中央空調控制系統(tǒng)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)基于PLC的中央空調控制系統(tǒng)1引言在PLC被開發(fā)出來的三十年里，它經(jīng)過不斷地發(fā)展，已經(jīng)能結合模擬I/O，網(wǎng)絡通信以及采用新的編程標準如IEC61131-3。然而，工程師們只需利用數(shù)字I/O和少量的模擬I/O數(shù)以及簡單的編程技巧就可開發(fā)出80%的工業(yè)應用。PLC已經(jīng)廣泛的應用在所有的工業(yè)部門。據(jù)“美國市場信息”的世界PLC以及軟件市場報告稱，1995年全球PLC及其軟件的市場經(jīng)濟規(guī)模約50億美元[5]。隨著電子技術和計算機技術的發(fā)展，PLC的功能得到大大的增強。由于采用傳統(tǒng)的工具可以解決80%的工業(yè)應用，這樣就強烈地需要有低成本簡單的PLC；從而促進了低成本微型PLC的增長，它帶有用梯形邏輯編程的數(shù)字I/O。然而，這也在控制技術上造成了不連續(xù)性，一方面80%的應用需要使用簡單的低成本控制器，而另一方面其它的20%應用則超出了傳統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)所能提供的功能。工程師在開發(fā)這些20%的應用需要有更高的循環(huán)速率，高級控制算法，更多模擬功能以及能更好地和企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡集成。在八十和九十年代，那些要開發(fā)“20%應用”的工程師們已考慮在工業(yè)控制中使用PC。PC所提供的軟件功能可以執(zhí)行高級任務，提供豐富的圖形化編程和用戶環(huán)境，并且PC的COTS部件使控制工程師能把不斷發(fā)展的技術用于其它應用。這些技術包括浮點處理器；高速I/O總線，如PCI和以太網(wǎng)；固定數(shù)據(jù)存儲器；圖形化軟件開發(fā)工具。而且PC還能提供無比的靈活性，高效的軟件以及高級的低成本硬件。冰蓄冷中央空調是將電網(wǎng)夜間谷荷多余電力以冰的冷量形式儲存起來，在白天用電高峰時將冰融化提供空調服務。由于我國大部分地區(qū)夜間電價比白天低得多，所以采用冰儲冷中央空調能大大減少用戶的運行費用。冰蓄冷中央空調系統(tǒng)配置的設備比常規(guī)空調系統(tǒng)要增加一些，自動化程度要求較高，但它能自動實現(xiàn)在滿足建筑物全天空調要求的條件下將每天所蓄的能量全部用完，最大限度地節(jié)省運行費用。具有以下特點：(1)可靠性高。PLC的高可靠性得益于軟、硬件上一系列的抗干擾措施和它特殊的周期循環(huán)掃描工作方式。(2)具有豐富的I/O接口模塊。PLC針對不同的工業(yè)現(xiàn)場信號，有相應的I/O模塊與工業(yè)現(xiàn)場的器件或設備直接連接。另外為了提高操作性能，它還有多種人機對話的接口模塊；為了組成工業(yè)局部網(wǎng)絡，它還有多種通訊聯(lián)網(wǎng)的接口模塊。(3)采用模塊化結構。為了適應各種工業(yè)控制需要，除了單元式的小型PLC以外，絕大多數(shù)PLC均采用模塊化結構。PLC的各個部件，包括CPU、電源、I/O等均采用模塊化設計，由機架及電纜將各模塊連接起來，系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模和功能可根據(jù)用戶的需要自行組合。(4)編程簡單易學。PLC的編程大多采用類似于繼電器控制線路的梯形圖形式，對使用者來說，不需要具備計算機的專門知識，因此很容易被一般工程技術人員所理解和掌握。(5)安裝簡單，維修方便。PLC不需要專門的機房，可以在各種工業(yè)環(huán)境下直接運行。各種模塊上均有運行和故障指示裝置，便于用戶了解運行情況和查找故障。由于采用模塊化結構，因此一旦某模塊發(fā)生故障，用戶可以通過更換模塊的方法，使系統(tǒng)迅速恢復運行。2控制系統(tǒng)結構控制系統(tǒng)由下位機（現(xiàn)場控制工作站）與上位機（中央管理工作站）組成，下位機采用可編程序控制器（PLC）與觸摸屏，上位機采用工業(yè)級計算機與打印機，系統(tǒng)配置必要的附件如通信設備接口、網(wǎng)卡、調制解調器等，實現(xiàn)蓄冷系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)化與全自動智能化運行。下位機和觸摸屏在現(xiàn)場可以進行系統(tǒng)控制、參數(shù)設置和數(shù)據(jù)顯示。上位機進行遠程管理和打印，它包含下位機和觸摸屏的所有功能。整個系統(tǒng)以下位機的工業(yè)級可編程序控制器為核心，實現(xiàn)自動化控制?？刂圃O備與器件包括：傳感檢測元件、電動閥、變頻器等。2.1下位機系統(tǒng)（區(qū)域工作站）2.1.1TP21觸摸屏采用TP27彩色觸摸屏作為操作面板，完全取代常規(guī)的開關按鈕、指示燈等器件，使控制柜面談得更整潔。并且，TP27觸摸屏在現(xiàn)場可實現(xiàn)狀態(tài)顯示、系統(tǒng)設置、模式選擇、參數(shù)設置、故障記錄、負荷記錄、時間日期、實時數(shù)據(jù)顯示、負荷曲線與報表統(tǒng)計等功能，中文操作界面直觀友好。2.1.2SIEMENS可編程序控制器SIMATICS7-200系列PLC適用于各行各業(yè)、各種場合中的檢測、監(jiān)測及控制的自動化，其強大功能使其無論在獨立運行中，或相連成網(wǎng)絡皆能實現(xiàn)復雜控制功能。該產(chǎn)品具有光電隔離，高電磁兼容；具有很高的工業(yè)適用性，允許的環(huán)境溫度達60℃；具有很強的抗干擾、抗振動與抗沖擊性能，因此在嚴酷的工作環(huán)境中得到了廣泛的應用。自由通訊口方式也是S7-200型PLC的一個很有特色的功能，它使S7-200型PLC可以與任何通訊協(xié)議公開的其它設備、控制器進行通訊，即S7-200型PLC可以由用戶自己定義通訊協(xié)議（例ASCII協(xié)議），波特率為1.5Mbit/s（可調整）。因此使可通訊的范圍大大增加，使控制系統(tǒng)配置更加靈活、方便。任何具有串行接口的外設，例如：打印機或條形碼閱讀器、變頻器、調制解調器（Modem）、上位PC機等都可連接使用。用戶可通過編程來編制通訊協(xié)議、交換數(shù)據(jù)（例如：ASCII碼字符），具有RS232接口的設備也可用PC/PPI電纜連接起來進行自由通訊方式通訊。芯片和芯片插座集成電路是把復雜電路刻蝕到微小的半導體硅芯片上，故常稱做芯片，雙列直插式芯片是用塑料封裝且兩側帶有間隔為0．1英寸的引腳，這些引腳可以插在焊接電路板上或面包板上，封裝內部有很細的線把這些引腳與芯片連接。1引腳的數(shù)目引腳是用數(shù)字從一個缺口或一個圓孔開始逆時針編號的，如一個8腳和一個14腳的芯片的引腳編號，對所有的尺寸芯片都是這樣編號的。2芯片插座芯片焊接時受熱容易壞掉，它們短短的引腳也不能用散熱片保護，我們用新片插座來保護，嚴格上應該稱為雙列直插插座，可以先把插座焊接到電路板上，再把芯片插入插座。只有當需要焊接時才用芯片插座，用面包板搭電路時不用插座。實際產(chǎn)品的電路中通常不用插座而是把芯片直接焊接在電路板上的，因為實際產(chǎn)品是用機器焊接的，焊接速度很快（不會損壞芯片）。你不要這樣做，因為可能會損壞芯片，而且在調試時要移去芯片，而焊住的芯片要取下且不損壞芯片是很難的。3從插座上拔出芯片如果你要取下一個芯片，你可以用一個小平口螺絲刀輕輕地把芯片從插座中拔出。仔細地在兩端把平口螺絲刀插入芯片與插座之間，輕輕地翹起芯片，注意要分別在兩端口起翹，否則會把引腳弄彎甚至折斷。2.2上位機系統(tǒng)（中央管理工作站）2.2.1上位機上位機即圖文控制中心，主要由PC機和激光打印機組成，采用SIMATICWINCC軟件平臺，采用全中文操作界面，人機對話友好。管理人員和操作者，可以通過觀察PC機所顯示的各種信息來了解當前和以往整個冰蓄冷自控系統(tǒng)的運行情況和所有參數(shù)，并且通過鼠標進行設備管理和執(zhí)行打印任務。2.2.2WINCC軟件平臺WINCC軟件在自動化領域中可用于所有的操作員控制和監(jiān)控任務?？蓪⑦^程控制中發(fā)生的事件清楚地顯示出來，可顯示當前狀態(tài)并按順序記錄，所記錄的數(shù)據(jù)可以全部顯示或選擇簡要形式顯示，可連續(xù)或按要求編輯，并可輸出打印報表和趨勢圖。WINCC能夠在控制過程中危急情況的初發(fā)階段進行報告，發(fā)出的信號既可以在屏幕上顯示出來，也可以用聲音表現(xiàn)出來。它支持用在線幫助和操作指南來消除故障。某一WINCC工作站可專門用于過程控制以使那些重要的過程信息不被屏蔽。軟件輔助操作策略保證過程不被非法訪問，并提供用于工業(yè)環(huán)境中的無錯操作。WINCC是MICRSOFTWINDOWS98或WINDOWSNT4.0操作系統(tǒng)下，在PC機上運行的面向對象的一流32位應用軟件，通過OLE和ODBC視窗標準機制，作為理想的通訊伙伴進入WINDOWS世界，因此WINCC可容易地結合到全公司的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)中。3冰蓄冷系統(tǒng)的控制3.1控制目的、范圍及主要受控設備蓄冷控制系統(tǒng)控制目的：通過對制冷主機、儲冰裝置、板式熱交換器、系統(tǒng)水泵、冷卻塔、系統(tǒng)管路調節(jié)閥進行控制，調整儲冰系統(tǒng)各應用工況的運行模式，在最經(jīng)濟的情況下給末端提供一穩(wěn)定的供水溫度。同時，提高系統(tǒng)的自動化水平，提高系統(tǒng)的管理效率和降低管理勞動強度?？刂品秶ㄕ麄€冰蓄冷系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)狀態(tài)顯示、設備狀態(tài)及控制，主要控制設備有：雙工況主機、電動閥、冷卻塔、冷卻水泵、蓄冰裝置、初級乙二醇泵、板式換熱器、次級乙二醇泵等。3.2控制功能控制功能包括整個冰蓄冷系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟運行所需的功能。3.2.1工況轉換功能根據(jù)季節(jié)和機器運行情況，自控系統(tǒng)具備以下工況轉換功能：a）雙工況主機制冰同時供冷模式；b）雙工況主機單獨制冰模式；c）主機與蓄冰裝置聯(lián)合供冷模式；d）融冰單獨供冷模式；e）主機單獨供冷模式。3.2.2工況的啟停、顯示和故障報警功能控制系統(tǒng)按編排的時間順序，結合負荷預測軟件，控制制冷主機及外圍設備的啟停數(shù)量及監(jiān)視各設備之工作狀況與運行參數(shù)，如：制冷主機啟停、狀態(tài)及故障報警；-制冷主機運行參數(shù)；-制冷主機缺水保護；-制冷主機供/回水溫度、壓力遙測和顯示；-冷凍水泵啟停、狀態(tài)及故障報警；-乙二醇泵啟停、狀態(tài)及故障報警；-冷卻水泵啟停、狀態(tài)及故障報警；-壓差旁通管的壓差測量與顯示；-冷卻塔風機啟停、狀態(tài)及故障報警；冷卻塔供/回水溫度控制與顯示；-供/回水溫度、壓差遙測控制與顯示；-板式換熱器側進出口溫度控制與顯示；-蓄冰裝置進、出口溫度遙測控制與顯示；-冷凍水回水流量控制與顯示；-電動閥開關、調節(jié)與閥位控制與顯示；-室外溫濕度遙測控制與顯示；-蓄冰量測量與顯示；-末端冷負荷控制。3.2.3數(shù)據(jù)的記錄和打印功能控制系統(tǒng)對一些需要的監(jiān)測點進行整年趨勢記錄，控制系統(tǒng)可將整年的負荷情況（包括每天的最大負荷和全日總負荷）和設備運轉時間以表格和圖表記錄下來，供使用者使用。所有監(jiān)測點和計算的數(shù)據(jù)均能自動定時打印。3.2.4手動/自動轉換功能控制系統(tǒng)配置靈活的手動/自動轉換功能。3.2.5優(yōu)化控制功能根據(jù)室外溫度、天氣預報、天氣走勢、歷史記錄等數(shù)據(jù)自動選擇主機優(yōu)先或融冰優(yōu)先。在滿足末端負荷的前提下，每天使用完儲存的冷量，盡量少地運行主機。充分發(fā)揮冰儲冷系統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢，節(jié)約運行費用。3.2.6全自動運行功能系統(tǒng)可脫離上位機工作，根據(jù)時間表自動進行制冰和控制系統(tǒng)運行、工況轉換、對系統(tǒng)故障進行自動診斷，并向遠方報警。觸摸屏顯示系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)、流程、各節(jié)點參數(shù)、運行記錄、報警記錄等。3.2.7節(jié)假日設定功能系統(tǒng)可根據(jù)時間表自動運行，同時也可預先設置節(jié)假日，控制儲冰量和儲冰時間，使系統(tǒng)在節(jié)假日時對不需要供應空調的場所停止供冷。3.2.8下位機操作功能下位機彩色觸摸屏操作界面見圖1.下位機操作功能如下：a）人機對話。操作人員可通過觸摸面板進行人機對話，操作界面完全中文化，具有提示、幫助、參數(shù)設置、密匙設置、故障查詢、歷史記錄等功能。b）系統(tǒng)設置。包括操作口令設置、運行設置、運行時間表設置、記錄溢出處理、自動/手動/測試選擇、節(jié)假日設置、系統(tǒng)參數(shù)設置（包括各節(jié)點溫度、壓力，各介質的流量，儲冰量，制冰速率，融冰速率，閥門開度，末端負荷等）c）故障記錄、運行記錄、歷史記錄等。3.3遠程監(jiān)控控制系統(tǒng)通過電話線或寬帶網(wǎng)，與專家系統(tǒng)連接，對系統(tǒng)進行運行監(jiān)控、參數(shù)修改、數(shù)據(jù)采集等，使系統(tǒng)不斷完善和軟件版本升級，讓用戶得到更好的服務。遠程監(jiān)控的目的是用戶可以通過PSTN（公共交換傳輸網(wǎng)）對冷凍站進行異地遠程監(jiān)控。同時也可以實現(xiàn)遠程調試、遠程適時監(jiān)控和在線維護等，從而大大減輕工程人員的工作強度，降低工程成本。3.4系統(tǒng)擴展控制控制系統(tǒng)設計界面友好，PLC和觸摸屏均可擴展，內容可擴展、參數(shù)也可修改，通過485通訊接口或通信協(xié)議實現(xiàn)BAS與冰儲冷自控系統(tǒng)一體化，節(jié)約投資、方便管理。系統(tǒng)集中控制，減少了動力柜占地面積，又使動力柜型號統(tǒng)一、式樣相同、大小一致。系統(tǒng)擴展控制如下：a）污水泵自動控制；b）風、排風控制；c）活水泵穩(wěn)壓控制；d）防水泵定時運行、檢測、報警；e）淋水泵穩(wěn)壓控制；f）筑物夜間輪廓照明自動控制；g）低配計量、開關狀態(tài)檢測、報警。4結語通過PLC在冰蓄冷空調系統(tǒng)的推廣運用，驗證了PLC系統(tǒng)的可靠性特點，保證了系統(tǒng)的安全運行和有效節(jié)能，同時也為樓宇設備控制系統(tǒng)的控制器選型提供了新的思路。相信在不久的將來，越來越多的PLC系統(tǒng)在冰蓄冷空調系統(tǒng)的運用中日趨成熟，在樓宇設備控制系統(tǒng)中也將會大顯身手。PLCinthecentralair-conditioningsystemofcontrol1IntroductionInPLCin30yearswhichdeveloped,itpassesthroughdevelopsunceasingly,alreadycouldunifysimulatesI/O,thenetworkcorrespondsaswellasusesnewprogrammingstandardlikeIEC61131-3.However,engineersonlymustusedigitalI/OandfewsimulationsI/Onumberaswellassimpleprogrammingskillonpotential80%industrialapplication.PLChasbeenwidelyusedinallindustrialsectors.Accordingto"TheUnitedStatesmarketinformation"WorldPLCandsoftwaremarketreport,in1995theglobalsoftwarePLCanditseconomiesofscaleofabout5billionUSdollars[5].Aselectronictechnologyandthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology.Becauseusestraditionalthetooltobepossibletosolve80%industrialapplication,likethisintenselyneedstohavelowcostsimplePLC;ThuspromotedthelowcostminiaturePLCgrowth,ithastheusefultrapezoidallogicalprogrammingdigitalI/O.However,thishasalsocreatedthediscontinuityinthecontroltechnology,ontheonehand80%applicationneedtousethesimplelowcostcontroller,butontheotherhandother20%applicationthenhavesurpassedthefunctionwhichthetraditioncontrolsystemcanprovide.Engineerisdevelopingthese20%applicationtoneedtohavethehighercirculationspeed,theseniorcontrolalgorithm,themoresimulationsfunctionaswellascanwellandtheenterprisenetworkintegration.In80andthe90's,thesemustdevelop"20%application"engineershadconsideredusesPCintheindustrycontrol.PCprovidesthesoftwarefunctionmaycarryouttheseniortask,providestherichprogrammingandtheuserenvironment,andthePCCOTSpartenablescontrolengineerthetechnologywhichdevelopsunceasinglytouseinotherapplications.Thesetechnologiesincludingfloatingpointprocessor;HighspeedI/Omainline,likePCIandinternet;Fixeddatamemory;softwaredevelopmentkit.MoreoverPCalsocanprovidetheincomparableflexibility,highlyeffectivesoftwareaswellasseniorlowcosthardware.Icethermalstorageairconditioningisthecentralpowergridcouldberedundant-nighticeelectricityintheformofcoldstorage,inthedaytimepeakhoursofelectricitytoprovideair-conditioningservicesmeltingice.Asmostpartsofourcountryatnightthanduringthedaymuchlowerprice,usingicecoldstoragecentralair-conditioningcangreatlyreduceuseroperatingcosts.Icestoragecentralair-conditioningsystemconfigurationofequipmentthanconventionalairconditioningsystemtoincreasesome,requireahigherdegreeofautomation,butitautomaticallytomeettherequirementsoftheair-conditionedbuildingsalldayeverydayundertheconditionsoftheenergyhehasexhaustedall,thebiggestlimitstosaveoperatingcosts.ThePLCfunctionsaregreatlyenhanced,withthefollowingcharacteristics:(1)highreliability.PLCbenefitedfromthehigh-reliabilityhardwareandsoftwareonaseriesofanti-jammingmeasuresandthecycleofitsspecialscanningmethodsofwork.(2)withrichI/Ointerfacemodule.PLCfordifferentindustrialfieldsignalandthecorrespondingI/Omodulesandindustrialdevicesorequipmentatthesceneofadirectconnection.Inadditiontoimprovingperformance,italsohasavarietyofman-machinedialogueinterfacemodulestotheindustrialcompositionoflocalareanetworks,italsomultiplecommunicationsnetworkinterfacemodule.(3)modularstructure.Tomeettheneedsofvariousindustrialcontrol,inadditiontoasmallPLCunit,thevastmajorityofPLCaremodularstructure.PLCvariouscomponents,includingtheCPU,powersupply,I/O,etc.ismodularindesignfromtherackandcableswillconnecteachmodule,thesystem'ssizeandfunctioninaccordancewiththeneedsofusersofitsownportfolio.(4)easytolearnprogramming.MostofthePLCprogrammingrelaycontrolcircuitsimilartotheladderdiagramform,theuser,donothavecomputerexpertise,itiseasytogeneralengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelunderstandandmaster.(5)Installationissimpleandeasymaintenance.PLCdoesnotrequirespecializedequipmentroominavarietyofindustrialenvironmentscanbedirectlyrun.Variousmodulesarerunandfaultindicationdevices,user-friendlyunderstandingoftheoperationandfindfault.Themodularstructure,soanyfailureofamodule,userscanreplacethemodule,allowingthesystemtorapidlyresumeoperation.Second,thecharacteristicsandApplicationofindustrialPC2controlsystemThecontrolsystemconsistsofthecrew(FloorControlWorkstation)andPC(centralmanagementworkstation),withthecrewusingprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)withthetouchscreen,PCusingindustrial-gradecomputersandprinters,systemconfigurationnecessaryiftheannexcommunicationsequipmentinterfaces,networkinterfacecards,modemsandsoon,toachievetheparametersofthestoragesystemandintelligentautomaticoperation.Underthecrewatthesceneandtouch-screensystemscancontrol,parametersettingsanddata.PCremotemanagementandprint,itcontainsthecrewandallofthefeaturestouchscreen.Followingthesystemasawholecrewofindustrialprogrammablelogiccontrollerasthecore,toachieveautomaticcontrol.Controlequipmentanddevicesincluding:detectionsensorcomponents,electricvalves,converter,etc..Underthe2.1-Systems(Regionalworkstations)2.1.1TP21touchscreenTP27usedasacolortouch-screenoperatorpanel,completelyreplaceconventionalbutton,lightsdevice,thecontrolcabinetinterviewedmoretidy.Moreover,TP27touchscreenatthesceneshowedthatthestatecanberealized,systemsettings,modeselection,parametersetting,faultrecording,recordload,time-of-day,real-timedata,loadcurveandreportingstatistics,andotherfunctions,Chineseintuitiveandfriendlyuserinterface.2.1.2SIEMENSPLCSIMATICS7-200SeriesPLCappliedtoallwalksoflife,allkindsofoccasionsinthedetection,monitoringandcontrolautomation,itspowerfulfeaturestobothoperateindependently,orlinkedtoanetworkabletoachievecomplexcontrolfunctions.Theproductfeaturesphotoelectricisolation,andhighelectromagneticcompatibility;highindustrialapplicability,allowingtheambienttemperatureof60℃;hasastronganti-jammingandanti-vibrationandimpactresistance,intheharshenvironmentoftheworkhasbeenwidelyapplications.IalsomeansfreedomofcommunicationsS7-200PLC,averyuniquefeatures,itmakesS7-200PLCwithanycommunicationprotocolcanopenotherequipment,communicationscontroller,orPLCS7-200canbedefinedbytheusersthemselvescommunicationsprotocols(forexampleASCIIprotocol),baudrateof1.5Mbit/s(adjustable).Thusthescopeofthecommunicationscanbegreatlyincreased,thecontrolsystemconfigurationmoreflexibleandconvenient.Anyserialinterfacewithperipherals,suchas:printerorbarcodereaders,thedrive,amodem(Modem),theupperPCcanbeconnectedtothemachine.Userscanprogramtodevelopcommunicationprotocoltoexchangedata(suchas:ASCIIcharactercode),RS232interfacewiththeequipmentavailablePC/PPIfreecablelinkingcommunicationscommunication.ChipandChipHoldersIntegratedCircuitsareusuallycalledICSorchips.Theyarecomplexcircuits,whichhavebeenetchedontotinychipsofmicroconductor(silicon).Thechipispackagedinaplasticholderwithpinsspacedona0.1(2.54mm)grid,whichwillfittheholesontripboard.Veryfinewiresinsidethepackagelinkthechiptothepins.PinnumbersThepinsarenumberedanti-clockwisearoundtheIC(chip)startingnearthenotchordot.Itshowsthenumberingfor8-pinand14-pinICS,buttheprincipleisthesameforallsizes.Chipholders(DILsockets)ICS(chip)areeasilydamagededbyheatwhensolderingandtheirshortpinscannotbeprotectedwithaheatsink.Insteadweuseachipholder,strictlycalledaDILsocket(DIL=DualIn-Line),whichcanbesafelysolderedontothecircuitboard.Thechipispushedintotheholderwhenallsoldingiscomplete.Chipholdersareonlyneddedwhensoldingsotheyarenotusedonbreadboards.Commerciallyproducedcircuitboardsoftenhavechipssoldereddirectlytotheboardwithoutachipholder,usuallythisisdonebyamachinewhichisabletoworkveryquickly.Pleasedonotattempttodothisyourselfbecauseyouarelikelytodestroythechipanditwillbedifferenttoremovewithoutdamagebyde-soldering.RemovingachipfromitsholderIfyouneedtoremoveachipitcanbegentlyprizedoutoftheholderwithasmallflat-bladescrewdriver.Carefullyleverupeachendbyinsertingthescrewdriverbladebetweenthechipanditsholderandgentlytwistingthescrewdrive.Takecaretostartliftingatbothendsbeforeyouattempttoremovethechip,otherwiseyouwillbendandpossiblybreakthepins.5）BipolarIntegratedCircuitsMOSIntegratedCircuitsHistorically,bipolarIntegratedCircuitsusedtobemuchmorepopularthanMOSIntegratedCircuits,particularlyforsmall-sacelogicCircuits.Thereweretwomajorreasonsforthis:first,bipolar-junctiontransistorsoriginallycouldbemanufacturedmorereliablythanMOStransistors,andsecond,theywerefaster,AsthereliabilityofMOStransistorsimproved,andasintegratedCircuitsbecamemorecomplex,whichmadethelowerpowerandsmallsizeofMOSlogicmoreimportant,thepopularityofBJTlogicdecreased,however,BJTtechnologyisstillpopularforthehighestfrequencylogiccircuits.WhenthePCoffline,underthecontrolofthenextcrew,theentiresystemcanoperatenormally.PCSystem2.2(centralmanagementworkstation)PC2.2.1PCthatisbycontrolcentre,mainlybythePCandlaserprintercomponents,SIMATICWINCCsoftwareplatformusedbytheentireChineseuserinterface,friendlyman-machinedialogue.Managementandoperation,canbeobservedbyPC-displayallkindsofinformationtounderstandthecurrentandpreviouscontrolledtheentireicestoragesystemandtheoperationofallparameters,andequipmentthroughthemouseprintmanagementandtheimplementationoftasks.2.2.2WINCCsoftwareplatformWINCCsoftwareinthefieldofautomationcanbeusedforalloperatorcontrolandmonitoringtasks.Processcontrolcanbeintheeventsclearlyshow,canshowthatthecurrentstaterecordsinaccordancewiththeorder,alltherecordeddatacanbedisplayedorselectsummaryform,ormayberequiredforediting,andoutputprintstatementsandtrends.WINCCabletocontroltheprocessofthecriticalearlystagesofthereport,andthesignalcanbedisplayedonthescreen,andcanalsousevoicedemonstrated.Itsupporttheuseofon-linehelpandoperationalguidelinestoeliminatefault.WINCCaspecializedworkstationscanbeusedtocontroltheprocesssothattheimportantprocessinformationisnotshielded.-Aidedsoftwarestrategyassuranceprocessisnotillegalaccess,andprovidefortheindustrialenvironmentnowrongintheoperation.WINCCisMICRSOFTWINDOWS98orWINDOWSNT4.0operatingsystem,runningonaPCobject-orientedclass32applications,throughWindowsOLEandODBCstandardmechanism,asanidealcommunicationspartnerstoenterWINDOWSworld,andthereforecanbeeasilyWINCCtointegrateacompany-widedataprocessingsystem.3icestoragesystemcontrol3.1controlobjectives,scopeandmainlycontrolledequipmentStorageControlSystemcontrolpurposes:Throughtherefrigerationhost,icestoragedevices,plateheatexchanger,thesystempumps,coolingtowers,pipingsystemregulatingvalvecontrol,icestoragesystemadjustmentofthestatusoftheoperationmode,inthemosteconomicalcircumstancestotheterminaltoprovideastablewatersupplytemperature.Atthesametime,improvethelevelofautomation,improvethemanagementefficiencyandreducelaborintensitymanagement.Controloftheicestoragesystem,includingtheentirestateoftheparameters,equipmentstatusandcontrol,themaincontrolequipment:duplexstatusconsole,electricvalves,coolingtowers,coolingwaterpumps,icestoragedevices,theprimaryglycolpump,plateheatexchanger,sub-glycolpumps.3.2controlControlfunctionsincludetheicestoragesystemstability,andeconomicoperationoftherequiredfunctions.3.2.1statusoftheconversionfunctionDependingontheseasonandmachineryoperation,automaticcontrolsystemwiththefollowingconditionsconversionfunctions:A)duplexhosticeconditionsatthesametimecoolingmode;b)duplexstatusofaseparateice-makingmainframemodel;c)ice-storagedevicesandhostjointcoolingmode;d)ofice-meltingseparatecoolingmode;e)fortheconsolealoneColdmodel.3.2.2Thestatusofthestart-upandshutdown,displayandalarmfunctionsFaultControlsystemaccordingtothechronologicallayoutwithloadforecastingsoftware,mainframeandexternalcontrolrefrigerationequipmentstart-upandshutdownofthesurveillanceequipmentandthenumberofworkingconditionsandoperatingparameters,suchas:--Commitmentrefrigerationconsole,statusandfaultalarm-refrigerationmainframeoperatingparameters-theprotectionofwatercoolinghost-hostforrefrigeration/returnwatertemperature,pressuretelemetryanddisplay;-Commitmentchilledwaterpumps,statusandfaultalarm--glycolpumpstart-upandshutdown,statusandfaultalarm-start-upandshutdowncoolingpumps,statusandfaultalarm-bypasspipepressuremeasurementanddisplayofpressure-thecoolingtowerfanCommitment,statusandfaultalarm;--Forthecoolingtower/backwatertemperaturecontrolanddisplay;-for/returnwatertemperature,pressuretelemetrycontrolanddisplay-theimportandexportsideofplateheatexchangertemperaturecontrolanddisplay;-icestoragedevicesimportandexportcontrolandtelemetrytemperaturedisplay;-chilledwaterbackwaterflowcontrolanddisplay;-electricvalveswitchvalvepositionadjustmentandcontrolanddisplay;-outdoortemperatureandhumiditycontrolandtelemetryshowed-icestorageanddisplayofmeasurement-theendofcoldloadcontrol.3.2.3DatarecordingandprintingfunctionsControlsystemforthemonitoringoftheneedsofthetrendspointtotheentirerecord,thecontrolsystemcanbetheloadthroughouttheyear(includingthemaximumdailyloadandtheloadthroughouttheday)andequipmentuptimeastablesandchartsrecordforusers.Allmonitoringpointsandthecalculateddatacanbeautomaticallyprintregularly.3.2.4manual/automaticconversionfunctionFlexiblecontrolsystemconfigurationmanual/automaticconversionfunction.3.2.5optimizedcontrolfunctionAccordingtooutdoortemperature,weather,weathertrends,thehistoricalrecord,suchasmainframedataautomaticallyselectthepriorityorice-meltingpriority.IntheendloadtomeetunderthepremiseofthedailyuseofthecoldstorageEnd,asfaraspossibletorunmainframe.Givefullplaytoicecoldstoragesystemadvantages,savingoperatingcosts.3.2.6automaticfunctionalityFromthePCsystemcanwork,inaccordancewithtimetablefortheautomaticice-makingandcontrolsystemoperation,theconversionstatusofthesystemforautomaticfaultdiagnosis,andremotealarm.Touchscreendisplaysystemsoperations,processes,eachnodeparametersandoperatingrecords,thepolicerecords.3.2.7holidaysfunctionsetAccordingtothetimetablesystemcanberunautomatically,butalsotopre-setholidays,andicecontrolcertificatesandcertificatesoficetime,thesystemdoesnotrequiretheholidayswhenthesupplyofcoolingair-conditionedplacestostop.3.2.8operatingunderthecrewfunctionLower-colortouch-screenoperatorinterfaceFigure1.Underthecrewoperatingfunctionsareasfollows:A)human-computerdialogue.Operationcanbecarriedoutthroughthetouchpanelinteractive,userinterfacecompletelyintheculture,withtips,help,parametersettings,keysettings,fault