醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)-專業(yè)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法重點(diǎn)

hexahydroxycyclohexane六羥基環(huán)己烷ultrasonography超聲波檢查法titrimetric滴定(分析)的superinfection重復(fù)感染,二重感染interventricular室間的visceroptosis內(nèi)臟下垂lymphocyte淋巴細(xì)胞tachycardia心動(dòng)過(guò)速topoisomerase拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶phenobarbital苯巴比妥epidermitis表皮炎fibroblastic成纖維細(xì)胞的dehydroandrosterone脫氫雄甾酮erythropoietin(促)紅細(xì)胞生成素intravenous靜脈內(nèi)的decarboxylase

脫羧酶propanetriol丙三醇;甘油p-aminophenylsulfonamide對(duì)氨基苯磺酰胺neuropathological神經(jīng)病理學(xué)的morphocytology細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)benzaldehyde苯甲醛hydrophobicity疏水性cycloalkene環(huán)烯烴macromolecular大分子的cardiovasculology心血管學(xué)sympatholytic交感神經(jīng)阻滯的(藥)transconfiguration反式構(gòu)型thrombopoiesis血栓形成;血小板生成carcinogenesis致癌作用,癌發(fā)生levoisomer左旋異構(gòu)體nucleophilic親核的euthanasia安樂(lè)死pharmacopoeia藥典nitroglycerin硝酸甘油splenorenopexy脾腎固定術(shù)polysaccharide多糖isoantibody同種(族)抗體heterogenous異質(zhì)的,異源的,異種的antibiotic抗菌的;抗生素carcinogenesis致癌作用,癌發(fā)生teratogenic致畸的osteoporosis骨質(zhì)疏松parasympathetic副交感神經(jīng)的antihypercholesterolemic抗高膽甾醇血的(藥)pathophysiology病理生理學(xué)oliguria少尿euchromosome常染色體overdose過(guò)量(用藥)electroencephalogram腦電圖chromatography色譜(分析)法paracetamol對(duì)乙酰氨基酚,撲熱息痛hyperplasia增生,畸形生長(zhǎng)arthrectomy關(guān)節(jié)切除術(shù)chromatogram色譜圖peridentitis牙周炎leuc(k)ocyte白細(xì)胞oxidoreductase氧化還原酶retrotranscriptase反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶homeostasis體內(nèi)平衡,自身穩(wěn)定levodopa左旋多巴endotoxin內(nèi)毒素lipophobic疏脂的contraindication禁忌癥neurofibroma神經(jīng)纖維瘤percutaneous經(jīng)皮的anticholinesterase抗膽堿酯酶electrocardiogram心電圖nitrobenzene硝基苯spectrophotometry分光光度法cis-trans-isomer順?lè)串悩?gòu)體enterogastritis腸胃炎o(hù)torhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科學(xué)esophagogastrostomy食管胃吻合術(shù)covalent共價(jià)的laparotomy剖腹術(shù)morbidostatic阻止疾病的electrocardiogram心電圖nitrobenzene硝基苯nitroglycerin硝酸甘油antianemic

抗貧血的(藥)deoxyribotide脫氧核(糖核)苷酸antianemic

抗貧血的(藥)deoxyribotide脫氧核(糖核)苷酸heterocyclic

雜環(huán)的endoscopy內(nèi)窺鏡檢查biopharmaceutics生物藥劑學(xué)macroglossia巨舌l(xiāng)eucolytic白細(xì)胞溶解的※nano-納,毫微,10-9※micro-微,10-6※milli-毫,10-3※centi-厘,10-2※deci-分,10-1※deca-十,10※kilo-千,103※-liter升※meter米※gram克

microlitermicrometermicrogrammillilitermillimetermilligramdeciliterdecimeterdecigramnanoliternanometernanogramcentilitercentimetercentigramdecaliterdecameterdecagramkiloliterkilometerkilogram★

Allcarbohydrate碳水化合物foods,astheyaredigested,eventuallybreakdownintosimplesugars(monose),suchasglucoseandfructose.★Sucroseisadisaccharide(diose)composedofonemolecule分子ofglucoseandonemoleculeoffructose.★Themostimportantrepresentativesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,maltoseandcellobiose.★Glucosewithasix-carbon-atomaldehydesugaristermedanaldohexose.★Maltasecancatalyze催化thehydrolysis水解作用ofmaltosetotwoglucoses.acetate醋酸鹽;乙酸鹽carbonate碳酸鹽

◆calcium

carbonate

碳酸鈣

◆barium

carbonate

碳酸鋇bicarbonate碳酸氫鹽

◆sodiumbicarbonate碳酸氫鈉;小蘇打

ammoniumdihydrogenphosphate

磷酸二氫銨NH4H2PO4diammoniumhydrogenphosphate

磷酸氫二銨(NH4)2HPO4ammoniumacetate醋酸銨,乙酸銨

potassiumdihydrogenphosphate磷酸二氫鉀

dipotassium

phosphate磷酸氫二鉀

★

Nitric

(含)氮的oxide(NO)

plays

animportant

role

in

cardiovascular心血管的system.Nitric

oxide

synthase(NOS)is

thekeyenzymeduringthe

synthesis合成process

ofNO.

★Amylase

and

lipase

valuestypically

willbe

elevated

in

the

early

or

acute

stage

ofpancreatitis.pancreas

['p??kr??s]胰腺[,p??kr??'ta?t?s]胰腺炎

★The

salicylate水楊酸

hydroxylase羥化酶can

catalyze

thedecarboxylation脫羧andhydroxylation羥基化of

salicylate

toform

catechol.★

Lowtemperature

reducedthe

activities

ofthe

enzymes

related

to

fiber

synthesis,includingphenylalanine苯(基)丙氨酸deaminase脫氨(基)酶,polyphenol

oxidase,

cinnamyl

alcoholdehydrogenase肉桂醇脫氫酶and

peroxidase過(guò)氧化物酶.

★Someimportantcatecholamines兒茶酚胺類suchasepinephrine腎上腺素,norepinephrine

去甲腎上腺素anddopaminecanbemetabolized代謝bycatechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)andmonoamineoxidase(MAO).★

Aldosteroneisahormonesecretedbytheadrenal

cortex腎上腺皮質(zhì)thatregulateselectrolyte電解質(zhì)andwaterbalancebyincreasingtherenalretention保留,滯留ofsodium鈉andtheexcretion

排泄(物);分泌(物)ofpotassium鉀.

★Acetylcholineisakindofneurotransmitters神經(jīng)遞質(zhì).

Itissynthesized合成inthecytoplasm細(xì)胞質(zhì)fromacetyl-CoAandcholine膽堿throughthecatalytic起催化作用的actionoftheenzyme-cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT)膽堿乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶.Acetyl-CoAissynthesizedinmitochondria線粒體whicharepresentinlargenumbersinthenerveending.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)isanenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofacetylcholinetocholineandacetate.Aspirin(acetylsalicylicacid;ASA)◆Clinicaluses

臨床應(yīng)用:Analgesia鎮(zhèn)痛,Antipyresis解熱,andAnti-inflammatory抗炎Effects★Aspirinisemployedformildtomoderatepainofvariedoriginbutisnoteffectiveforseverevisceral內(nèi)臟的

pain.AspirinandotherNSAIDs非甾體抗炎藥(NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatoryDrugs)havebeencombinedwithopioidanalgesics阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥fortreatmentofcancerpain,wheretheiranti-inflammatoryeffectsactsynergistically協(xié)同地

withtheopioidstoenhanceanalgesia鎮(zhèn)痛.High-dosesalicylateareeffectivefortreatmentofrheumaticfever風(fēng)濕熱,rheumatoid類風(fēng)濕性,arthritis

關(guān)節(jié)炎andotherinflammatoryjoint關(guān)節(jié)conditions.B.OtherEffects★Aspirindecreasestheincidence發(fā)病率oftransientischemicattacks短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,unstableangina不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,coronaryarterythrombosis冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓形成withmyocardialinfarction心肌梗死,心肌梗塞,andthrombosis血栓形成aftercoronaryarterybypassgrafting冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù).Epidemiologicstudies流行病學(xué)研究

suggestthatlong-termuseofaspirinatlowdosageisassociatedwithalowerincidenceofcoloncancer結(jié)腸癌,possiblyrelatedtoitscyclooxygenase(COX)-inhibitingeffects.

★

Sodiumnitroprussideisapowerfulparenterally(parenteral

[p?'rent(?)r(?)l]腸胃外的,不經(jīng)腸道的,注射用藥物的)

administered

給藥vasodilator血管舒張藥thatisusedintreatinghypertensiveemergencies高血壓急癥aswellassevereheartfailure.★

Nitroprussidedilates擴(kuò)大botharterial動(dòng)脈的andvenous靜脈的vessels,resultinginreducedperipheralvascularresistance外周血管阻力

andvenousreturn.Theactionoccursasaresultofactivationofguanylylcyclase鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶,eitherviareleaseofnitricoxideorbydirectstimulationoftheenzyme.primaryamine伯胺,一級(jí)胺RNH2

secondaryamine仲胺,二級(jí)胺R2NHtertiaryamine叔胺,三級(jí)胺R3Nquaternaryamine季銨鹽,四級(jí)銨鹽類R4N+X－

methylamine,aminomethane甲胺gasdimethylamine二甲胺gasethylamine,aminoethane乙胺liquiddiethylamine二乙胺liquid2-methoxyethylamine2-甲氧基乙胺

cyclohexylamine環(huán)己胺

diphenylamine二苯胺

trimethylamine三甲胺

triethylamine三乙胺

diethanolamine二乙醇胺(HOCH2CH2)2NHtriethanolamine三乙醇胺(HOCH2CH2)3Nphenylethylamine苯乙胺['f?n?l,iθa?l?'min]phenylethanolamine苯乙醇胺

furan呋喃tetrahydrofuran四氫呋喃

imidazole咪唑pyrazole吡唑

thiazole噻唑isothiazole異噻唑

isoxazole異噁唑oxazole噁唑

pyran吡喃pyridine

吡啶

pyrimidine嘧啶

purine嘌呤quinoline喹啉

sulfate硫酸鹽['s?lfeit]◆aluminiumsulfate硫酸鋁

◆bariumsulfatesulfite亞硫酸鹽

◆potassium,sodium+sulfitenitrite

亞硝酸鹽◆sodiumnitrite

thiosulfate硫代硫酸鹽

◆sodiumthiosulfate,Na2S2O3

sulfur硫(磺)◆sulfurdioxidesulfate硫酸鹽

halogen鹵素

halogenelements鹵族元素

FluorineChlorineBromineIodinebisulfate硫酸氫鹽◆ammoniumbisulfateNH4HSO4sulfite亞硫酸鹽◆sodium,potassium+sulfite

bisulfite亞硫酸氫鹽

◆potassiumbisulfiteKHSO3

sulfide硫化物

◆hydrogensulfide

H2S

★

Thereare

six

common

airpollutants:

ozone臭氧,

nitrogen

dioxide,carbonmonoxide,lead鉛,

sulfur

dioxide

and

particulatematter粉塵.

★Hydrogen

sulfide

is

a

molecule

consisting

of

twohydrogen

atoms

and

onesulfur

atom.

sulfone砜;磺基[◆dimethylsulfone,MSM二甲基砜CH3·SO2·CH3◆diethylsulfone二乙基砜(C2H5)2SO2

◆ethylphenylsulfone苯乙砜C6H5·SO2·C2H5sulfoxide亞砜◆dimethylsulfoxide,DMSO二甲基亞砜(CH3)2SO◆diethylsulfoxide,DESO二乙基亞砜cyanide氰化物

◆hydrogencyanide氫氰酸HCN◆sodium,potassium+cyanideNaCN,KCN◆potassiumferricyanide鐵氰化鉀K3[Fe(CN)6]◆potassiumferrocyanide亞鐵氰化鉀arsenictrioxide三氧化二砷

★Pharmacologyisanimportantsubjectstudyingtheinteractionsthatoccurbetweenalivingorganismandsomechemicalsandtheeffectsofthosechemicalsonthenormalandabnormalbiochemicalfunctionsoftheorganism.Thetwomainareasofpharmacologyarepharmacodynamicsandpharmacokinetics.Pharmacologyisanexperimentaldiscipline,whichdealswithhowdrugsinteractwithinbiologicalsystemsbyperformingexperimentalstudiesinvitro在體外,在試管內(nèi),exvivo間接體內(nèi)法,體外andinvivo在體內(nèi).

★Pharmacologyresearchisdividedintopre-clinicalandclinicaltrials.Theformerinvolvesinvitro(testtubeorcellculture)andinvivo(animal)experiments,whichproducecriticalpreliminaryresults.Theseresultsformthebasisforevaluationofdrugcandidatesandtheirpotentialforfurtherdevelopmentintonewdrugs.Thelatteristheclinicaltestingofdrugcandidatesinhumansubjects,thiswillnormallyproceedthroughfourphasesofclinicalstudies.

★Drugdevelopmentsconsiderationsarefirst,thesafetyofthedrugs;second,theeffectivenessoftreatmentsandthird,thehighselectivityofdrugs.Intheprocessofdrugdevelopments,pharmacologyplaysacrucialroleintargetdiscoveryandevaluation,drugmechanismelucidation闡明,drugstructuraloptimization,targetproteinrecognition,drugsynergism協(xié)同作用andtoxicitiesassessment.Pharmacokinetics(PK)★

Pharmacokinetics(PK)includestwointerrelatedprocesses.Thefirstprocessisdrugabsorption,distribution,metabolism(biotransformation)andexcretion(ADME),andanotheristheevaluationofthequantitativekineticprocessesofADMEbykineticprinciplesandmathematicalmodels.★Absorptionisthepassageofthedrugfromitssiteofadministration給藥intotheblood.Besidesgastrointestinaltract胃腸道thereareseveralotherroutesforabsorptionsuchasintramuscular肌肉內(nèi)的orsubcutaneous皮下的adminstration,andattimes,throughlungorskin,etc.Distributionisthedeliveryofdrugtothetissue.Toreachitssiteofaction,adrugmustcrossanumberofbiologicalbarriers(blood-brainbarrier,placental

barrier胎盤屏障,etc)andthepredominantlylipidmembranes脂質(zhì)膜.Bothmetabolismandexcretioncanbeviewedasprocessesresponsibleforeliminationofdrug(parentandmetabolite

代謝物)fromthebody.Drugmetabolismchangesthechemicalstructureofadrug,thisaltereddrugproductiscalledadrugmetabolite,whichisfrequentlybutnotuniversallylesspharmacologicallyactive.Metabolismalsorendersthedrugcompoundmorewatersolubleandthereforemoreeasilyexcreted.TheADMEprocessesofadruginvolveitspassageacrossacellmembrane.Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthedrugmoleculesandthecellmembranesthataffectthistransferarethuscriticalinunderstandingthedisposition處置ofdrugsinthehumanbody.

Therearetwowaysthatdrugmoleculespassthroughthemembrane:eitherbypassiveprocessesorbymechanismsinvolvingtheactiveparticipaitonofcomponentsofthemembrane.

★

Mathematicalmodelsareoftenusedtodescribethekinetics動(dòng)力學(xué)ofdrugelimination.Thesemainlyincludefirstorderkinetics,zeroorderkineticsandMichaelis-MentenkineticswithimportantPK

parameters參數(shù)[p?'r?m?t?(r)z]suchast1/2,Vd,AUC,F,CLtot,Cssetc.

PhaseⅠandphaseⅡMetabolism

★DrugbiotransformationreactionsareclassifiedaseitherphaseⅠfunctionalization功能化(oxidation氧化,reduction還原

andhydrolysis)reactionsorphaseⅡbiosynthetic生物合成的(conjugation接合)reactions.PhaseⅠreactionsintroduceafunctionalgroup

官能團(tuán)ontheparentcompound.PhaseⅠreactionsgenerallyresultinthelossofpharmacologicalactivity藥理活性,althoughthereareexamplesofretentionorenhancementofactivity.Inrareinstances,metabolismisassociatedwithanaltered改變了的

pharmacologicalactivity.

Prodrugs前藥arepharmacologicallyinactivecompounds,designedto旨在,目的在于maximize最大化theamountoftheactivespeciesthatreachesitssiteofaction.Inactiveprodrugsareconvertedrapidlytobiologicallyactivemetabolites,oftenbythehydrolysisofanesteroramide

linkage酰胺鍵.Ifnotrapidlyexcretedintotheurine尿,theproductsofphaseⅠbiotransformationreactionscanthenreactwithendogenous內(nèi)源的,內(nèi)生的compoundstoformahighlywatersoluble水溶性的conjugate.

★PhaseⅡconjugationreactionsleadtotheformationofacovalentlinkagebetweenafunctionalgroupontheparentcompoundorphaseⅠmetabolitewithendogenously內(nèi)生地

derivedglucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸,sulfate,glutathione谷胱甘肽,aminoacids,oracetate.Thesehighlypolarconjugatesaregenerallyinactiveandareexcretedrapidlyintheurineandfeces糞便.Anexampleofanactiveconjugateisthe6-glucuronide葡糖苷酸metaboliteofmorphine

嗎啡,whichisamorepotent更強(qiáng)

analgesic鎮(zhèn)痛藥

thanitsparentcompound.

Thelipids脂類ofhumanplasma血漿aretransportedinmacromolecular大分子的complexes復(fù)合物termedlipoproteins.Anumberofmetabolic

代謝的disordersthatinvolveelevationsinlevelsofanyofthelipoproteinspeciesarethustermedhyperlipoproteinemiasorhyperlipidemias.Thetermhyperlipemiadenotesincreasedlevelsoftriglycerides甘油三脂inplasma.CompetitiveinhibitorsofHMG-CoAreductase(reductase-inhibitors;“statins”他汀類藥物)Thesecompoundsarestructuralanalogs類似物

ofHMG-CoA.Lovastatin洛伐他汀,atorvastatin阿托伐他汀,fluvastatin氟伐他汀,pravastatin普伐他汀,simvastatin辛伐他汀,androsuvastatin瑞舒伐他汀belongtothisclass.TheyaremosteffectiveinreducingLDL.Ithasbecomestandardpracticetoinitiatereductaseinhibitortherapyimmediatelyaftermyocardialinfarction,irrespectiveoflipidlevels.Reductaseinhibitorsareusefulaloneorwithresins,niacin

['na??s?n]煙酸,orezetimibe

依折麥布

inreducinglevelsofLDL.Becausecholesterolbiosynthesisoccurspredominantlyatnight,reductaseinhibitors-exceptatorvastatinandrosuvastatin-shouldbegivenintheeveningifasingledailydoseisused.Absorptiongenerally(withtheexceptionofpravastatin)isenhancedbytakingthedosewithfood.※eu-好,正常,真

euthanasia安樂(lè)死

euchromatin常染色質(zhì)

euchromosome常染色體

euglycemia血糖正常normalbloodglucose

eupepsia消化良好gooddigestioneupnea呼吸正常normalbreathing★L(fēng)ecithin

[‘les?θ?n]卵磷脂may

prove

useful

in

alleviating

減輕the

symptoms

of

Senile

dementia

老年癡呆癥,Alzheimer‘sdisease

阿爾茨海默氏癥and

Tardive

dyskinesia遲發(fā)性運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙.

dysglycemia血糖代謝障礙

dyspnea呼吸困難

dyspepsia消化不良poordigestiondyskinesia運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙

enteropathy腸病intestinaldiseasehepatopathy肝病liverdiseasenephropathy腎病nephrosiscerebropathy腦病cerebrosiscardiopathy心臟病heartdiseaseotopathy耳病

myopathy肌病※-rrhexis裂,破裂a(bǔ)ngiorrhexis血管破裂vesselrupturearteriorrhexis動(dòng)脈破裂a(bǔ)rteryrupturephleborrhexis靜脈破裂venousrupture

cardiorrhexis心臟破裂cardiacrupturehepatorrhexis肝破裂hepaticruptureenterorrhexis腸破裂bowel

rupture※-rrhea流出,分泌,溢出

galactorrhea;lactorrhea乳溢

diarrhea,enterorrhea腹瀉※-rrhage

出血,流血

hemorrhage出血

subarachnoidhemorrhage蛛網(wǎng)膜下出血

postpartumhemorrhage產(chǎn)后出血

※

-rrhagia出血,流血

gastrorrhagia胃出血

gastrichemorrhagehepatorrhagia肝出血

hepatichemorrhageenterorrhagia腸出血

intestinalhemorrhagenephrorrhagia腎出血

renalhemorrhage

arteriorrhagia動(dòng)脈出血

arterialhemorrhage

phleborrhagia靜脈出血

venoushemorrhage

encephalorrhagia腦出血cerebralhemorrhage1.W