高等大氣物理復(fù)習(xí)題第1版

【NO.1】(a)TroposphereThetropospherebeginsattheEarth'ssurfaceandextendsfrom6to20kmhigh.Asthedensityofthegasesinthislayerdecreasewithheight,theairbecomesthinner.Therefore,thetemperatureinthetropospherealsodecreaseswithheightinresponse.Asoneclimbshigher,thetemperaturedropsfromanaveragearound17°Cto-51°Catthetopofthetroposphere.Almostallweatheroccursinthisregion.Thetransitionboundarybetweenthetroposphereandthelayeraboveiscalledthetropopause.Togetherthetropopauseandthetroposphereareknownastheloweratmosphere.(b)StratosphereTheStratosphereextendsfromthetopofthetroposphereuptoaround50kmabovetheEarth'ssurface.Thislayerholds19percentoftheatmosphere'sgasesbutverylittlewatervapor.Inthisregionthetemperatureincreaseswithheight.HeatisproducedintheprocessoftheformationofOzoneandthisheatisresponsiblefortemperatureincreasesfromanaverage-51°Cattropopausetoamaximumofabout-15°Catthetopofthestratosphere.Thisincreaseintemperaturewithheightmeanswarmerairislocatedabovecoolerair.Thisprevents"convection"sincethereisnoupwardverticalmovementofthegasesandisthereasonforthe'anvil-shaped'topsofcumulonimbusclouds.Theseanvilsoccuratthetropopause.積雨云的“砧狀”頂部。這些砧發(fā)生在對流層頂。[??nv?l][?kju:mjul?u?nimb?s]Thetransitionboundarywhichseparatesthestratospherefromthemesosphereiscalledthestratopause.(c)MesosphereThemesosphereextendsfromthetopofthestratospheretoabout90kmabovetheearth.Thegases,includingtheoxygenmolecules,continuetobecomethinnerandthinnerwithheight.Assuch,theeffectofthewarmingbyultravioletradiationalsobecomeslessandlessleadingtoadecreaseintemperaturewithheight.Onaverage,temperaturedecreasesfromabout-15°Ctoaslowas-120°Catthemesopause.[?m?likju:l]However,thegasesinthemesospherearestillthickenoughtoslowdownmeteorshurtlingintotheatmosphere,wheretheyburnup,leavingfierytrailsinthenightsky.Boththestratosphereandthemesosphereareconsideredthemiddleatmosphere.?miti?流星[?h?:tl]vi.猛沖；猛烈碰撞Thetransitionboundarywhichseparatesthemesospherefromthethermosphereiscalledthemesopause.(d)Thermosphere（熱成層）Abovethemesospherethethermosphereextendsuptonear600kmabovetheearth.Thislayerisknownastheupperatmosphere.Thegasesofthethermosphereareincreasinglythinnerthaninthemesosphere.Assuch,incominghighenergyultravioletandx-rayradiationfromthesun,absorbedbythemoleculesinthislayer,causesalargetemperatureincrease.Becauseofthisabsorption,thetemperatureincreaseswithheightandcanreachashighas2,000°Cnearthetopofthislayer.(e)Exosphere[?eks?sfi?]散逸層TheExosphereistheoutermostlayeroftheatmosphere.Itextendsfromthetopofthethermosphereto10,000kmabovetheearth.Inthislayer,atomsandmoleculesescapeintospaceandsatellitesorbittheearth.（衛(wèi)星沿軌道繞地球運行）adiabatic[英][??di??b?tik]adj.絕熱的，隔熱的gradient[英][?gre?di:?nt]n.[物]梯度，陡度；（溫度、氣壓等）變化率，梯度變化曲線；【NO.2】p133staticbalance::Environment-density,constantDryadiabatic:q=0【NO.3】p134~135(1)位溫-將氣塊從現(xiàn)有氣壓和溫度絕熱壓縮或膨脹到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣壓（1000hPa）所具有的溫度。位溫公式可由熱力學(xué)第一定律在絕熱條件下導(dǎo)出。(2)physicalsignificance:everyairparcelhasauniquevalueofpotentialtemperature,andthisvalueisconservedfordryadiabaticmotion.Becausesynopticscalemotionsareapproximatelyadiabaticoutsideregionsofactiveprecipitation,θisaquasi-conservedquantityforsuchmotions.準(zhǔn)守恒量?kwɑzi【NO.4】Staticsequation:Integralequation:【NO.5】Howtocomprehendthattheatmosphereisaphysicalsystem?？？？？？、Theatmosphereisaphysicalsystem。TheEarth’satmosphereisanaturallaboratory,inwhichawidevarietyofphysicalprocessestakesplace.（大氣是一個物理系統(tǒng)。地球大氣是一個自然實驗室，其中有許多復(fù)雜多樣的物理過程發(fā)生。）①Theatmosphereconsistsofamixtureofidealgases:althoughmolecularnitrogenandmolecularoxygenpredominatebyvolume,theminorconstituentscarbondioxide,watervapourandozoneplaycrucialroles.（大氣由理想氣體混合而成：雖然分子氮和分子氧占主要體積，但占主導(dǎo)地位的次要成分的二氧化碳，水蒸汽和臭氧發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。）②Theatmosphereiscontinuallybombardedbysolarphotonsatinfra-red,visibleandultra-violetwavelengths.（大氣被太陽光子不斷通過紅外線、可見光及紫外線電磁波轟炸。）③Theatmosphereisgenerallyclosetohydrostaticbalanceinthevertical,exceptonsmallscales;thatis,theweightofeachhorizontalslabofatmosphereissupportedbythedifferenceinpressurebetweenitsloweranduppersurfaces.（除了小尺度，大氣在垂直方向上是接近靜力平衡的，也就是說大氣的每一個水平面厚度的重量是由其上下平面的壓力差的不同決定的。）Givenadensitystrati?cationofthiskind,asmallportionofairthatisdisplacedupwardsfromitsequilibriumpositionwillbenegativelybuoyantcomparedwithitssurroundingsandhencewillfallbacktowardsequilibrium,undergravity;similarlyadownward-displacedportionwillrisebacktowardsitsequilibriumposition.（鑒于這種密度分層，小部分空氣從它的平衡位置向上運動，與環(huán)境相比將會產(chǎn)生負(fù)浮力，因此在重力作用下會返回并趨向于平衡，同樣下沉的部分會上升回到它的平衡位置。）④Thermodynamicprinciplesareessentialfordescribingmanyatmosphericprocesses.Inatmosphericphysicsweusetheusualmacroscopicde?nitionsofthetemperatureandpressureofagas.（描述許多大氣過程的熱力學(xué)原理是必不可少的。在大氣物理學(xué)中我們通常使用某種氣體的溫度和壓力的宏觀定義。）⑤Animportantfeatureofthebuoyancyrestoringeffectinastablystrati?edatmosphereisthatitcansupport?uid-dynamicalwaves,knownasgravitywaves,inwhichthe?uidpressure,density,temperatureandvelocity?uctuatetogether.（在一個穩(wěn)定分層大氣中，恢復(fù)浮力效果的一個重要特征是能支持被稱為重力波的流體動力學(xué)波，其中流體的壓力、密度、溫度和速度一起波動。）【NO.6】HoltonHadley,inseekingacauseforthetradewindcirculation,realizedthatthiscirculationmustbeaformofthermalconvectiondrivenbythedifferenceinsolarheatingbetweenequatorialandpolarregions.Hevisualizedthegeneralcirculationasconsistingofazonallysymmetricoverturninginwhichtheheatedequatorialairrisesandflowspolewardwhereitcools,sinks,andflowsequatorwardagain.Atthesametime,theCoriolisforcedeflectsthepolewardmovingairattheupperlevelstotheeast,andtheequatorwardmovingairnearthesurfacetothewest.Thelatteris,ofcourse,consistentwiththeobservedsurfacewindsinthetradewindzone,whicharenortheasterlyintheNorthernHemisphereandsoutheasterlyintheSouthernHemisphere.ThistypeofcirculationisnowcalledaHadleycirculationorHadleycell.Evidencefromanumberofstudiesindicatesthatforconditionsexistingintheearth’satmosphereasymmetrichemispheric-wideHadleycirculationwouldbebaroclinicallyunstable.Ifsuchacirculationweretobecomeestablishedbysomemechanism,itwouldquicklybreakdownoutsidethetropicsasbarocliniceddiesdevelopedandmodifiedthezonal-meancirculationthroughtheirheatandmomentumfluxes.heresultantobservedclimatologyoftheEulerianmeanmeridionalcirculationisshowninFig.10.7.ItconsistsprimarilyoftropicalHadleycellsdrivenbydiabaticheatingandeddy-drivenmidlatitudeFerrelcells.Therearealsominorthermallydirectcellsatpolarlatitudes.Themeridionalcirculationinthewinterismuchstrongerthanthatinthesummer,especiallyintheNorthernHemisphere.Thisreflectstheseasonalvariationbothinthediabaticandintheeddyfluxforcingtermsin(10.15).Answer:(a)ThemodelofHadleycirculationisdescribedasthatthesolarradiationheatingtheequatorialregions,thereforetheairflowriseupowingtoheatingintheequatorialregions.However,thehighlatitudesbecauseofcoolingprevalentdowndraft.Justlikethistheseniorairflowfromequatorialtopolarregion,thelowerairflowfrompolartoequatorialregion.TheHadleycirculationisaone-circlecirculation.Coriolisforce[英][?k?:ri??ulisf?:s](b)Inobservations,inthenorthernhemispheresomewesterflyflowblowingfromsouthinsteadofnorth.Andbecauseofcoriolisforcetheairflowblowingfromequatortopolarturnedintosouthwindinthesub-tropicalregions.Later,afterstudy,W.Ferrelproposedthemodelofthree-cellcirculation.Amongtheequatorandsub-tropicalregionsisaHadleycirculation(directcirculation),betweensub-tropicalregionsandpolarregionsisaHadleyanti-circulation(Ferrelcirculation),abovethepolarregionsisaHadlycirculationaswell.【NO.7】TheEkmanspiralisanequiangularspiralhavingthegeostrophicwindasitslimitpoint.ThisspiralEkman螺線是一種以地轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)為參考的等角螺線。此螺線經(jīng)過0點。在地轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)之下，風(fēng)穿越等linepassthroughthezeropoint.Belowthegeostrophicwindlevelthewindblowsacrosstheisobarstowardlowpressure,atananglethatisamaximumatthesurfaceanddoesnotexceed壓線，從高壓吹響低壓，在地面螺線和地轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)夾角最大，但不超過45°45°.thefirstcase:第一種情況Inverylowlayer,frictionforceisgreaterthanpressuregradientforce.FP+FC=FR在較低層大氣，摩擦力大于氣壓梯度力。。。。。。。thesecondcase:第二種情況Inalittlehigherlayer,thefrictioncan'tbeignored,butpressuregradientforceisgreaterthan在高一點的大氣中，雖然摩擦力不能被忽略，但此時的氣壓梯度力已經(jīng)大于摩擦力了friction.TheresultantoffrictionandCoriolisforceispressuregradientforce.氣壓梯度力，摩擦力，地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力三力平衡。thethirdcase:第三中情況Thefrictioncanbeignored.Coriolisforceequalspressuregradientforce.無視摩擦力，地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力和氣壓梯度力平衡?！綨O.8】(a)It’sameansofusingdetectiondeviceswhicharenotplacedinthemeasuringobjecttomeasurechangesoftheatmosphericelements.Accordingtothecharacteristicchangesinthespreadprocessofthesound,light,electricity,andothersignalsintheatmosphere,Itcanderivethechangesoftheatmosphericelementsintimeandspace.遙感探測：探測元件不置放于測量物體上，測量大氣要素的變化,它根據(jù)大氣中聲、光、電等信號傳播過程中性質(zhì)的變化，反演出大氣要素的時空變化(b)themostimportantcharacteristicsofRemotesensingiswidecoverage,high-frequency,informative,highsensitivityandaccuracy.遙感最主要的特點就是覆蓋范圍寬、頻率快、信息量大、靈敏度和精度都非常高【NO.9】（此題還不完整，請同學(xué)們自己發(fā)揮）ThisistheHorizontalN-Sequation,whenfrictionforce,coriolisforce,gravityandhavebeenneglected,theequationbecomesthat【NO.10】Climateisthenormalorlong-termaveragestateoftheatmosphericenvironment(asdeterminedinspansofabout50years).Theatmosphereprotectsearth'slifeformsfromharmfulradiationandcosmicdebris.Theozonelayeralsoprotectstheearthfromthesun'sharmfulultravioletrays.VariableComponentsoftheAtmosphere:WaterVapour,LowLevelOzone,Aerosols（氣溶膠）.Compositionalchangesintheearth'satmospheregeneratethreeprincipalclimaticeffects:THEGREENHOUSEEFFECT:Certaingases,calledgreenhousegases(primarilycarbondioxideandwatervapor;butalsomethane,N2O,andCFCs),allowshortwavelengthradiationfromthesun(UVandvisiblelight)topenetratethroughtheloweratmospheretotheearth'ssurface.Thesesamegases,however,absorblongwavelengthradiation(infrared),whichistheenergytheearthreradiatesbackintospace.Watervaporiskeytocloudformation.THEOZONEEFFECT:Intensesunlightinthestratosphere(above12km)producesbluishcoloredozone(O3)bynaturallybreakingdownnormaloxygenmolecules(O2)intotwohighlyreactiveoxygenatoms(O).Eachoxygenatomthenquicklybondswithanoxygenmoleculetoformozone.OzoneabsorbsUVradiation,andintheprocessozoneischangedbackintoanoxygenmoleculeandanoxygenatom.Abalanceexistsinozonedestructionandproduction,sothatanequilibriumconcentrationexistsinthestratosphere.Thisequilibriumhasprobablyexistedthroughoutmuchofgeologictime.Recently,however,anozoneholehasbeendetectedinthestratosphereoverAntarctica,presumablyduetotheatmosphericbuildupofozone-destroyingCFCsbyhumans.Ozonedepletionhasresultedinagreaterpenetrationofultravioletradiationontheearth'ssurface,whichisharmfultolifeonearthbecauseitdamagescellularDNA.Theozoneeffectdoesnotappeartohaveadirectinfluenceonglobaltemperatures.THEAEROSOLSEFFECT:Suspendedparticles,suchasdustandash,canblockouttheearth'ssunlight,thusreducingsolarradiationandloweringmeanglobaltemperatures.Theaerosolseffectoftengeneratesexceptionallyredsunsetsduetothescatteringofredwavelengthsbysubmicron-sizeparticlesinthestratosphereanduppertroposphere.【NO.11】p70普朗克定律：=(1)普朗克定律導(dǎo)出斯蒂芬—玻爾茲曼定律(少一個負(fù)號？)（2）普朗克定律導(dǎo)出維恩定律【NO.12】Whatisthedifferencebetweenwarmandcoldcloudprocess?云是由水蒸氣組成的。習(xí)慣上。根據(jù)它的溫度可分為暖云和冷云兩種。

暖云里只有小水珠，溫度在0℃以上。在上升氣流的頂托下，這些水珠不會掉下來，而是漂浮在空中形成云層。如果在暖云中噴撒干冰，它的溫度就會驟降，使水氣達(dá)到飽和程度，水珠不斷增大變成了雨滴下來，便形成了人工降雨。（丙）

冷云的氣溫可在0℃以下，里面充滿著閃亮的冰晶和水珠，但由于它們又小又輕，在上升氣流頂托下也不會掉下來。如果在冷云中播撒干冰，就會使它變得更冷，冰晶越積越多，越來越大?？諝馔胁蛔∷蜁碌?。Warmcloudprocess:?amoistureairparcelrises,coolsatdryadiabaticlapserate(～1℃/100m)untilitreachesthedewpoint,atwhichpointcondensationoccurs.Afterthat,anyfurtherrisecausescoolingatthemoistadiabaticlapserate(0.5-0.9℃/100m),becauseofthereleasedlatentheat.?supersaturation:relativehumidity>100%?condensationnucleiareneededtoincreasecondensationmostefficientparticles:Aitkennuclei(0.01-0.1microm)typicalsource:dustfromland,seaspray(hygroscopic!)5million/lairoverland,1million/lairovertheocean?condensationonlycreatesdroplets<100micromradius,whileraindropsareoftheorderof1mm?cloudsarecontinuouslyforminganddissipating,someliveonly5to15minutes?dropletsmergeduetodirectimpactandcollisioninthewakeoffallingdrops.Coldcloudprocess:?saturationvaporpressureislowerovericethanwater=>icecrystalsgrowinfavorofliquiddroplets?icecrystalsareveryefficientcondensationnuclei?mostefficientinmidlatitudes(temperatureslowenough,butenoughinstabilityintheatmosphere)【NO.13】Pleasedrawtheillustrationsofahighpressuresystemfromtopandsideviewrespectively,andexplainwhythereisfairweatherunderhighpressure.（略）學(xué)過氣象的肯定都會。【NO.14】(a)1)Thegroundheats/coolsupmoreandquickerthantheoceanbecausetheheatcapacityofsoilismuchlowerthanthewater.Duringdaytime,theheatedairoverlandbecomeslessdense（密）andrisesupwards.Thisalsoleadstoaformationoflowpressureoverland.Overtheocean,windblowstowardlandtomakeuptheverticalmotionoverland.Airalsosinksoveroceantomakeupthewindthatisblowingtowardsland.Aloft（在高空）,divergenceexistsoverland,andthewindblowsbacktowardtheocean.Whileduringnight