四級英語閱讀理解真題

四級英語閱讀理解真題閱讀題

Whatisthenatureofthescientificattitude,theattitudeofthemanorwomanwhostudiesandappliesphysics,chemistry,geology,engineering,medicaloranyotherscience?Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.Thefirstoftheseistheapplicationofthemachinesandproductsthatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Newdrugs,fasterandsafermeansoftransport,newsystemsofappliedknowledgearesomeexamplesofthisaspectofscience.

Thesecondaspectistheapplicationofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.Whatarethesespecialmethodsofthinkingandacting?Firstofall,itseemsthatasuccessfulscientistisfullofcuriosityhewantstofindouthowandwhytheuniverseworks.Heusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfactoryexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected.Moreover,hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditions,whetherofpureorappliedknowledge,andenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.

Heisagoodobserver,accurate,patientandobjectiveandappliespersistentandlogicalthoughttotheobservationshemakes.Heutilizesthefactsheobservestothefullextent.Forexample,trainedobserversobtainaverylargeamountofinformationaboutastarmainlyfromtheaccurateanalysisofthesimplelinesthatappearinaspectrum.

Heisskepticalhedoesnotacceptstatementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailableandthereforerejectsauthorityasthesolebasisfortruth.

Furthermore,heisnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers,butalsoofhisown.Sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbobjectiveinvestigation.

Lastly,heishighlyimaginativesinceheoftenhastolookforrelationshipsindata,whicharenotonlycomplexbutalsofrequentlyincomplete.Furthermore,heneedsimaginationifhewantstomakehypothesesofhowprocessesworkandhoweventstakeplace.

Theseseemtobesomeofthewaysinwhichasuccessfulscientistortechnologistthinksandacts.

81.Manypeoplebelievethatsciencehelpssocietytoprogressthrough.

A.appliedknowledgeB.morethanoneaspect

C.technologyonlyD.theuseofmachines

82.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutcuriosity?

A.Itgivesthescientistconfidenceandpleasureinwork.

B.Itgivesrisetointerestinproblemthatareunexplained.

C.Itleadstoeffortstoinvestigatepotentialconnections.

D.Itencouragesthescientiststolookfornewwaysofacting.

83.Accordingtothepassage,asuccessfulscientistwouldnot.

A.easilybelieveinuncheckedstatements

B.easilycriticizeothersresearchwork

C.alwaysusehisimaginationinwork

D.alwaysuseevidencefromobservation

84.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Applicationoftechnology.

B.Progressinmodernsociety.

C.Scientistswayofthinkingandacting.

D.Howtobecomeasuccessfulscientist.

85.Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardsthetopic?

A.Critical.B.Objective.C.Biased.D.Unclear.

參考答案

81.B。細節(jié)類。第一段第四行：“Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.”，社會的進步依靠于科學的兩個不同方面。所以選B。

82.A。細節(jié)類。第三段闡述了什么是科學家必需具備的奇怪心，可用排解法。

83.A。細節(jié)類。第五段“Heisskepticalhedoesnotacceptstatementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable.”，科學家經(jīng)常對于沒有建立在充分證據(jù)上的論斷持疑心態(tài)度。

84.C。主旨類。文章第三段“Whatarethesespecialmethodsofthinkingandacting?”是全文的主題句。文章解釋了科學家的思索和行為方式。

85.B。態(tài)度類。文章客觀描述了科學家的思索和行為方式，沒有參加個人的主觀評價。

四級英語閱讀理解真題4

PassageThree

MethodofScientificInquiry

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsandwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimesarequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidentstotheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeductionbystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservationthesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatterprovesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefactsaparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

[A].Philosophyofmathematics.[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.

[C].TheVerificationofFacts.[C].MethodsofScientificInquiry.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis

[A].thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.

[B].thatitwasanactofGod.

[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.

[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.

3.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”

[A].isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.

[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.

[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.

[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis

[A].aninductivescience.[B].inneedofsimpleverification.

[C].adeductivescience.[D].basedonfactandtheory.

5.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled.

[A].ametaphor.[B].aparadox.

[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.

[D].apun.

Vocabulary

1.inductive歸納法

inductionn.歸納法

2.deductive演繹法

deductionn.演繹法

3.culmination到達頂/極點

4.conversant（with）熟識的，精通的

5.exercise運用，實行，執(zhí)行儀式

singular卓越的，非凡的，獨一無二的

6.conjunction結(jié)合，同時發(fā)生

7.omnipotence全能，無限權(quán)/威力

8.Providence（大寫）指上帝，天道，天令

9.commonplace平凡的，陳腐的

10.inquiry調(diào)查，探究（真理，學問等）

11.doctrine教義，學說，講義

12.correlative相互關(guān)聯(lián)的

13.antithesis對立面，對偶（修辭學中），對句

14.coordinate同等的，并列的

15.subsist生存，維持生活

16.attribute特征，屬性

17.connote意味著，含蓄（指詞內(nèi)涵）

難句譯注

1.Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsarequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.

[構(gòu)造簡析]破折號后面的內(nèi)容（見難句譯注2）先撇開。這樣便于理解，整個句子是主謂表構(gòu)造，前面一個問題句作主語，question后跟一個定語從句，和notlessthan連接的表語。

[參考譯文]為什么歸納發(fā)和數(shù)學科學，在希臘文明到達頂點時首先快速進展后，兩千年內(nèi)進展緩慢，現(xiàn)在哲學家對這個問題的興趣不亞于對這些科學很熟識討論的對象。

2.andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes

[參考譯文]問什么在后來的二百年中自然科學數(shù)理科學積存起來，它們廣泛的超越了過去已知的一切，所以就把這些科學視為我們時代的產(chǎn)品。

3.arresteddevelopment停滯進展（被制止了的進展）。

4.Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidentstotheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

[參考譯文]或者我們是否應(yīng)當把兩個階段的特點歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外大事）歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相像（結(jié)合）的影響。這一點除非以指導一切的上帝的才智和無限權(quán)利來解釋，否則難以講解清晰。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是篇談?wù)撐?，論及科學探究的方法，總體是因果寫法，詳細分析又是比照寫法。采納問答方式探究為什么希臘文明頂峰之后兩千年，科技進展緩慢，而最近兩百年又快速進展超越前人，其緣由在哪里?是采納新，舊方法所致，歷史之偶然性，還是上天安排。

然后以現(xiàn)代用歸納法，古代用演繹法太狹