(yè)的成功是建立在企業(yè)的行為，而不是對政府的決策?！痹摦a(chǎn)品的名單確定在附錄A。三、目標(biāo)及研究范圍該項(xiàng)目的目的是評估印度紡織和服裝部門的出口競爭力。由于印度紡織和服裝行業(yè)主要是在棉的基礎(chǔ)上的，研究將主要集中在棉紡織品和服裝，并從整個(gè)纖維到服裝的成品等價(jià)值鏈到分銷，零售等上研究。隨著上述的目標(biāo)研究，這項(xiàng)研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，印度的出口產(chǎn)品在在美國和歐盟市場的紡織品和服裝部門在相當(dāng)大的比重的基礎(chǔ)上近期表現(xiàn)出價(jià)值或單位價(jià)值成長潛力。四、研究方法為了評估印度紡織品和服裝出口方面的需求，文中研究了印度出口產(chǎn)品在美國和歐盟的市場所確定的的產(chǎn)品的競爭力的性能。它也被用于突出新興貿(mào)易政策具體環(huán)境的作用下，原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則的歧視性區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排[區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定]，關(guān)稅高峰和環(huán)境的作用和勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相關(guān)問題的紡織品和服裝出口國家的市場準(zhǔn)入。為了評估供應(yīng)方面因素的出口競爭力，對一些國家的紡織品和服裝出口的供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行就勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行初步的訪談。此次訪談主要是尋求他們在印度供應(yīng)方面的問題，面臨對他們的意見和看法。供給方面的框架是就基礎(chǔ)之上的意見以數(shù)據(jù)/數(shù)字為準(zhǔn)。關(guān)于供應(yīng)方面因素的推論是根據(jù)所確定產(chǎn)品出口的情況。五、紡織品和服裝的全球貿(mào)易：印度的競爭表現(xiàn)在MFA期間，來自工業(yè)國家和發(fā)展中國家的紡織品出口只是在24年之間的配額有所改變。其中，工業(yè)國家的和發(fā)展中國家的配額下降的幾乎一樣，工業(yè)國家下降了（19.2%），發(fā)展中國家下降了（18.8%）。然而，服裝出口自從在出口產(chǎn)品排名13位后的表現(xiàn)了顯著的下降了13.8%。行業(yè)進(jìn)入以及一些舊的已經(jīng)被淘汰了。由于工業(yè)化的國家的份額在下降，這些新進(jìn)入者都是來自于發(fā)展中國家。這些國家正在爭取那些其集成到一個(gè)或通過其他一些政策性優(yōu)惠安排先進(jìn)國家的工業(yè)在服裝出口中的份額。墨西哥，加勒比海地區(qū)，東歐國家和地中海國家抓住了其中大部分的空間。而服裝比紡織品跟有全球化的深度。事實(shí)上，這些都