PM-項(xiàng)目管理-1概述

ProjectManagementChap.1Introduction-概述Agenda-本章需要解決的問題 WhyneedProjectManagement?PM&Softwarecharacteristics

ProblemsinSWdevelopmentandSPMChallengeofSWdevelopment2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 2立代管理的三個(gè)熱點(diǎn): 就一個(gè)組織的管理而言,應(yīng)該包括三個(gè)部分。1.戰(zhàn)略管理：從宏觀上明確和把握發(fā)展方向

2.運(yùn)作管理：對(duì)日常的、重復(fù)性工作的管理

3.項(xiàng)目管理：對(duì)一次性的、創(chuàng)新性工作的管理 由于項(xiàng)目管理的效率高、反映靈敏，所以運(yùn)用的企業(yè)更多。 0戰(zhàn)略管理］項(xiàng)目管理U運(yùn)作管理2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 3Why?Moredregsprojectofbeancurd?Illogicalobjective（時(shí)間）jerry-build（成本）

Subcontract（手續(xù)）Notrefundloan? RiskManagement（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）

MoreUnsuccessfulinfoingproject?Backbonejob-hopping,manpoweralteration（人力資源）Requirementschanged（范圍）2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 4In21st,everythingisproject,oris becomingProject…PaulGracePresidentofPMIProfessionalscertificationcommittee2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 5IImportant2jobsforfutures

Techniquesinnovation技術(shù)革新的典范-優(yōu)選法Projectmanagement沒有項(xiàng)目管理就沒有現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè) HuaLuogeng華羅庚

2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 6StatisticsofSuccessandfailingforITProjectUSStandishGroup,對(duì)1999年當(dāng)年軟件項(xiàng)目的統(tǒng)計(jì)2011春夏學(xué)期授課版IPMHistoiy

項(xiàng)目管理，遠(yuǎn)自幾千年前的人類文明，近如現(xiàn) 代工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。例如

GreatWallofChina,EgyptianPyramids（金字塔） 航空航天工程項(xiàng)目and建筑工程項(xiàng)目2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 sIHistoiyofProjectManagement

ModernprojectmanagementbeganwiththeManhattan Project,whichtheU.S.militaryledtodeveloptheatomic bomb

In1917HenryGanttdevelopedtheGanttchartasatoolfor schedulingworkinjobshops

In1958,theNavydevelopedPERTcharts

Inthe1970s,themilitarybeganusingprojectmanagement software,asdidtheconstructionindustry

Bythe1990s,virtuallyeveryindustrywasusingsomeformof projectmanagement

1985:TQM

1990-93:Re-engineering,self-directedteams

1996-99:Riskmgmt,projectoffices

2000:M&A,globalprojects

2011春夏學(xué)期授課版IPMdevelopment

CPM,PERT

Now

PMapplicationsismoreandmore

Peoples,customer-oriented,softmanagement2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 10ProjectManagementKnowledgeContinuestoGrowandMaturePMIlaunchedtheirCenterforPMKnowledgeandWisdominDecember2001PMIhostedtheirfirstresearchconferenceinJune2000inParis,France,secondoneinJuly2002ThePMBOKGuide-2000EditionisanANSIr

standard,andPMTscertificationdepartmentearnedISO9000certificationHundredsofnewbooks,articles,andpresentationsrelatedtoprojectmanagementhavebeenwritteninrecentyears2011春夏學(xué)期授課版11IHowProjectManagement(PM) RelatestoOtherDisciplinesMuchoftheknowledgeneededtomanageprojectsisuniquetoPMHowever,projectmanagersmustalsohaveknowledgeandexperienceingeneralmanagementtheapplicationareaoftheprojectProjectmanagersmustfocusonmeetingspecificprojectobjectives2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 12IPMTripleConstraint

每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都會(huì)受到范圍目標(biāo)、時(shí)間目標(biāo)和成 本目標(biāo)的約束

這三個(gè)目標(biāo)又經(jīng)常存在沖突，一個(gè)合格的項(xiàng)目 經(jīng)理，其責(zé)任之一就是平衡三者的關(guān)系

在此過程中，由于項(xiàng)目的不確定性和資源使用 的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性，平衡往往成為權(quán)衡

因此，成功的項(xiàng)目管理，就意味著同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)范 圍、時(shí)間和成本三個(gè)目標(biāo)，并讓項(xiàng)目利益相關(guān) 者滿意！2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 13 Inwhatwaysdomodernprojectsdifferfromancientprojects?現(xiàn)代人們對(duì)項(xiàng)目及其管理有一些什么樣的認(rèn)識(shí)和做法？2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 14IProjectsmaybeunderaFunctionalOrganization

MatrixOrganization

ProjectOrganization2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 15FivefunctionsofthePMPlanning

Organizing

Leadership

Control

Change2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 16IClassicalApproach

Assumesthereisauniversalsetof

managementprinciples采用公認(rèn)的管理原則BehavioralApproach:emphasisonhumanaspects強(qiáng)調(diào)人性化

SystemApproach采用系統(tǒng)論的方法2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 17SoftwareneedsmanagementISoftwareneedsmanagementSoftwarecharacteristics特性CostStructure成本IndustrialProblems產(chǎn)業(yè)SoftwareDisaster危機(jī)

ProblemsinSoftwareTechniques技術(shù)進(jìn)步PositioninSEKnowledgestructure知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 19Softwarecharacteristics

Essentials:logicelements,notentitative elements.DevelopingSoftware,andproducingproduct.NowearandtearinusingFailingprobtime2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 20Softwarecharacteristics(cont.)Failing

probabiliy不愿看到的realctirveofSD期望的IdealcurveofSDtime2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 21Softwarecharacteristics(cont.)

Production:Standardization&assemble MassSW:customization

Scientificarithmeticfunctionlib(1960?s) Datastructurereusing

Reusingcomponents

人們?cè)O(shè)法改進(jìn)軟件開發(fā)的過程。2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 22 CostStructureischanged

One-offCostofmanufacture

Logicproduct—minimediacostisignored Investmentisnotreclaimedindev.process MoreMaintaincost

serviceisquality

解決軟件危機(jī)本來就是為了回答兩個(gè)問題：

如何高效率的開發(fā)軟件

如何維護(hù)越來越多的軟件2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 23MainproblemsinSWindustry

Industrialscale如何定量度量軟件的規(guī)模？Coretechnique如何發(fā)展核心技術(shù)

Pirateandillegalcopy如何防止盜版和非法拷貝？2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 24與什W會(huì)^詢存有發(fā)展策略的缺乏

印度

我們自己發(fā)展規(guī)則

知識(shí)決定一切（創(chuàng)新，團(tuán)隊(duì)）頭腦產(chǎn)業(yè)新的管理模式2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 25I軟件原因引起的災(zāi)難

NATO,1958,SoftwareDisastersisput forward

MoreandmoreunsuccessfulSWProject: NASA,1999-10,Marsweathersatellitelost. US$125million.1963-1966,IBM360OS(1000Bug/Rel.)2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 26I軟件原因引起的災(zāi)難(Cont.) Somedata：BeyondSWtimedeadline:about70%SWProject. Beyond20%-50%planningreLtimeinBigProjectBeyondSWcost:90%SWProject. Biggertheprojectis,morecosttospendAuditBureauUS：usablecontractSWisonly2%98%isunsuccessful2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 27SoftwareDisasters(Cont.)CrunchMode

DeathMarch2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 28SoftwareDisasters(Cont.)

chronicaffliction

SuggestedbyProf.DanielTiechrow,Universityof Michigan2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 29軟件災(zāi)難的特點(diǎn)

SD開發(fā)逾期.SD成本超過預(yù)算.SQA質(zhì)量沒有保證.2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 30ProblemsinSWtechnique?規(guī)模、成本、進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量等的定量度量-復(fù)雜性控制?提高生產(chǎn)效率2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 31e.g.:?Windows95have10,000,000linecode ?Windows2000have50,000,000linecode more3000engineersand100+teamsExchange2000和Windows2000DevOrg.structurePMExchange2000Windows200032251About250—Dev,-140About1700-Test350About32002011春夏學(xué)期授課版typeofprojectItypeofproject

?規(guī)模(big,middle,mini)?復(fù)雜度?產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)- 用戶?應(yīng)用2011春夏學(xué)期授課版34PMinSWEBOK

《SWEBOK》GuidetotheSoftwareEngineeringBodyofKnowledge2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 35ContentsSoftware&SE

SPM

SystemengineeringRequirementanalysisData-process-orientedanalysis

OORA

Data-Oriented

SoftwareDesign

Data-process-orientedDesign

OODUI

ProgramandcodingSoftwareTestingmantainanceConfigurationmanagementReuseTech.RPCASE

NewTech,forSWD2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 36IChallenge軟件發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)inSWdevelopmentDeadlines期限（85%）

Resourceconstrained需求扭曲（83%）

Communicationswithteams通信消耗（80%）Commitmentfromteam團(tuán)隊(duì)承諾（74%）

Makemilestone里程碑（90%）

Change變更（60%）

Planningagreeforteams計(jì)劃符合性（57%）Topcommitment最終義務(wù)（45%）

Conflict沖突（42%）,subcontract#包（38%）2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 37IChallengeforPMProjectmanager:

EstimationandPlanning預(yù)算和計(jì)劃

Qualitystd.andmatrix品質(zhì)

Guidefororganizationstrategies組織策略 Techniquesofvisualizingtheprocess過程技術(shù) Roledefinition^色分酉己

Ruleforsuccess成功規(guī)則

NoSTD.沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 38IChallengeforteammembersTeammembers:

Incorrectworkingdescriptions不恰當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ髅枋?/p>

ITmanag巳mentmiss管理疏忽

InsufficiencyApplicationdomainknowledge應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域知識(shí)缺乏 Insufficiencydocument文檔缺乏

Precedingtaskisnotfinishedontime一includingequipment任務(wù)不 能按時(shí)完成Lackofcommunicationwithuserandengineerer和用戶缺乏溝通Lackofqualitycontrol質(zhì)量控制缺乏

SWDevelopmentenvironmentchange外界環(huán)境變化

Deadlinepress終期壓力2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 39Mistake過失inSWdevelopment Source〈Rapiddevelopment〉 Productaspect

口需求鍍金：項(xiàng)目具有比實(shí)際需求多得多的性能口功能蔓延：項(xiàng)目平均會(huì)有25%的需求變更(Jones1994)口開發(fā)人員的鍍金：開發(fā)人員著迷于新技術(shù)又推又拉的交易：經(jīng)理在批準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度順延時(shí)又加入了新的功能研究導(dǎo)向的開發(fā)2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 40I軟件項(xiàng)目常見錯(cuò)誤 過程缺乏計(jì)劃過于樂觀的計(jì)劃在壓力下放棄計(jì)劃缺乏足夠的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理承包人導(dǎo)致的失敗在模糊的項(xiàng)目前期(fuzzyfrondend)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間前期活動(dòng)不合要求2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 41I軟件項(xiàng)目常見錯(cuò)誤設(shè)計(jì)低劣口缺少質(zhì)量保證措施

缺少管理控制

太早和過于頻繁的集成

口項(xiàng)目估算時(shí)遺漏必要的任務(wù) 追趕計(jì)劃

魯莽編碼2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 42I軟件項(xiàng)目常見錯(cuò)誤 技術(shù)相關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤口銀彈綜合癥：過于相信以前沒有采用過的技術(shù)的宣傳過高估計(jì)了新技術(shù)或方法帶來的節(jié)省量口項(xiàng)目中間切換工具缺少自動(dòng)的源代碼控制手段2011春夏學(xué)期授課版 43I軟件