英美文學(xué)名詞解釋

-----WORD格式--可編輯--專業(yè)資料-------完整版學(xué)習(xí)資料分享----Allegoryisanarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor.Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,parables,poems,stories,andalmostanyotherstyleorgenre.Themainpurposeofanallegoryistotellastorythathascharacters,asetting,aswellasothertypesofsymbols,thathavebothliteralandfigurativemeanings.Onewell-knownexampleofanallegoryisDante’sTheDivineComedy.InInferno,Danteisonapilgrimagetotrytounderstandhisownlife,buthischaracteralsorepresentseverymanwhoisinsearchofhispurposeintheworld.Alliterationisapatternofsoundthatincludestherepetitionofconsonantsounds.

Therepetitioncanbelocatedatthebeginningofsuccessivewordsorinsidethewords.Poetsoftenusealliterationtoaudiblyrepresenttheactionthatistakingplace.

Asideisanactor’sspeech,directedtotheaudience,thatisnotsupposedtobeheardbyotheractorsonstage.Anasideisusuallyusedtolettheaudienceknowwhatacharacterisabouttodoorwhatheorsheisthinking.Asidesareimportantbecausetheyincreaseanaudience'sinvolvementinaplaybygivingthemvitalinformationpertainingwhatishappening,bothinsideofacharacter'smindandintheplotoftheplay.Gothicisaliterarystylepopularduringtheendofthe18thcenturyandthebeginningofthe19th.Thisstyleusuallyportrayedfantastictalesdealingwithhorror,despair,thegrotesqueandother“dark”subjects.Gothicliteraturewasnamedfortheapparentinfluenceofthedarkgothicarchitectureoftheperiodonthegenre.Also,manyoftheseGothictalestookplacesinsuch“gothic”surroundings.Othertimes,thisstoryofdarknessmayoccurinamoreeverydaysetting,suchasthequainthousewherethemangoesmadfromthe"beating"ofhisguiltinEdgarAllanPoe's“TheTell-TaleHeart.”Inessence,thesestorieswereromances,largelyduetotheirloveoftheimaginaryoverthelogical,andweretoldfrommanydifferentpointsofview.IMAGERY:Acommontermofvariablemeaning,imageryincludesthe"mentalpictures"thatreadersexperiencewithapassageofliterature.Itsignifiesallthesensoryperceptionsreferredtoinapoem,whetherbyliteraldescription,allusion,simile,ormetaphor.Modernismisvaguetermreferringtotheart,poetry,literature,architecture,andphilosophyofEuropeandAmericaintheearlytwentieth-century.Ingeneral,modernismismarkedbythefollowingcharacteristics:(1)thedesiretobreakawayfromestablishedtraditions,(2)aquesttofindfreshwaystoviewman'spositionorfunctionintheuniverse,(3)experimentsinformandstyle,particularlywithfragmentation--asopposedtothe"organic"theoriesofliteraryunityappearingintheRomanticandVictorianperiods.StreamofConsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind.Inliteraryworks,itreferstotheliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.ItisanimportantdeviceofmodernistfictionpioneeredbyJamesJoyceandfurtherdevelopedbywriterslikeWilliamFaulkner.Tragedy,accordingtoAristotle,is“theimitationofanactionthatisseriousandalso,ashavingmagnitude,completeinitself,”inthemediumofpoeticlanguageandinthemannerofdramaticratherthanofnarrativepresentation,involving“incidentsarousingpityandfear,wherewithtoaccomplishthecatharsisofsuchemotions.”ArthurMiller’sTheDeathofaSalesmanisamoderntragedywhoseeffectontheaudienceisoneofcompassionateunderstandingratherthanoftragicpityandterror.TheLostGenerationThistermisappliedtotheAmericanwriters,mostofwhomwerebasicallyexpatriates.TheyleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis,involvedwithotherEuropeannovelistsandpoetsintheirexperimentationonnewmodesofthoughtandexpression.Theterm"LostGeneration"camefromGertrudeStein'sremarktoamechanicinHemingway'spresencethat"Youareallalostgeneration."HemingwayuseditasamottoinhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Amongthosegreatestfiguresin"TheLostGeneration"areEzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandHartCranewholostthetraditionalvaluesasaresultofthewarandfoughthardtoseeknewvaluesandbeliefstofillthevoidofthepost-warworldwhichwasfullofphysicalwoundsaswellasmentalchaos.Imagism：ImagistisappliedtoagroupofpoetsprominentinAmericabetween1909and1918.Imagismwasaspiritofrevoltagainstconventionalitiesratherthanagoalsetupasinitselfapermanentlylastingobjective.Allpoeticlanguageisthelanguageofexploration.ThepointofImagismisthatitdoesnotuseimagesasornaments.Theimageisitselfthespeech.Theimageisthewordbeyondformulatedlanguage.ThemostconspicuousfiguresoftheimagistmovementwereEzraPound,AmyLowell,CarlSandburgandWilliamCarlosWilliams.BlackHumorBlackhumorisatermusedinliterature,drama,andfilm.Itreferstogrotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.Forexample,Catch-22isthemodelrepresentativeofthistype.ThenovelsofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.01.Humanism(人文主義)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.2>itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.

02.Renaissance(文藝復(fù)興)

Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”or“revival”.It343meansthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.2>theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14th

and15th

centuriespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.3>therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.

03.Metaphysicalpoetry(玄學(xué)派詩歌)Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th

centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2>witharebelliousspirit,theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.3>thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4>theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.

04.Classism(古典主義)

Classismreferstoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.

05.Enlightenment(啟蒙運動)EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinfranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18th

century.2>themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14th

centurytothemid-17th

century.3>itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.4>itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.5>famousamongthegreatenlightenersinenglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope.Jonathanswift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主義)Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.2>thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.3>theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.、2blankverse無韻詩，素體詩unrhymediambicpentameter,themostwidelyusedofEnglishverseformsandusuallyusedinEnglishdramaticandepicpoetry.WilliamShakespeare’splayHamletiswritteninblankverse1

image意象aconcreterepresentationofanobjectorsensoryexperience.Typically,sucharepresentationhelpsevokethefeelingsassociatedwiththeobjectorexperienceitself.Manyimagesareconveyedbyfigurativelanguage.Animagemaybevisual,olfactory,tactile,auditory,gustatory,abstractandkinaesthetic.TheroseinRobertBurns’poem“ARed,RedRose”isabeautifulimage.Imagism意象主義：Amovementofpoetswhousedodinarybutimage-ladenlangugae,notpoeticdiction.TheImagistsfollowedthreepriciples3Freeverse:Atypeofpotrythatdeliberatelyseekstofreeitselffromtherestrictionsimposedbytraditionallyfixedconvention.4Epic史詩alongpoem,typicallyonederivedfromancientoraltradition,narratingthedeedsandadventuresofheroicorlegendaryfiguresorthehistoryofanation5TheSpenserianstanza斯賓塞詩節(jié)isafixedverseforminventedbyEdmundSpenserforhisepicpoemTheFaerieQueene.Eachstanzacontainsninelinesintotal:eightlinesiniambicpentameterfollowedbyasingle'Alexandrine'lineiniambichexameter.Therhymeschemeoftheselinesis"ababbcbcc."6Ballad歌謠，民歌敘事詩isaformofverse,oftenanarrativeandsettomusic.BalladswereparticularlycharacteristicofBritishandIrishpopularpoetryandsongfromthelatermedievalperioduntilthe19thcenturyandusedextensivelyacrossEuropeandlaterNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNorthAfrica.Manyballadswerewrittenandsoldassinglesheetbroadsides.Theformwasoftenusedbypoetsandcomposersfromthe18thcenturyonwardstoproducelyricalballads.Inthelater19thcenturyittookonthemeaningofaslowformofpopularlovesongandthetermisnowoftenusedassynonymouswithanylovesong.

7iambicpentameter五步抑揚格thebasiclineinEnglishverse,withfivefeetinaline,usuallyanunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedsyllable.ItwasprobablyintroducedbyGeoffreyChaucerandcertainlyestablishedbyhiminTheCanterburyTales.8sonnet十四行詩afixedformconsistingoffourteenlinesof5-footiambicverse.ItfirstflourishedinItalyinthe14thcentury.WilliamShakespearewasagreatEnglishsonnetwriterfamousforhis154sonnets.Sonnet十四行詩:apoemoffourteenlinesusinganyofanumberofformalrhymeschemes,inEnglishtypicallyhavingtensyllablesperline.9

heroiccouplet英雄雙韻體twosuccessivelinesofrhymedpoetryiniambicpentameter.takethequatrain’srhymeforexample,thereisababtype,thereabcbtype,thereisabbatype,thereisaabbtype,thereaaabtype.Thefourth(aabbtype)isactuallyatwo-linerhyme,inEnglishcalledthecouplet,ifeverylineofpentameter,thenknownasthe"herodoublerhyme"(heroiccouplet);GeoffreyChaucer’smasterpieceTheCanterburyTalewaswritteninheroiccouplet.11metaphysicalpoetry玄學(xué)詩歌iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th–centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.MetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Ingeneral,metaphysicalpoetryhasthefollowingfeatures:1)Thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech;2)Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife;3)Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.Metaphysicalpoetryhasgainednewrecognitionbecauseoftheirseriousnessofart,theirspiritofrevolt,andtheirrealism,andithasgreatlyinfluencedthemodernistpoetryofthe20thcentury15neo-classicism新古典主義:therevivalofaclassicalstyleortreatmentinart,literature,architecture,ormusic.

04.Classism(古典主義)

Classismreferstoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.14Modernism現(xiàn)代主義isageneraltermappliedretrospectivelytothewiderangeofexperimentalandavant-gardetrendsinliteratureoftheearly20thcentury,includingSymbolism,Futurism,Expressionism,Imagism,Vorticism,Dada,andSurrealism,alongwiththeinnovationsoftheunaffiliatedwriters.Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Itisareactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalismwhichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwriterscanoftenbelabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryoranti-drama.05.Enlightenment(啟蒙運動)EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinfranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18th

century.2>themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14th

centurytothemid-17th

century.3>itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.4>itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.5>famousamongthegreatenlightenersinenglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope.Jonathanswift.etc.16Humanism人文主義anoutlookorsystemofthoughtattachingprimeimportancetohumanratherthandivineorsupernaturalmatters.Humanistbeliefsstressthepotentialvalueandgoodnessofhumanbeings,emphasizecommonhumanneeds,andseeksolelyrationalwaysofsolvinghumanproblems.17criticalrealism批判現(xiàn)實主義isthetheorythatsomeofoursense-data(forexample,thoseofprimaryqualities)cananddoaccuratelyrepresentexternalobjects,properties,andevents,whileotherofoursense-data(forexample,thoseofsecondaryqualitiesandperceptualillusions)donotaccuratelyrepresentanyexternalobjects,properties,andevents.18EnglishRenaissance英國文藝復(fù)興theliteraryfloweringofEnglandinthelate16thcenturyandearly17thcentury,withhumanismasitskeynote.WilliamShakespeare’sHamletisconsideredthesummitofthisrenaissance.19EnglishRomanticism英國浪漫主義aliterarymovementthataimedatfreeexpressionofthewriter’sideasandfeelingsandflourishedintheearly19thcenturyEngland.AgreatrepresentativeofthismovementisPercyByssheShelley,theauthorof“OdetotheWestWind”.Romanticism浪漫主義isacomplexartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinWesternEurope,andgainedstrengthinreactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.Inpart,itwasarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature,andwasembodiedinthevisualarts,music,andliterature.20Romantic:genreinclinedtowardorsuggestiveofthefeelingofexciteme