《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1課件

CultureandTaboos

Taboo

istheself–

restrictionofsomewordsanddeeds.Perhapstaboosresultedfromthefearofmysteriouspower.Tabooalsoreflecttheexperiencespeopleaccumulatedintheirstrugglesagainstthenature,andthesocialcustomsandhabitsformedininterpersonalcommunication.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTaboos

asapervasive/omnipresentsocialphenomenon,havetheirobvioushistoricalandculturalrootsfortheiremergence,existenceandcontinuance.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos1)

Socialtaboos:

A)InEnglish-speakingcountries,ifyouwanttovisitsomebody,youshouldmakeanappointmentinadvance.Theunexpectedvisitwas/isnotacceptable.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosB)PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesareexpectedtoavoidtalkingshop(談本行,三句不離本行C)InEnglish-speakingcountry,Christiansregardsuicideassin,sosuicideisnotanappropriatetopic.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosD)

Insocialcommunication,Westernersavoidtalkingaboutprivacywhichincludesage,income,wealth,marriage,loveaffairs.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

E)

Chinesecareaboutsomefaults,badhabits,justasanoldChinesesayinggoes“Whenyoubeatsomebody,avoidhittinghimintheface,whenyouspeak,don’trakeup(重提不愉快之事，翻舊賬)other’sfaults”(

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInEnglish-speakingcommunities,therearesomesocialtaboos:(1)Itisunluckytohaveablackcatcrosstheroadinfrontofyou.(看見黑貓在你面前橫穿馬路是不吉利的。)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(2)Thebrideshouldnotseethehusbandonthemorningbeforethewedding.(在婚禮舉行前的早上，新娘不應(yīng)見自己的丈夫。)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(3)Thekillingofcricketsinthehousewillbringbadluck.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(4)Topassunderaladderbringsbadluck.(從梯子下面走過會帶來厄運。)(5)Lightingthreecigarettesfromonematchbringsbadlucktothethirdperson.(一根火柴點燃三支香煙會給第三個人帶來厄運。)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(6)Tobreakamirrorbringssevenyears'badluck.(打碎鏡子會帶來7年厄運。)(7)Openinganumbrellainthehouseisbadluck.(在屋中撐傘會倒霉。)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos2)

Tabooinpublicsituations.“Firstcome,firstserved(先來后到)”;

Sneezing

isanormalphysiologicalreaction/phenomenon.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1

CultureandTaboos3)taboosaboutdiet

TheChinesealmosteatanyanimalandeventheinternalorgansofanimals.ButpeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountiesdon’tlikefat,andtheskin,feetheadandinternalorgans,someanimal’smeatsuchasdog’smeat,snake’smeat.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheydislikegarlicandvinegarandstrangesoups.

Whenthemouthisfulloffood,oneshouldnotutter(中國人“食不言，咽不語”.).Chineseshouldn’traptheemptybowlswithchopsticksforthat’swhatabeggardoes.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosDuringthedinner,thedinersshouldnotbelch(打嗝),loosenthebeltandgotothetoilet.

AtaCantonesedinner,thedinersshouldnoteatchickenhead,wingsandtail,butleavethemtotheseniorsinthefamily.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFortheSpringFestivaldinner,theremustbeadishoffishimplying“年年有余”.“魚”and“余”arehomophoniccharactersinChinese.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForsomelocalweddingdinner,thefishhead,tailandfishbonesarenotallowedtobeeaten,becausepeoplehopethatthenewcouplewillremainadevotedcoupletotheendoftheirlives(白頭偕老),acompletecouple(有頭有尾).《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Insomeplaces,thecookedfishinadishisnotallowedtobeturnedoveroritmayimplytheshipwillcapsize(翻船).It’satabooforfishermen.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

TeawaterisChinese’sfavoritedrink,northernChineselikejasminetea(茉莉花茶/花茶),thesouthernChineseprefergreenteaorblacktea.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Forthosewhoknowaboutsado(茶道，teaculture),theywon’tliketomixotherthingslikemilk,sugarwithtea,butwouldenjoythepuretea.Theteamadethepreviousdaywon’tbedrunknextday(隔夜茶),it’sharmfultohealth.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Chinesecareaboutthewayofdrinkingtea:tosiptea(呷茗)notdrinkunrestrainedly(牛飲).《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

It’sbelievedintheWestandtheEast,thatteacanpredictsomething,thoughit’ssomewhatsuperstitionsiftheteastalksinacupfloat/standupright(erect),theteadrinkerwillbepleasedforit’saomenthatadistinguishedguestiscoming.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheBritishpeoplethink,ifsomeonehappenedto(無意中)cover(coveredaccidentally)atea-pot,itpredictsanunexpectedvisitorwillarrive.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIftwowomensharetheteainthesamepot,thatmeansoneofthemorsomeonefromeitherfamilywillgivebirthtoachildbytheendoftheyear.Ithintsanunexpectedguestistocome.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhenthestalkishard,thecomerismale,ifthestalkissoft,itwillbeafemalevisitor.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1InJapan,fornoreasoncanyouinsertchopsticksverticallyintothefood.Becausethisisaninauspicioussign.Moreover,itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofachopstick.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1Everyone,whetheryouareMuslimornon-Muslim,shouldtakeoffyourshoeswhenenteringintothemosque.VisitorsshouldfollowtheMuslimstyleofdress:menshouldwearlongpantsandlong-sleevedshirts;womenshouldcoveralltheirexposedskin.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4)

tabooaboutgift-presentingThenumberofflowersshouldbeodd(單數(shù)),forit’sbelievedtheevennumberwillresultinmisfortune/badluck.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Whiteflowersaredeniedbecausethewhitecolorsymbolizesmisfortuneordeath.Sooneisnotexpectedtogivewhiteflowerstothepatientinhospital.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIfyouareinvitedtoaFrancefamilyfordinner,youcanbringsomeflowers,butuntied.Donotbringthechrysanthemum;they’reonlytobeusedatthefuneralinFrance.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosPurpleflowers

aretheflowersofdeathinMexico.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InFrance，theyellowflowerswereseenasdisloyal!Carnationsareassociatedwithbadluck.╳《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InU.S.AandBritish,remembernottosendlily,becauseitmeansdeath.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1杜鵑花

Azalea，

rhododendron/r?ud?’dendr?n/

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1石竹花pinkOntheinternationaloccasions,thesetwokindsofflowersarenotthepropergiftsforguestsastheFrenchpeoplethinkitwillbringforthdisasters.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1Convallariamajalis(鈴蘭花)arenotthesuitablegiftforfriendsasitimpliestheterminationoffriendship《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1ThePolishwillnotsendguestsdriedorwitheredflowersastheymeanstheendoffriendship.TheGermans

won’tusetulipsasgiftsforitisregardedasthemercilessflowers.Purpleflowerswon’tservesasBrazilians’giftsforguestbecauseitisusedforfuneralsasthesymbolofdeath.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1InEurope,theflowersforpatientsshouldnotbetheoneswithstrongaroma.Smallflowersarenotformid-agedpeople,andbigflowersfortheyoung.

Lotusarenotforgiftsastheyareforsacrifice.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1Incommunication,cut-flowersratherthanthepottedflowersarethenormalgifts.OnlyontheEasterthepottedwindflowers(風信子)areacceptable.

.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInLatinAmerican,thehandkerchief,knives,scissorsandothergiftslikethesecannotbesentasgifts.OtherwisetheLatinAmericanwillconsideryourfriendshiptoanend.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosHandkerchiefcannotbesenttoLatinAmericaasgift.Otherwisetheywillbeconsideredtheendofyourfriendship,notahandkerchiefasagift,neither.Becausetheythinkthatthehandkerchiefislinkedtotears.TheylikesmallhouseholdproductsmadeinUSA,suchaskitchenutensils.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheRussianssendflowerswithasinglenumber.Theyusebreadandsalttotreatthehonoredguesttoshowtheiramicabilityandrespect.SendingmoneyasgiftistabooforRussianswhichmeanscharityandinsult.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosMenarenotrecommendedtopresentwomenperfumes,dressesandcosmetics.Oneisnotexpectedtopresentgiftsonpublicoccasionsforthiswillembarrassotherpeoplewhofailedtopreparegifts.ClocksorwatchesarenotthepropergiftsforChinese.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos5)

tabooaboutfestivalTheWesternersespeciallyvaluetheNewYear’sDay

Theyareverycarefulaboutthisdaythatcanensuregoodluckinthecomingyear.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheybelievewhatkindofpersonthefirstvisitortotheirhouseisapersonwithblackhair,oratleastit’stheblack–hairedfriendoracquaintance,hewillbringthehostgoodluck:Ifthefirstvisitorisawoman,italsowillbetheevilomenforthenewyear.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTopreventthatfromoccurring,theywillmakesomearrangements.Forexample,onewillinviteamaleguest/friendasthefirstvisitortohisfamily,toseveralfamiliesoreventothewholeneighborhood.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosAccordingtothearrangement,atthebellsoundofthenewyear,thismaleguestshouldbeatthedoor,anticipatingthosepeoplewhoarethoughttobringbadlucktoothers.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIfafamilymemberactsasthefirstvisitor,hewillbesentoutofthehousebeforemidnighttomakesomepreparation.Heshouldcarrysomegiftsnotnecessarilyexpensivesuchasbreadsymbolizingamplefoodandclothing(豐衣足食)orcoin/saltasthesymbolofwealthandfortune.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos6)religionstaboo:

IntheBible,therearetherecordsofTheTenCommandments《上帝十誡》reported(轉(zhuǎn)述)byMoses(摩西)：

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheTenCommandmentsFirst

"IamTheLordyourGod,WhobroughtyououtofthelandofEgypt,outofthehouseofbondage.YoushallhavenoothergodsbeforeMe."

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSecond

“Youshallnotmakeforyourselfagravenimage,oranylikenessofanythingthatisinheavenabove,orthatisintheearthbeneath,orthatisinthewaterundertheearth;《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosThird

"YoushallnottakeTheNameofTheLordyourGodinvain;forTheLordwillnotholdhimguiltlesswhotakesHisNameinvain."《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFourth

"RemembertheSabbathday,tokeepitholy.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFifth

"Honoryourfatherandyourmother,thatyourdaysmaybelonginthelandwhichTheLordyourGodgivesyou."

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSixth

"Youshallnotkill."Seventh

"Youshallnotcommitadultery."Eighth

"Youshallnotsteal."《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosNinth

"Youshallnotbearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor."《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTenth

"Youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'shouse;youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'swife,orhismanservant,orhismaidservant,orhisox,orhisass,oranythingthatisyour《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos十誡大意：(1)

不可崇拜上帝以外的其它神(2)

不可敬拜偶像(3)

不可妄稱上帝的名字(4)

當守安息日(5)

當孝敬父母《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(6)

不可殺人(7)

不可奸淫(8)

不可偷盜(9)

不可作假證害人(10)

不可貪戀他人財產(chǎn)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForCatholicism/-city,thereothertaboos:with2-3weekafterthefuneral,thedeceased’srelatives/familymembersshouldavoidinterviewingguests,joininginlarge-scaledpartyorballparty.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosCatholicpriestsarenotallowedtogetmarried.MostItaliansarearecatholicwhodon’tuseChristmasTreebutplaywithtoys.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosAccordingtothediettaboosdescribedinIslam’sKoran,thedirtyanimalssuchaspigs/swines,donkeys,mulesanddogsarenotedible,theoxen,sheep,chicken,ducksandbirdsslaughteredwithoutkillers’chantingthenameofAllah(未誦安拉之名而宰殺)；thebanningofeatingtigers,leopards,wolves,eagles,andsnakes;theinlandIslamscannoteatthefishwithoutscalesandgills(無鱗無鰓魚)andotherfishthatdon’tlooklikefish(e.g.seafoods)；《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1AlsoinKoran,alcoholdrinkingisforbidden,adevoutMuslimwon’ttouchandsellalcoholdrinks.SonoalcoholdrinksareservedattheMuslims’banquetsandthehostswillnotproposeatoast（敬酒）?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForMuslimism/Moslem/Muslin,therearesometaboos:theydon’teatpork,andanimalblood,wineanddrinkwithalcohol,don’tworshipidol,Moslemsarenotallowedtogetmarriedwithcloserelatives,andthefollowers/disciplesofotherreligions.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSomereligions—includingHinduism,Buddhism,Islam,andvariousbranchesofChristianitysuchastheMethodists（衛(wèi)禮公會）,theBaptists,—forbidordiscouragetheconsumptionofalcoholicbeverages.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFemaleMoslemsusuallystayathomeinsteadofworkingoutside,theyshouldavoidgazingatmales,insteadtheyshouldlowervisionwhilecomingacrossmaleMoslems,maleandfemaleMoslemsarenotsupposedtoembraceeachotherinpublic,awomanshouldveilherfaceinthepresenceofstrangers;《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosOnlyveiledwomenareallowedtoenterthemosque.MenshakinghandswithwomenisconsideredataboobytheMoslemcountries.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos猶太教（Judaism）第一個法規(guī)和動物有關(guān)。唯一可以食用的哺乳動物是反芻并有分蹄的動物，可以吃牛肉，而不允許吃豬肉和馬肉，這點與穆斯林在Halal的飲食禁忌法規(guī)類似。大多數(shù)飼養(yǎng)禽類(如雞、鴨、鵝等)是被允許的，但一些新品種如鴕鳥和鴯鹋不允許，圣經(jīng)中特意提及禁食鴕鳥。魚類必須有鰓和鱗，禁食軟體動物和甲殼類動物。第二個法規(guī)和動物的血液有關(guān)。猶太人認為血是"生命的液體"而嚴禁食用。《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos喇嘛教（Lamaism）亦稱藏傳佛教，也是“只要不殺生，也不禁葷腥”，但僅吃牛、羊、鹿、豬等偶蹄（even-hoof）動物，不吃被視作“惡物”的奇蹄動物（馬、驢、狗、兔）、五爪禽（雞、鴨、鵝）以及“龍王的子孫――魚蝦蚌貝”，也不愿借灶具給人煮這些東西吃，因為喇嘛教信奉龍，認為魚是龍的子孫，故要禁食（如今一些地區(qū)已不禁）；也不準在附近的水域捕魚、釣魚。喇嘛教信徒忌諱捕殺野生動物，忌諱外人在天葬場旁觀或在遠處偷看?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhenmeetingalama,itisnotappropriatetohughimorshakehandswithhim,butanamaste(合十禮）.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWalkclockwisearoundamonastery,pagodas,orotherreligiousstructures.Prayerwheels（祈禱輪；轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)輪，地藏車）

shouldalsobeturnedclockwise.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInTibet,whistlinginthehouseisthoughttobeinauspicious.Peoplewhistleonlywhentheyareexorcisingevilspirits(驅(qū)邪）.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInTibet,smoking,consumingalcoholormakingunnecessarynoiseinamonastery.

Touching,walkingoverorsittingonanyreligioustexts,objectsorprayerflags(幡經(jīng)）inamonastery.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosCausinganythingtobekilledinamonastery.Intrusivephotographyofamonasteryespeciallywhenpeopleareperformingreligiousceremonies.Alwaysaskforpermission.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Harmingvultures（禿鷲）,oryaks（牦牛）andsheepwearingred,yelloworgreencloth.

Steppingonthethreshold（門檻）whenenteringaTibetanhouse.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosDonotwatchaskyburialwithoutpermission.Ifitisallowed,donottakephotos.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosPeopleshouldkeepquietonthetopofmountains.Itisbelievedthatloudnoisewillresultinheavysnow,stormsorhail.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosClappinghands（鼓掌）behindothersisalsoconsideredimpolite.DonotusepaperprintedwithTibetanlanguagetoscrubanything《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSpittingbeforesomebody.

Placingtrashinthefire.

Publicdisplaysofaffection.

Wearingshorts.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWomenshouldnotshaketheirskirtsinfrontofothers.Itwillbringbadlucktootherpeople.

Nevertouchtheheadofanotherperson.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

ColorsandTaboosDifferentcolorhasdifferentsymbolicmeaning:theredcolorstandsforvitalityandfiercelove,pinksymbolizesfaithfullove,orangeissignofvigor,purplemeansrespectandgoodwishes,butyellowsignifiescontempt.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForChinese,theredcolorsymbolizeshappinessandjoy.Soitisnotthecolorforfunerals.Modernpeople(communists)endowedredwithrevolutionaryelements.Nowadays,redcolorsymbolizesenthusiasm,stimulation(bull-fighting),excitement,courage/bravery,andmakepeopleassociateitwithfire,blood,king’spowerandviolentrevolution.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIntheWest,redhassomenegativemeanings:imperious(專橫),irritable(暴躁),andarrogance.ButAmericansdislikeredcolor,viewingitasadisgustingcolorforitimplies“stop”.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Neverbuyagreenhatforanymalemarriedfriend,aswearingagreenhatimpliesthathiswifecommitsadultery.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhitesymbolizespurity,virtuesandmaritalhappinessforWesterners,sotheywearwhiteweddinggowns,butforChineses,whiteisassociatedwith“mourning”(funeral/death).《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInChineseculture,darksignifiesmystery,seriousnessandsolemnity.Ontheonehand,itsymbolizessolemnityandjustice,butontheothrhand,italsohastheconnotationofcattinessorinsidiouness(陰險）wickednessandterror.WhileintheWesterncultures,blackisthebasictaboocolor,symbolizingdeath,illomenanddisaster.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboospurplewillcausesadnessinBrazil.darkbrownisregardedasthoseofunfortunate,yellowasthedesperate,aswellasmeanstoprovokedeepresentment.Americanslovebrightcolors,whileagainstthepurpleandhateyellowasitisassociatedwiththeyellowgownJudasworeatthelastsupperwithJesus.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4.Islamshatesyellowinparticular,becauseitsymbolizesthedeath,buttheylovegreen,whichwhattheysaywillgetridofevilspiritordeseases.5.Bulgarians（保加利亞人）hatebrightgreen(becauseitrepresentsthenon-governmentprimaryidentificationPeasantParty)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIslamistcountriesadoregreencolorwhichrepresentsthegreenareaindeserts(greenmightaswellrepresenthopesindesertstopeoplewhoarehungerforwater).GreenisthecolorthatreprsentstheoutwardexpansionofIslambyMuhammad.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InJapan，blackandwhitecannotbeusedtogether,greenanddeepgreyarealsoabandant,Japanesedonotuselilyforlogodesignbecauselilyisusedforfuneral.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSingaporeiswherepurple,blackareconsideredasominous.Black,white,yellowcolorareincludedintaboo.Malaysianshateyellowcolorbecauseitsymbolizesdeath,thegeneralMalaysiansdonottowearyellowclothes.Blackwillraisenegativefeelings.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosUnitedArabEmirates,Kuwait,Bahrain,Iran,Qatar,YemenandOmanusebrown,blackandgreen,blueandredandwhitecolorswhichcarryapositivemeaning.whilepink,purpleandyellowcolorarenegative.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Egyptianslikethegreen,white,whileblackandbluearebanned.Egyptiansalsolovegreen,red,orange,ratherthanpurple,blue.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInRomania,whiteisconsideredpureandsimple,ontheotherhand,redisregardedaslove,greenashope,yellowasacaution,andblackisincludedinanegativeconnotation.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosItalianpeoplelikegreenandgray,thenationalflagconsistsofgreen,whiteandredcolor.Accordingtosomerecords,in1796Napoleon'sexpeditionintheItalianArmyusegreen,whiteandredcolorasitsflag.TheflagwasdesignedbyNapoleonhimself.Italianhatepurple.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFrenchpeopleareimaginativeincolors.theyalsogiveresearchoncolortofindouttherightwaytousecolor.Likered,yellowandbluecolorsareamongthepopularcatalogasbrightcolorsareelegant,fashionandgorgeous,noble.Intheeasternregion,fashionboyswearblue,whilegirlswearpink.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInancientChina,yellowsymbolizedhonorandrespect(尊貴),solemnity,monarchicalpower(君權(quán)),supremacy(至高無上)，sacrednessandinviolability（神圣不可侵犯）.Anythingimperialisyellow.Theyellowcolorwasexclusivelyenjoyedbyemperors(專用色).Anyministerorsubject(臣民)woreyellowclotheswouldbebeheaded.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInothercountries,yellowhassomepositivemeanings.InancientRome,yellowwastheindispensablereligiouscolor.InIndia,theBuddhistmonkwearyellowkasaya(袈裟)InAmerica,yellowsignifiesexpectation,missingofrelativesandmemory.Ofcourse,yellowhassomenegativeimplications:betrayal,jealousy,distrust,pornographyandchildishness.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFlowersandtaboos由于各國風土人情的差異，不同國家的人們對花語的理解也有差別，對花的顏色、花束的枝數(shù)也有講究，因此，了解各地送花的避忌，對我們的交際應(yīng)酬是很有必要的。

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos1．在中國的一些傳統(tǒng)年節(jié)或喜慶日子里，到親友家作客或拜訪時，送的花籃或花束，色彩要鮮艷、熱烈，以符合節(jié)日的喜慶氣氛?？蛇x用紅色、黃色、粉色、橙色等暖色調(diào)的花，切忌送整束白色系列的花束。2．在廣東、香港等地，由于方言的關(guān)系，送花時盡量避免用以下的花：劍蘭(見難)、茉莉(沒利)?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

3．按我國風俗習慣，好事成雙。因此，除非送女友遠行，在她襟前別上一朵鮮花以表示惜別之意，一般不宜送孤零零的一朵花。

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4．日本人忌“4”，“6”，“9”幾個數(shù)字，因為它們的發(fā)音分別近似“死”、“無賴”和“勞苦”，都是不吉利的。給病人送花不能有帶根的，因為“根”的發(fā)音近于困”，使人聯(lián)想為一睡不起。日本人忌諱荷花。在探望病人時，忌用山茶花、仙客來及淡黃色、白顏色的。他們對菊花也存有戒心，因為它是皇室家族的標志，一般人不敢也不能接受這種禮物?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos5.俄羅斯人送女主人的花束一定要送單數(shù)，將使她感到非常高興。送給男子的花必須是高莖、顏色鮮艷的大花。俄羅斯人也忌諱“13”，認為這個數(shù)字是兇險和死亡的象征，而“7”在他們看來卻意味著幸運和成功?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

6．在法國，當你應(yīng)邀到朋友家中共進晚餐，切忌帶菊花，菊花代表哀悼，因為只有在葬禮上才會用到，法國人對藍色偏愛，忌諱黃色；他們很忌諱“13”這個數(shù)字。意大利人和西班牙人同樣不喜歡菊花，認為它是不祥之花，但德國人和荷蘭人對菊花卻十分偏愛?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos7．英國人一般不愛觀賞或栽植紅色或白色的花。英國人忌諱百合花，并把百合花看作是死亡的象征。亦忌贈黃玫瑰，英國傳統(tǒng)習俗認為，黃玫瑰象征親友分離。他們對墨綠色很討厭，認為墨綠色會給人帶來他們懊喪。很忌諱“13”和“星期五”這些數(shù)字與日期?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos8．在德國他們最愛藍色的矢車菊（cornflower），并視之為國花。一般不能將白色玫瑰花送朋友的太太，因為它是贈送情人的禮品，也避免用郁金香。在送鮮花時，切不要用紙包裝。他們不喜歡客人隨便贈送玫瑰花，因玫瑰花在德國有浪漫的含義《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos9.瑞士的國花是金合歡花（acaciaflower），瑞士人認為紅玫瑰帶有浪漫色彩。因此，送花給瑞士朋友時不要隨便用紅玫瑰，以免誤會。(如送紅玫瑰可以送1枝，也可送20枝，但不要送3枝，因為3枝意味著你們是情人。)《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos10．歐美一帶在悲痛時，不以香花為贈物。11．巴西人忌諱黃色和紫色的花，認為紫色防的色調(diào)，視黃色為兇喪的色。千萬不要送巴西人絳紫色的花?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

12.如果到芬蘭、瑞典等北歐國家，要是應(yīng)邀到主人家里作客，一定要給女主人帶幾束單數(shù)的鮮花，最好是5枝或7枝。13.墨西哥人忌諱以黃色和紅色為禮相送，因為黃色意味著死亡，紅花會給人帶來晦氣《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos14.如果應(yīng)邀到加拿大人家作客，可向女主人贈送一束鮮花，但不要送白色的百合花，在加拿大，白色的百合花只有在開追悼會時才用。也不要送菊花，送花時要送單數(shù)?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos15.到西班牙人家作客，千萬不要送大麗花和菊花，這種花和死亡有關(guān)。16.花的數(shù)目不能是“4”。南朝鮮、日本人忌諱認為“4”是表示死亡的數(shù)字。日本人還特別忌諱贈送數(shù)量為“9”的花，因為你送花的數(shù)量為“9”給他，就等于視他為強盜?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos17.一般情況下，只有男士送女士鮮花，而女士不要回送男士鮮花。

18.探望病人的花束或花籃不要香氣過濃或色彩過于素淡，對病人恢復(fù)健康不利?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

19.接受送花，應(yīng)表示高興，面帶微笑，可以欣賞一下，并聞一聞花香，讓送花人感受到你對花的喜歡?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos日本人（Japanese）忌諱綠色（green），認為綠色是不吉祥的。英國人(British)也厭惡綠色，因為他們以橄欖綠(Olivegreen)作為裹尸布的顏色。在法國（France）和比利時（Belgium），人們都厭惡墨綠色（blackishgreen）。因為在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，兩國曾飽受德國納粹占領(lǐng)之苦，而納粹的軍服色就是墨綠色。比利時人還忌諱藍色(Blue)，以藍色作為不吉利的標志.伊拉克(Iraq)也討厭藍色，視藍色為魔鬼，在日常生活中忌諱使用藍色?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos巴西人(Brazil)以棕色(brown)為兇色,他們認為,死人好比黃葉飄落,所以忌諱棕黃色。埃及人(Egyptian)忌諱黃色(yellow),以黃色為不幸,喪葬之色.敘利亞(Syria)也忌用黃色(yellow),他們認為它表示死亡。埃塞俄比亞人(Ethiopian)出門做客不穿淺黃色衣服,因為他們穿淡黃色服裝是表示對死者的哀悼。土耳其人(Turk)在布置房間、客廳時，絕對禁用茄花色，民間一向認為茄花色代表兇兆。印度(India)視白色(white)為不受歡迎的顏色?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos摩洛哥人(Moroccan)一般不穿白衣，忌白色，以白色為貧困象征。烏拉圭人(Uruguay)忌青色，認為青色意味著黑暗的前夕。泰國(Thailand)忌紅色(red)，認為紅色是不吉利的顏色，因為在泰國人死后,用紅筆把死者姓名寫于棺材上.蒙古人（Mongolian）對黑色(black)異常厭惡，把黑色視為不祥之兆，認為它意味著不幸,貧窮,威脅,背叛,嫉妒,暴虐等。《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos歐美人視黑色為哀喪之色.俄羅斯人（Russian）也忌諱黑色，有些人連黑貓（blackcat）也討厭。傳說黑貓會給人帶來厄運，誰如果在路上遇見黑貓誰就可能大禍臨頭。秘魯（Peru）平時禁用紫色（purple），只有在十月份舉行宗教儀式時才開禁?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Numeralsandtaboo

Thenumeral3isrespectedbybothWesternersandEasterners.AncientEgyptiansvieweditasthesymbolsoffather,motherandson.InChristianity,theHolyTrinityincludesthe“Father”the“Son”andthe“HolySpirit”.InGreekmyth,theuniversewasthoughttobegovernedby3divinities(Gods):Jupiter,NeptuneandPluto.

《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosChinesealsovalue3.Theythinktherearethepreviouslife,presentlifeandnextlife.Thereare3relations:relationbetweenhusbandandwife.Thesearecalledthethreecardinalguidesandthefiveconstantvirtuesasspecifiedinthefeudalethicalcode君為臣綱—rulerguidessubject父為子綱—fatherguidesson,夫為妻綱—husbandguideswife.五常：仁:benevolence;義:righteousness;禮:propriety;智:wisdom信:fidelity.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosThenumeral4,inKorea,JapanandotherAsiancountriesisnotregardedasaluckyone,foritandChinesecharacter死arehomophonic.SoinJapan,youcan’tfindthe4thfloorsinhospital,restaurants,officebuilding.It’ssaidifafamilyhasa4thchild,he/shecouldbeviewedasanillomenandgetmaltreatment.Thearmywillnotbenumeral(編號)with4.Thecarlicense/numberplate(車牌)ortelephonenumberwiththenumeral4won’tbewelcome/accepted.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTherearefewtaboosaboutthenumeral5.InancientChina,womentriedtoavoidgivingbirthtochildonMay5ofthelunarcalendar(農(nóng)歷五月初五)，forthisdateindicatesanillomen(主兇)andthechildbornonthisdaywon’tbeworthyandonlyliveashortlife(不肖不壽)，evenbringsharmanddisastertohis/herfamily.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos8isCantonese’sfavoritenumeral,because8and發(fā)（fa）arehomophones.BeforetheSpringFestival,mostCantonesefamilieswillbuyakumquat(漢語，金桔的音譯→transliteration)tree.Thosepriced￥2.8（雙發(fā)），￥8.8（發(fā)發(fā)）,￥18(實發(fā))，willbewelcome.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInChinese,9and久arehomophones,so9signifiesalongtime,andthisnumberisapprizedtotheimperialbuildings.But9alsoisnegative,intheBeijingarea,therehasbeenafolklore“Reachingtheageofovert9orcovert9,oneislikelytodieorbecomeill（明九暗九，非死即病.）”overt9referstotheagewith9,19,29.39…,covert9→18,27,36,45.《跨文化交際》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIntheWest,13isregardedasafrighteningnumeral.傳說耶穌受害前和弟子們共進了一次晚餐。參加晚餐的第13個人是耶穌的弟子猶大。就是這個猶大為了30塊銀元，把耶穌出賣給猶太教當局，致使耶穌受盡折磨。參加最后晚餐的是13個人，晚餐的日期恰逢13日，“13”給耶穌帶來苦難和不幸。從此，“13”被認為是不幸的象征?！?3”是背叛和出賣的同義詞。1970年4月13日,從39號(13的三倍)發(fā)射臺升空的阿波羅13號宇宙飛船因氧氣瓶爆炸事故而宣告失敗,更使對“13”的恐懼心理上升為“數(shù)字13恐懼癥phobia”?！犊缥幕浑H》-4-禁忌-1Peopletrytogetridof13indailylife.Theywon’tinvite13personstodinner,thehouse,buildingandroomwillnotbenumberedwith13,stud