《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語（第4版）》Unit 1 Hardware Knowledge

2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版1計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語

（第4版）2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版2內(nèi)容簡介本教材共分4個單元，具體內(nèi)容如下：第1單元介紹計(jì)算機(jī)硬件知識，包括計(jì)算機(jī)硬件基礎(chǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程、處理器、主存儲器和輸入/輸出技術(shù)。第2單元是計(jì)算機(jī)軟件知識部分，內(nèi)容有C程序設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)、操作系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)、編譯原理及軟件工程。第3單元是多媒體知識，內(nèi)容有計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)、多媒體技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)動畫、多媒體軟件、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)和CAD。第4單元是計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)知識，包括計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、無線網(wǎng)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用、搜索引擎、計(jì)算機(jī)安全、遠(yuǎn)程教育、電子商務(wù)和電子市場。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版3Unit1HardwareKnowledge

1.1HardwareBasics1.2ComputerDevelopment1.3CentralProcessingUnit1.4Memory1.5Input/OutputSystems1.6計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)

1.7習(xí)題答案與參考譯文2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版41.1HardwareBasics1.1.1TextAAcombinationalcircuitisaconnectedarrangementoflogicgateswithasetofinputsandoutputs.Atanygiventime,thebinaryvaluesoftheoutputsareafunctionofthebinarycombinationoftheinputs.AblockdiagramofacombinationalcircuitisshowninFig.1-1.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版52024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版6LogicSystemInaDC,orlevel-logicsystemabitisimplementedasoneoftwovoltagelevels.Ifthemorepositivevoltageisthe1levelandtheotheristhe0level,thesystemissaidtoemployDCpositivelogic.Inadynamic,orpulse-logic,systemabitisrecognizedbythepresenceorabsenceofapulse.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版7LogicCircuitsThedesignofdigitalcomputersisbasedonalogicalmethodologycalledBooleanAlgebrawhichusesthreebasicoperations:logicaladdition,calledtheORfunction;logicalmultiplication,calledtheANDfunction;andlogicalcomplementation,calledtheNOTfunction.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版8KeyWordsarrangement排列，整理combinational組合的，合并的complementation互補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)足conjunction結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，聯(lián)系designate指出，指明diagram圖形，圖解disjunction分離，析取interconnection互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版9KeyWordsmethodology方法學(xué)，方法論multiplication倍增，乘法運(yùn)算negation否定，拒絕negative-logic負(fù)邏輯represent表示，代表ripple脈動，波動significance重要性，意義spike尖峰信號2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版10Notes[1]Acombinationalcircuittransformsbinaryinformationfromthegiveninputdatatotherequiredoutputdata.說明：本句的介詞短語“from…to…”作賓語補(bǔ)足語，進(jìn)一步說明賓語“binaryinformation”。譯文：組合電路通過傳輸二進(jìn)制信息，使得給定的輸入數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生了所需要的輸出數(shù)據(jù)。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版11Notes[2]AcombinationalcircuitcanalsobespecifiedwithmBooleanfunctions,oneforeachoutputvariable.說明：本句的“oneforeachoutputvariable”是同位語。譯文：組合電路也能規(guī)定m種布爾函數(shù)，每種函數(shù)對應(yīng)一個輸出變量。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版12Notes[3]Ifthemorepositivevoltageisthe1levelandtheotheristhe0level,thesystemissaidtoemployDCpositivelogic.說明：本句的“Ifthemorepositivevoltage…”是條件狀語?！皌hesystemissaidto…”用被動語態(tài)表示客觀敘述。譯文：如果較高的電壓為1電平，而另一個是0電平，則稱該系統(tǒng)使用的是直流正邏輯。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版13Notes[4]Aswitchisideallysuitedtorepresentthevalueofanytwo-statevariablebecauseitcanonlybe“off”or“on”.說明：本句的“becauseitcanonlybe“off”or“on””是原因狀語從句。譯文：因?yàn)殚_關(guān)只能是“關(guān)”或“開”兩個狀態(tài)，所以它最適合表示兩狀態(tài)變量值了。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版141.1.2TextB

BillGatesisanAmericanbusinessmagnate,computerprogrammerandphilanthropist.GatesistheformerchiefexecutiveandcurrentchairmanofMicrosoft,theworld’slargestpersonal-computersoftwarecompany.DuringhiscareeratMicrosoft,GatesheldthepositionsofCEOandchiefsoftwarearchitect,andremainsthelargestindividualshareholder.GatesdidnothaveadefinitestudyplanwhileastudentatHarvardandspentalotoftimeusingtheschool'scomputers.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版15GatessteppeddownaschiefexecutiveofficerofMicrosoftinJanuary2000.Heremainedaschairmanandcreatedthepositionofchiefsoftwarearchitect.InJune2006,Gatesannouncedthathewouldbetransitioningfromfull-timeworkatMicrosofttopart-timework,andfull-timeworkattheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版16KeyWordscharitable仁愛的，慈善的endeavor努力，盡力entrepreneur企業(yè)家，創(chuàng)業(yè)人foundation基金，基礎(chǔ)，建設(shè)hyphen連字號，連字號interpreter解釋器，翻譯程序pancake薄煎餅，烙餅philanthropist慈善家preparatory預(yù)備的，準(zhǔn)備的，籌備的release發(fā)布，放shareholder股東wealthiest富人2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版171.1HardwareBasics

習(xí)題答案1.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish邏輯電路logiccircuit輸出變量outputvariable二進(jìn)制信息binaryinformation組合電路combinationalcircuit正向脈沖positivepulse2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版182.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChineseBooleanAlgebra布爾代數(shù)chiefexecutiveofficer首席執(zhí)行官full-timework全職工作HarvardCollege哈佛大學(xué)scientificresearchprogram科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版193.IdentifythefollowingtobeTrueorFalseaccordingtothetextTFFTF4.ReadingComprehensionctemperatureaalgorithmbbinarydtruthtable2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版201.2ComputerDevelopment1.2.1TextAThehardwareofadigitalcomputersystemisdividedintofourfunctionalsections.TheblockdiagramofFig.1-2showsthefourbasicunitsofsimplifiedcomputer:theinputunit,centralprocessingunit(CPU),memoryunit,andoutputunit.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版212024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版22ComputerDevelopmentTheFirstGenerationofComputers(1946through1959)ThefirstgenerationofcomputerswascharacterizedbythemostprominentfeatureoftheENIAC-vacuumtubes.TheSecondGenerationofComputers(1959through1964)Tomostpeople,theinventionofthetransistormeantsmallportableradios.Tothoseinthedataprocessingbusiness,itsignaledthestartofthesecondgenerationofcomputers.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版23TheThirdGenerationofComputers(1964through1971)Integratedcircuitsdidforthethird-generationwhattransistorsdidforthesecondgeneration.TheFourthGenerationofComputers(1971throughnow)Theforthgenerationofcomputersismoredifficulttodefinethantheotherthreegenerations.Thisgenerationischaracterizedbymoreandmoretransistorsbeingcontainedonasiliconchip.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版24ComputertypesComputerscanbegeneralclassifiedbysizeandpowerasfollows:Microcomputer:Microcomputerisgenerallyasynonymforthemorecommonterm,personalcomputer,orPC,whichisasmallsingle-usercomputerbasedonamicrocomputer.Workstation:Workstationisapowerfulsingle-usercomputer.Mainframe:Mainframecomputerisapowerfulmulti-usercomputer.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版25Minicomputer:Minicomputerisamulti-usercomputerofasizebetweenamicrocomputerandamainframe.Supercomputer:Supercomputerisanextremelyfastcomputerthatcanperformhundredsofmillionsofinstructionspersecond,butnowitreferstoa“verylargeserver”andsometimesincludesasystemofcomputersusingparallelprocessing.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版26KeyWordsadvancement進(jìn)步，促進(jìn)，升級conversion變化，轉(zhuǎn)換evolutionary發(fā)展，進(jìn)化generation代，時代nightmare夢魘，惡夢notable顯著的，著名的portable便攜式的progress前進(jìn)，發(fā)展，上進(jìn)prominent突出的，重要的2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版27KeyWordsradically基本的，重要的，主要的reliable可靠的，確實(shí)的revolutionary革命性的silicon硅synonym同義詞，同義字transistor三極管vacuum真空2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版28Notes[1]Thetransistormeantmorepowerful,morereliable,andlessexpensivecomputersthatwouldoccupylessspaceandgiveofflessheatthandidvacuum-tube-poweredcomputers.說明：本句的“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾賓語“computers”。譯文：晶體管意味著功能更強(qiáng)、更可靠、更價(jià)廉的計(jì)算機(jī)，它與真空管計(jì)算機(jī)相比占地面積小，功耗低。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版29Notes[2]Microcomputerisgenerallyasynonymforthemorecommonterm,personalcomputer,orPC,whichisasmallsingle-usercomputerbasedonamicrocomputer.說明：本句的“personalcomputer,orPC”是同位語，“which”引導(dǎo)的從句是非限定定語從句。譯文：微機(jī)通常是更常用術(shù)語“個人計(jì)算機(jī)”或PC的同義詞，個人計(jì)算機(jī)是微機(jī)基礎(chǔ)上的小型單用戶計(jì)算機(jī)。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版30Notes[3]Inadditiontothemicroprocessor,apersonalcomputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitorfordisplayinginformation,andastoragedeviceforsavingdata.說明：本句中的“Inadditiontothemicroprocessor”是狀語，賓語是“keyboard”、“monitor”和“storagedevice”，賓語后的“for”結(jié)構(gòu)是賓語補(bǔ)足語。譯文：除了微型處理器，個人計(jì)算機(jī)還有輸入數(shù)據(jù)的鍵盤、顯示信息的顯示器和存儲數(shù)據(jù)的存儲裝置。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版31Notes[4]Supercomputerisanextremelyfastcomputerthatcanperformhundredsofmillionsofinstructionspersecond,butnowitreferstoa“verylargeserver”andsometimesincludesasystemofcomputersusingparallelprocessing.說明：本句是一個長句，由并列的兩部分組成，主語是“Supercomputer”，“thatcanperformhundredsofmillionsofinstructionspersecond”作定語，修飾“computer”。譯文：巨型計(jì)算機(jī)是一種速度極快的計(jì)算機(jī)，每秒鐘能完成上億條指令，但現(xiàn)在指“特大型服務(wù)器”，有時也包括采用并行處理的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版321.2.2TextBSteveJobswasanAmericanentrepreneur.Heisbestknownastheco-founder,chairman,andchiefexecutiveofficerofAppleInc.

ThroughApple,hewaswidelyrecognizedasacharismaticpioneerofthepersonalcomputerrevolutionandforhisinfluentialcareerinthecomputerandconsumerelectronicsfields.ThefirstgenerationofiPodwasreleasedOctober23,2001.ThemajorinnovationoftheiPodwasitssmallsizeachievedbyusinga1.8"harddrivecomparedtothe2.5"drivescommontoplayersatthattime.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版33JobsbeganworkonthefirstiPhonein2005andthefirstiPhonewasreleasedonJune29,2007.InAugust2011,JobsresignedasCEOofApple,butremainedwiththecompanyaschairmanofthecompany’sboard.Hoursaftertheannouncement,AppleInc.(AAPL)sharesdroppedfive

percentinafter-hourstrading.JobsdiedathisCaliforniahomearound3p.m.onOctober5,2011.SteveJobs’sdeathbrokenewsheadlinesonABC,CBS,andNBC.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版34KeyWordsacquire獲得，得到announcement宣布，通告，宣告bankruptcy破產(chǎn)，倒閉charismatic有魅力的，有吸引力的division區(qū)域，部門heaviness沉重，負(fù)重innovation革新，改革，創(chuàng)新megapixel

兆像素profitability贏利能力，有益quad-band四頻struggle斗爭，競爭，對抗Studio工作室，畫室，錄音室2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版351.2ComputerDevelopment

習(xí)題答案1.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish個人計(jì)算機(jī)personalcomputer存儲設(shè)備storagedevice數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)digitalcomputer集成電路IntegratedCircuit超大規(guī)模集成電路VeryLargeScaleIntegration2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版362.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinesecommercialpotential商業(yè)潛力touchscreen觸摸屏musicindustry音樂工業(yè)single-usercomputer

單用戶計(jì)算機(jī)CentralProcessingUnit中央處理器2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版373.IdentifythefollowingtobeTrueorFalseaccordingtothetextTFFTT4.ReadingComprehensionc.transistorsahundredsdcapacitybmicroprocessor2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版381.3CentralProcessingUnit

1.3.1TextA

Thebasicjobofcomputersistheprocessingofinformation.ACPUcanbeasinglemicroprocessorchip,asetofchips,oraboxofboardsoftransistors,chips,wires,andconnectors.Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits:acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit,andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版39ThecontrolunitandALUThecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版40RegistersAregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.IntheALU,registersstoredataitemsthatareadded,subtracted,multiplied,divided,andcompared.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版41InstructionAninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.Theprocessor’sjobistoretrieveinstructionsandoperandsfrommemoryandtoperformeachoperation.Havingdonethat,itsignalsmemorytosenditthenextinstruction.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版42TheCPUexecuteseachinstructioninaseriesofsmallsteps:Fetchthenextinstructionfrommemoryintotheinstructionregister.Changetheprogramcountertopointtothefollowinginstruction.Determinethetypeofinstructionjustfetched.Iftheinstructionusesdatainmemory,determinewheretheyare.FetchthedataintointernalCPUregisters.Executetheinstruction.Storetheresultsintheproperplace.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版43KeyWordsaddress地址，尋址analogous類似的，相似的，可比擬的arithmetic算術(shù)的awesome驚人的，令人敬畏的capability性能，能力distinguish區(qū)別，辨別exponentiation冪運(yùn)算fetch獲取，取得instruction指令intelligence智能，智慧，智力2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版44KeyWordsmainframe大型機(jī)manipulation操作，處理microelectronic微電子的operand操作數(shù)remarkable顯著的，不平常的sequence順序，序列supervise監(jiān)督，管理，指導(dǎo)switchboard配電盤，接線總機(jī)workspace工作空間，工作區(qū)2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版45Notes[1]Theprogram,whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata,whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem,arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory.這里的主語是“theprogramandthedata”，由which引導(dǎo)的兩個定語從句分別修飾theprogram和thedata。譯文：程序的作用是指示計(jì)算機(jī)如何工作，而數(shù)據(jù)則是為解決問題提供的所需要的信息，兩者都存儲在存儲器里。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版46Notes[2]TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.本句由“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“thefunctionalunit”。譯文：算術(shù)邏輯單元（ALU）是為計(jì)算機(jī)提供邏輯及計(jì)算能力的功能部件。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版47Notes[3]Forexample,ifaninstructionistoperformtheoperationofaddingtwonumbers,itmustknowwhatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare.這里的“whatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare”作賓語，它由兩個并列的從句組成。譯文：例如，一條指令要完成兩數(shù)相加的操作，它就必須知道：這兩個數(shù)是什么？這兩個數(shù)在哪兒？2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版48Notes[4]Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork.本句中的“thatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork”修飾electricalsignals。譯文：一個稱做時鐘的計(jì)時器準(zhǔn)確地發(fā)出定時電信號，該信號為處理器工作提供有規(guī)律的脈沖信號。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版491.3.2TextB

TheCPUinamicrocomputerisactuallyonerelativelysmallintegratedcircuitorchip.Microcomputer,ormicroforshort,isakindofcomputers.Itwasbornintheearly1970s.Thecomputer’sbrainiscalledthemicroprocessor.That’sthemainchipinacomputerthatdoesallthework.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版50Thecentralprocessorofthemicro,calledthemicroprocessor,isbuiltasasinglesemiconductordevice;thatis,thethousandsofindividualcircuitelementsnecessarytoperformallthelogicalandarithmeticfunctionsofacomputeraremanufacturedasasinglechip.Acompletemicrocomputersystemiscomposedofamicroprocessor,amemoryandsomeperipheralequipment.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版51Themicroprocessorisessentiallyasmallcalculator.Itdoesbasiccalculatorlikethings—adding,subtracting,multiplying,anddividingvaluesstoredinthecomputer’smemory.Computerprogramstellthemicroprocessorwhattodo,whichishoweverythingworksinsideaPC.Othertermsforthemicroprocessorincludetheprocessor;thecentralprocessingunit（CPU）;andthenumberofthemicroprocessor,suchas8088,80286,80386,80486,andsoon.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版52KeyWordscalculator計(jì)算機(jī)器，計(jì)算者circuitry電路學(xué)，電路系統(tǒng)dependably可信任地essentially本質(zhì)上地，基本上flexible靈活的，易適應(yīng)的numerically數(shù)字化地，用數(shù)表示地peripheral周圍的，外圍的powerhouse發(fā)電所，動力室reference參考，參照relatively相對地，比較地somewhat有點(diǎn)，有些，稍微2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版531.3CentralProcessingUnit

習(xí)題答案1.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish取指—譯碼—執(zhí)行fetch-decode-execute算術(shù)邏輯運(yùn)算ArithmeticLogicalOperations微電子技術(shù)microelectronictechniques印刷電路板printedcircuitboard外圍設(shè)備peripheralequipment2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版542.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinesecurrentinstruction當(dāng)前指令instructionregister指令寄存器programcounter程序計(jì)數(shù)器retrieveinformation檢索信息high-speedstorage高速存儲器2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版553.IdentifythefollowingtobeTrueorFalseaccordingtothetextTTFTF4.ReadingComprehensioncacontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunitdinstructionsaAregisterbfetch-decode-execute2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版561.4Memory1.4.1TextAAmemorycellisacircuit,orinsomecasesjustasingledevice,thatcanstoreabitofinformation.Twobasictypesofsemiconductormemoryareconsidered.ThefirstistheRandomAccessMemory(RAM),aread-writememory,inwhicheachindividualcellcanbeaddressedatanyparticulartime.AsecondclassofsemiconductormemoryistheRead-OnlyMemory(ROM).Thesetofdatainthistypeofmemoryisgenerallyconsideredtobefixed.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版57SRAMAndDRAMTwotypeofRAMarethestaticRAM(SRAM)anddynamicRAM(DRAM).TheadvantageoftheSRAMisthatthiscircuitdoesnotneedtheadditionalcomplexityofarefreshcycleandrefreshcircuitry.TheadvantageofaDRAMisthatitconsistsonlyonetransistorandonecapacitor.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版58ROMTherearetwogeneraltypesofROM.Thefirstisprogrammedeitherbythemanufacturer(maskprogrammable)orbytheuser(programmable,orPROM).ThesecondtypeofROMmaybereferredtoasanalterableROMinthatthedataintheROMmaybereprogrammedifdesired.ThistypeofROMmaybecalledanEPROM(erasableprogrammableROM),EEPROM(electricallyerasablePROM),orflashmemory.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版59MemoryArchitectureThebasicmemoryarchitecturehastheconfigurationshowninFigure1-3.Theterminalconnectionsmayincludeinputs,outputs,addresses,andreadandwritecontrols.Themainpotionofthememoryinvolvesthedatastorage.Memoriesconsistofanumberofcells,eachofwhichcanstoreapieceofinformation.Computersthatusethebinarynumbersystemalsoexpressmemoryaddressesasbinarynumbers.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版602024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版61KeyWordsadjacent鄰近的，接近的alterable可改變的，可修改的approximately近似的，大約的capacitor電容considerably相當(dāng)?shù)?，非常地dynamic 動態(tài)的，動力的erasable可消除的，可擦拭的，可刪除的kilobyte千字節(jié)2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版62KeyWordsmanufacturer廠商，制造業(yè)者megabyte兆字節(jié)millisecond毫秒nonvolatile非易失性的programmable可編程的refresh刷新，更新stable穩(wěn)定的systematic有系統(tǒng)的，成體系的volatile易失去的，易變的2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版63Notes[1]Thesetofdatainthistypeofmemoryisgenerallyconsideredtobefixed,althoughinsomedesignsthedatacanbealtered.說明：本句的主句用被動語態(tài)表示客觀事實(shí)，“although”引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句。譯文：盡管這類存儲器中所設(shè)置的數(shù)據(jù)在某些設(shè)計(jì)中可以改變，但這些數(shù)據(jù)通常是固定的。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版64Notes[2]Ifyouwanttoaddnewsoftwaretoyourcomputer,youcanusuallyfindtheexactmemoryrequirementsonthesoftwarepackaging.說明：本句由“if”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，“onthesoftwarepackaging”作狀語。譯文：如要給計(jì)算機(jī)增加新的軟件，在軟件包裝上通?？梢哉业皆撥浖枰拇_切內(nèi)存容量。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版65Notes[3]Thenumberofbitsintheaddressisrelatedtothemaximumnumberofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememoryandisindependentofthenumberofbitspercell.說明：本句中，ofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememory修飾themaximumnumber。譯文：地址的位數(shù)與存儲器可直接尋址的最大單元數(shù)量有關(guān)，而與每個單元的位數(shù)無關(guān)。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版66Notes[4]Thusa16-bitwords,whereasa32-bitmachinewillhave32-bitregistersandinstructionsformoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords.說明：Thusa16-bitwords是一個省略句，這里的whereas作“而”講。譯文：因而16位機(jī)器具有16位的寄存器和指令以實(shí)現(xiàn)16位字的操作；32位機(jī)器則有32位的寄存器和指令，以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳送、加法、減法和其它他32位字的操作。2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版671.4.2TextB

Inthe1970s,therewasafurtherdevelopmentwhichrevolutionizedthecomputerfield.Thiswastheabilitytoetchthousandsofintegratedcircuitsontoatinypiece(chip)ofsilicon,whichisanon-metallicelementwithsemiconductorcharacteristics.The80x86processors,operatinginrealmode,havephysicaladdress-abilityto1megabyteofmemory.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版68Thedevicedriver,calledtheexpandedmemorymanager(EMM),controlstheregisterssothataprogram’smemoryaccessescanberedirectedthroughouttheentireofavailableexpandedmemory.Toaccessexpandedmemory,aprogramneedstocommunicatewiththeEMM.CommunicationwiththeEMMissimilartomakingcallstoDOS.TheprogramsetsuptheproperCPUregistersandmakesasoftwareinterruptrequest.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版69Avarietyofdifferenttypesofcache（diskcache,memorycache,processorcache）canimproveoverallsystemperformance.High-speedmemoryisusedoncachecontrollers.Whenthesystemmakesacalltotheharddisk,thecontrollerincachedetermineswhetherornotthedatathat’sbeingcalledforisinthecacheoronthedisk.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版70KeyWordscommunicate通信，傳遞etch蝕刻expanded擴(kuò)展的，擴(kuò)充的，延伸的failure 失敗，缺乏，不足gateway網(wǎng)關(guān)，閘道器，入口處migration遷移，移植，移動optionally隨意地percentage百分率，百分比throughout遍及，貫穿，在所有方面2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版711.4Memory

習(xí)題答案1.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish易失性存儲器volatilememory實(shí)模式therealmode尋址能力addressability閃存flashmemory刷新電路refreshcircuitry2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版722.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinesesoftwareinterrupt軟件中斷expandedmemory擴(kuò)展存儲器refreshcycle刷新周期ReadOnlyMemory只讀存儲器RandomAccessMemory隨機(jī)存取存儲器2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版733.IdentifythefollowingtobeTrueorFalseaccordingtothetextTFTTF4.ReadingComprehensiona1000000bytesc2ndifferentbitcombinationsblostcDRAM2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版741.5Input/OutputSystems1.5.1TextAKeyboardThekeyboardhasletterkeys,punctuationkeys,andaspacebar.Italsohasfunctions,numeric,andarrowkeys.Acomputerkeyboardissoresponsivethatyoucantypeusingalighttouch.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版75MonitorComputersonlyusemonitorstoshowyouexcitingoperationresultsormarvelousandvividpictures.Monitorsalsoarethebestwindowsforconversationbetweenusersandcomputers.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版76MouseTheinterfacebetweenamouseandasystemcantakeoneoftwoforms:themouseeithergeneratesaseriesofpulseswhenitismoved(usingtheLEDanddetectortogeneratethepulses),oritincrementsanddecrementscounters.micealsoincludeoneormorebuttons,andthesystemmustbeabletodetectwhenabuttonisdepressed.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版77OpticalDisksOpticaldisksofferinformationdensitiesfarbeyondtherangeofcurrentmagneticmass-storagedevices.Opticaldisksforcomputerapplicationsaredigitalandstoretheirinformationonconcentrictracks,liketheirmagneticcousins.Write-onceopticaldisks(alsocalledwrite-once,read-mostly,orWORM)areblankdisksthatarerecordedonbytheuser.Erasableopticaldisksuselaserstoreadandwriteinformationtoandfromthediskbutalsouseamagneticmaterialonthesurfaceofthediskandamagneticwriteheadtoachieveerasability.2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版78KeyWordsbandwidth帶寬compact緊密的，結(jié)實(shí)的，緊湊的concentric集中的，同心的conversation對話，會話cursor光標(biāo)decrement減量，遞減differentiate區(qū)分，區(qū)別，使有差異equivalence等價(jià)，等值，等效erasability

可擦除性horizontal水平的，橫的increment增加，增量，遞增interlace隔行，交錯2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版79KeyWordsmouse鼠標(biāo)non-interlace非隔行optical光學(xué)的periodically定期地phonograph唱機(jī)，留聲機(jī)punctuation標(biāo)點(diǎn)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號responsive響應(yīng)，應(yīng)答的reusability可重復(fù)使用的solution分辨率spacebar空格鍵typewriter打字機(jī)versatile多功能的，易變的video視頻vivid生動的，活潑的2024/1/9計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第4版80Notes[1]Ininterlacestyle,electron-beamsweepselementsinoddrowsfirsttimeanddoeselementsinevenrowssecondtime.本句中的electron-beam譯作電子射槍，elements譯作像素。譯文：在隔行方式中，電子射槍首先掃描奇數(shù)項(xiàng)中的像素，第二次再掃描偶數(shù)項(xiàng)中的像素。2024/1