《大學綜合英語》課件-unit 1

Unit1ThingkingasaHobbyGroupmembers:Thinkingasahobby---WilliamGoldingWilliamGolding:Born:

WilliamGeraldGolding

19September1911Newquay,

Cornwall,

England,UK.Died:

19June1993

(aged

81,

heartfailure)Perranarworthal,Cornwall,England,UKOccupation:SchoolteacherNovelist,Playwright,Poet.Achievement:NobelPrizeforLiteraturein1983

Goldingwas

knighted

by

ElizabethII

in1988.Hewasafellowofthe

RoyalSocietyofLiterature.

In2008,

TheTimes

rankedGoldingthirdontheirlistof"The50greatest

Britishwriters

since1945.

1.EarlyLife:(1)WilliamGoldingwasborninhisgrandmother'shouse,47MountWise,

Newquay,

Cornwall,

andhespentmanychildhoodholidaysthere.Hegrewupin

Marlborough,Wiltshire,wherehisfatherwasasciencemasteratGrammarSchool

.

(2)In1930Goldingwentto

BrasenoseCollege,Oxford,whereheread

NaturalSciences

fortwoyearsbeforetransferringto

EnglishLiterature.(3)Inthesummerof1934GoldingtookhisB.A.degreewithSecondClassHonours,andlaterthatyearabookofhis

Poems

waspublishedby

Macmillan&Co,withthehelpofhisOxfordfriend,the

anthroposophist

AdamBittleston.(4)

In1939HewasaschoolmasterteachingPhilosophyandEnglishthenjust

English

from1945to1962at

BishopWordsworth'sSchool,

Salisbury,Wiltshire.2.WarserviceDuring

WorldWarII,Goldingjoinedthe

RoyalNavy

in1940.Hefought(onboardadestroyer)andwasbrieflyinvolvedinthepursuitandsinkingoftheGermanbattleship

Bismarck.Healsoparticipatedintheinvasionof

Normandy

on

D-Day,commandinga

landingship

thatfiredsalvoesof

rockets

ontothebeaches,andwasinactionat

Walcheren

atwhich23outof24assaultcraftweresunk.3.Thelistofworks:WORKTIMEWORKTIMEPoems

1934DarknessVisible1979LordoftheFlies1954AMovingTarget

(essays)1982TheInheritors1955ThePaperMen1984PincherMartin

1956AnEgyptianJournal1985TheBrassButterfly

(play)1958TotheEndsoftheEarth(trilogy)1980-1989FreeFall

19591.RitesofPassage1980TheSpire19642.CloseQuarters1987TheHotGates

(essays)19653.FireDownBelow1989ThePyramid

1967TheDoubleTongue

(posthumous)1995TheScorpionGod

1971(4)Writingstyle：Golding'sallegoricalfictionmakesbroaduseofallusionstoclassicalliterature,mythology,andChristiansymbolism.Nodistinctthreadunitesinhisnovels,andthesubjectmatterandtechniquevary.Hisnovelsareoftensetinclosedcommunitiessuchasislands,villages,monasteries,groupsofhunter-gatherers,shipsatseaorapharaoh'scourt.(5)LordofthefliesItwasadaptedto

afilm

in1963by

PeterBrook.Thetheme:Itrevealstheconflicttowardcivilization—livebyrules,peacefullyandinharmony.Bydescribingtheevilnessofthoselittleboys,itrevealsthedarksideofhumannature.Genre:Adventure,Coming-of-Age,DystopianLiterature,Children'sLiteratureVenusTheGoddessofLove↓↓1.TheIntroductiontoVenus

VenusisthegreatOlympiangoddessofbeauty,love,pleasureandprocreation.ShewasdepictedasabeautifulwomanusuallyaccompaniedbythewingedgodlingEros(Love).Herattributesincludedadove,anapple,ascallopshellandamirror.Inclassicalsculptureandfrescoshewasoftendepictednude.ThestatuetteofVenusisanancientGreekstatueandoneofthemostfamousworksofancientGreeksculpture.Createdsometimebetween130and100BC,itisbelievedtodepictAphrodite,theGreekgoddessofloveandbeauty(VenustotheRomans).Itisamarblesculpture,slightlylargerthanlifesizeat203cm(6ft8in)high.Thearmsandoriginalplinthwerelostfollowingitsdiscovery.TheInfluenceofVenusThestatuehasgreatlyinfluencedmastersofmodernart;oneprimeexampleisSalvadorDali'sVenusdeMilowithDrawers.ThestatuewasformerlypartofthesealoftheAmericanSocietyofPlasticSurgeons(ASPS),oneoftheoldestassociationsofplasticsurgeonsintheworld.InFebruary2010,theGermanmagazineFocusfeaturedadoctoredimageofthisVenusgivingEuropethemiddlefinger,whichresultedinadefamationlawsuitagainstthejournalistsandthepublication.TheywerefoundnotguiltybytheGreekcourt.TheAuthorofVenusName:Michelangelo

米開朗基羅·博納羅蒂

Born:MichelangelodiLodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni

6March1475CapresenearArezzo,RepublicofFlorence(present-dayTuscany,Italy)Died:18February1564(aged88)

Rome,PapalStates(present-dayItaly)Knownfor:Sculpture,painting,architecture,andpoetry

OtherWorksDavid(1499–1505)TheStatueofDavid,completedbyMichelangeloin1504,isoneofthemostrenownedworksoftheRenaissance.Pietà（1492–1499）TheLastJudgment(1534–41)SistineChapelCeiling(1508–1512)Rodin’sthinkerIntroductionRodin’sthinkerisabronzeandmarblesculpturebyAugusteRodinheldintheMuséeRodininParis.

Origin

OriginallynamedThePoet,thepieceofworkwaspartofacommissionbytheMuséedesArtsDécoratifs,Paris.Themuseumwantedtocreateamonumentalportaltoactasthedoorofthemuseum.DepictionRodin’sinspirationcamefromTheDivineComedyofDante.ThethinkerwasoriginallyintendedtodepictDanteinfrontofTheGatesofHell,contemplatinghisgreatpoem.

Thismuscular,bronzeman,sittingatopalargerock,restinghisrightelbowonhisleftknee,andleaninghisheaduponhishand,isundoubtedlythinking.

ImpliedMeaningOriginallysupposedtorepresentDante,todemonstratethepoet’scompassionaswellasstrugglingofhisfeelingforthecharacterswhoweretorturedinthehell.Commonlythoughttorepresentknowledgeortheattainmentofknowledge.Rodinusedtherealismtoexpresshumanismandhavesympathyforpeopleinaffliction.

ProcessAround1880,Rodinmadeafirstsmallplasterversion.In1902,Thefirstlarge-scalebronzecastwasfinished.In1904,itwaspresentedtothepublicandbecamethepropertyofthecityofParis.AugusteRodin（奧古斯特·羅丹1840-1917）

HewasaFrenchsculptor.Rodin'smostoriginalworkdepartedfromtraditionalthemesofmythologyandallegory,modeledthehumanbodywithrealism,andcelebratedindividualcharacterandphysicality.TheBurghersofCalais《加萊義民》;

TheBronzeAge《青銅時代》;

TheKiss《吻》;

Balzac《巴爾扎克》

BornonOctober2,1869BritishIndiaBorBenderDiedonJanuary30,1948(78years)MohandasKaramchandGandhiThehonorifictitleofMahatmaGandhi(圣雄甘地),theIndiannationalistmovementandtheleaderoftheCongressParty.HewasthefatherofIndia,andthegreatestpoliticalleaders.HeledthecountrytowardsindependencefromBritishcolonialrule.His"civildisobedience",thatis,hesaidthe"nonviolentprotest"(非暴力反抗),theimpactontheworld'snationalistsandthosewhostriveforapeacefulchangeoftheinternationalmovement.

GandhiwasborninIndiaandstudiedlawinEngland,thenspent20yearsdefendingtherightsofimmigrantsinSouthAfrica.HereturnedtoIndiain1914,eventuallybecomingtheleaderoftheIndianNationalCongress.

Atthetime,IndiawaspartoftheBritishEmpire,andGandhiurgednon-violenceandcivildisobedienceasameanstoindependence.In1947,hetookpartinthepostwarnegotiationswithBritainthatledtoIndianindependence.HewasshottodeathbyHindu(印度教徒)fanaticthenextyear.Hisbirthday,isanationalholidayinIndia.TheIntegrityofGandhiAsaboy,Gandhiwasveryshy.Assoonastheschoolbellrang,hegatheredhisbooksandhurriedhome.Oneday,theInspectorofSchools,Mr.Giles,cametoGandhi'sschool.HereadoutfiveEnglishwordstotheclassandaskedtheboystowritethemdown.Gandhiwrotefourwordscorrectly,buthecouldnotspellthefifthword"kettle".SeeingGandhi'shesitation,theteachermadeasignbehindtheInspector’sbackthatheshouldcopythewordfromhisneighbor’sslate.ButGandhiignoredhissigns.Theotherboyswroteallthefivewordscorrectly;Gandhiwroteonlyfour.AftertheInspectorleft,theteacherscoldedhim."Itoldyoutocopyfromyourneighbor,"hesaidangrily."Couldn'tyouevendothatcorrectly?"Everyonelaughed.Ashewenthomethatevening,Gandhiwasnotunhappy.Heknewhehaddonetherightthing.Whatmadehimsadwasthathisteachershouldaskedhimtocheat.TheLeagueOfNationsIntroduction:TheLeagueofNationswasaninternationalorganizationthatexistedbetween1920and1946.HeadquarteredinGeneva,Switzerland,theLeagueofNationsvowedtopromoteinternationalcooperationandpreserveglobalpeaceEstablishmentAttheParisPeaceConferencein1919,Wilson,Cecil,andSmutsallputforwardtheirdraftproposals.Afterlengthynegotiationsbetweenthedelegates,theHurst-MillerdraftwasfinallyproducedasabasisfortheCovenant.

Aftermorenegotiationandcompromise,thedelegatesfinallyapprovedoftheproposaltocreatetheLeagueofNationson25January1919.GoalsWorldWarI(1914-1918)causedthedeathsofatleast10millionsoldiersandmillionsofcivilians.TheAlliedvictorsofthewarwantedtoformaninternationalorganizationthatwouldpreventanotherhorrificwar.AmericanPresidentWoodrowWilsonwasespeciallyinstrumentalinformulatingandadvocatingtheideaofa"LeagueofNations".TheLeaguearbitrateddisputesbetweenmembercountriesinordertopeacefullypreservesovereigntyandterritorialrights.TheLeagueencouragedcountriestoreducetheiramountofmilitaryweapons.

Anycountrythatresortedtowarwouldbesubjecttoeconomicsanctionssuchasahalttotrade.MembersTheLeagueofNationswasfoundedin1920byforty-twocountries.Atitsheightin1934and1935,theLeaguehad58membercountries.ThemembercountriesoftheLeagueofNationsspannedtheglobeandincludedmostofSoutheastAsia,Europe,andSouthAmerica.AtthetimeoftheLeagueofNations,nearlyallofAfricaconsistedofcoloniesofWesternpowers.TheUnitedStatesneverjoinedtheLeagueofNationsbecausethelargelyisolationistSenaterefusedtoratifytheLeague'scharter.TheofficiallanguagesoftheLeaguewereEnglish,French,andSpanish.TheEndoftheLeagueofNationsThemembersoftheLeagueofNationsknewthatmanychangeswithintheorganizationhadtooccurafterWorldWarII.TheLeagueofNationswasdisbandedin1946.Animprovedinternationalorganization,theUnitedNations,wascarefullydiscussedandformed,basedonmanyofthepoliticalandsocialgoalsoftheLeagueofNations.TheDifferencebetweenAtheismandChristianity1.DefinitionAtheis