草業(yè)信息學(xué) 71-GIS基本概念與功能

草業(yè)信息學(xué)黃曉東蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院第七章草業(yè)地理信息系統(tǒng)21.1什么是地理信息系統(tǒng)？(WhatisaGIS?)1.1.1GIS組成〔GISComponents〕1.1.2GIS應(yīng)用〔GISApplications〕1.2GIS操作〔GISoperation〕1.3GIS數(shù)據(jù)獲取〔GISdataacquisition〕1.4GIS軟件〔GISSoftwares〕一、GISConceptsandOperations一、GIS根本概念與操作3遙感地圖制圖測繪與攝影測量61.1WhatIsaGIS?

1.1什么是地理信息系統(tǒng)？計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)Computersystemfor獲取〔capturing〕存儲〔storing〕查詢〔querying〕分析〔analyzing〕顯示地理參考數(shù)據(jù)〔displayinggeographicallyreferenceddata〕7GeographicallyReferencedData

地理參考數(shù)據(jù)Alsocalledgeospatialdata也稱作地理空間數(shù)據(jù)Describebothlocationsandcharacteristicsofspatialfeatures描述位置及空間屬性特征的數(shù)據(jù)9GIS與一般信息系統(tǒng)的區(qū)別管理信息系統(tǒng)：只有屬性數(shù)據(jù)的管理，既使存儲了圖形，也往往以文件形式來存儲，不能進(jìn)行有關(guān)的空間數(shù)據(jù)操作，如空間查詢、檢索、相鄰分析等，更無法進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的空間分析。非地理信息系統(tǒng)：具有處理空間信息的能力，但仍然不能進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的空間分析。地理信息系統(tǒng)：在分析處理問題中使用了空間數(shù)據(jù)與屬性數(shù)據(jù)，并通過數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)將兩者聯(lián)系在一起共同管理、分析和應(yīng)用；11AbilitytoprocessgeographicallyreferenceddatadistinguishesGISfromotherinformationsystems.

能對地理參考數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理是地理信息系統(tǒng)區(qū)別于其他信息系統(tǒng)的能力。

12GIS與相關(guān)學(xué)科的關(guān)系地理學(xué)遙感技術(shù)地圖學(xué)GIS計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)軟件工程數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)專家系統(tǒng)CADGIS與相關(guān)學(xué)科與技術(shù)Copyright?TheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.131.1.1ComponentsofaGIS

1.1.1GIS組成ComputerSystem(hardware)硬件GISsoftware軟件GeographicallyReferenceddata空間參考數(shù)據(jù)Brainwave專業(yè)人員Infrastructure根底設(shè)施14存儲設(shè)備網(wǎng)絡(luò)主機(jī)數(shù)字化儀掃描儀圖象處理設(shè)備GPS測繪儀打印機(jī)顯示器繪圖儀輸入設(shè)備管理設(shè)備輸出設(shè)備Hardware15Software操作系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件

GIS專業(yè)軟件

主要指計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)，包括Windows、Unix和Linux系列；空間數(shù)據(jù)庫管理軟件；屬性數(shù)據(jù)庫管理軟件：Oracle，Sybase，SQLSever；數(shù)據(jù)輸入和編輯、空間數(shù)據(jù)管理、數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析、數(shù)據(jù)輸出、用戶界面、系統(tǒng)二次開發(fā)能力、系統(tǒng)管理軟件以及分析軟件。系統(tǒng)軟件16TheBrainwavereferstothepurposeandobjectives,andprovidesthereasonandjustificationforusingGIS由GIS專業(yè)人員確定使用GIS的目的和目標(biāo)，提供使用GIS的動機(jī)和理由Equallyimportantasthecomputerhardwareandsoftware與計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件同等重要Brainwave17Theinfrastructurereferstothenecessaryphysical,organizational,administrative,andcultureenvironmentsthatsupportGISoperations.根底設(shè)施是指維持GIS運(yùn)行所需的物理的、組織的、行政和文化環(huán)境。Theinfrastructureincludesrequisiteskills,datastandards,dataclearinghouses,andgeneralorganizationalpatterns.根底設(shè)施包括必備的技能、數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、數(shù)據(jù)交換中心和通用組織模式。Infrastructure181.1.2GISApplications

1.1.2GIS應(yīng)用U.S.GeologicalSurvey地質(zhì)調(diào)查局U.S.CensusBureau人口普查局U.S.ForestService林務(wù)局HUD住房和城市開展部States,counties,cities,businesses地圖效勞211.2GISOperations

1.2GIS操作1.3.1SpatialDataInput空間數(shù)據(jù)輸入1.3.2AttributeDataManagement屬性數(shù)據(jù)管理1.3.3DataDisplay數(shù)據(jù)顯示1.3.4DataExploration數(shù)據(jù)探查1.3.5DataAnalysis數(shù)據(jù)分析1.3.6GISModelsandModelingGIS模型與建模AclassificationofGISoperations

GIS操作的分類空間數(shù)據(jù)輸入數(shù)據(jù)輸入：使用現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)，創(chuàng)建新數(shù)據(jù)；數(shù)據(jù)編輯幾何變換投影和重新投影屬性數(shù)據(jù)管理數(shù)據(jù)輸入與校驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理屬性數(shù)據(jù)操作數(shù)據(jù)顯示制圖符號化地圖設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)探查屬性數(shù)據(jù)查詢空間數(shù)據(jù)查詢地理可視化數(shù)據(jù)分析矢量數(shù)據(jù)分析：緩沖區(qū)建立、地圖疊置、距離量算、空間統(tǒng)計(jì)、地圖處理柵格數(shù)據(jù)分析：局部、領(lǐng)域、分區(qū)、整體、柵格數(shù)據(jù)處理地形制圖與分析視域和流域空間插值地理編碼和動態(tài)分段路徑分析和網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用GIS建模二值模型指數(shù)模型回歸模型過程模型22231.2.1SpatialDataInput

1.2.1空間數(shù)據(jù)輸入TwooperationsUsingexistingdataCreatenewdata文本數(shù)據(jù)地圖野外測量數(shù)據(jù)航空像片遙感數(shù)據(jù)交互式終端GIS軟件空間數(shù)據(jù)庫241.2.2AttributeDataManagement

1.2.2屬性數(shù)據(jù)管理TablesRows-aspecificfeatureColumns(fields)-characteristicsofdataOperationsincludeinput,search,retrieval,manipulation,outputKey-inrelationaldatabase,linkbetweentablesandspatialdata251.2.3DataDisplay

1.2.3數(shù)據(jù)顯示MapsmostimportantdisplaymediumMapdesigncriticalsteptosuccessofprojectTile標(biāo)題

Subtitle副標(biāo)題Body地圖主題Legend圖例Northarrow指北針Scalebar比例尺Acknowledgement注釋Neatline圖廓線Border邊框271.2.4DataExploration

1.2.4數(shù)據(jù)探查SearchforgeneraltrendsindataQuerySpatialdataqueryAttributedataquerySQL(StructureQueryLanguage)SQL28291.2.5DataAnalysis

1.2.5數(shù)據(jù)分析HeartandsoulofGISprocessVectortoolsBuffer,overlay,distanceandareameasurementRastertoolsLocal,neighborhood,zonal,globaloperationsManymore30Avector-basedoverlayoperationcombinesspatialdataandattributedatafromdifferentlayerstocreatetheoutput.31Arasterdataoperationwithmultiplerasterscantakeadvantageofthefixedcelllocations.432321.3DataAcquisition

1.3數(shù)據(jù)獲取Topicstillimportant1.PublicdataintendedforallusersMetadataDataconversion2.ProliferationofdatasuggeststhatnewdataconstantlybeingcreatedNeedmayexisttocreateowndata331.3.1ExistingGISData

1.3.1現(xiàn)有的地理信息系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)Governmentagenciesatalllevels各級政府機(jī)構(gòu)Privatesources私有資源Formatcompatibilityissues格式兼容Frameworkdata框架數(shù)據(jù)341.3.2Metadata

1.3.2元數(shù)據(jù)DataaboutdataInformationaboutthecontentofageospatialdatafileWilldatameetaspecificneed?Howtotransfer,process,andinterpretgeospatialdataContactforadditionalinformation35FGDCStandards

聯(lián)邦地理數(shù)據(jù)委員會元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

AdoptedbyfederalagenciesIdentificationDataqualitySpatialdataorganizationSpatialreferenceEntityandattributeDistributionMetadatareferenceQuotationTimeContacts361.3.3ConversionofExistingData

1.3.3現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)換PublicdatainavarietyofformatsMustbeconvertedtoformatcompatiblewithyoursoftware371.3.4CreatingNewData

1.3.4創(chuàng)立新數(shù)據(jù)OccasionallymustcreatecustomdatawhendatanotavailablethroughothersourcesRemotelySensedDataFieldDataTextFileswithx-,y-CoordinatesScanningOn-ScreenDigitizingGround-basedAirplane-basedSatellite-based39AportableGPSreceiver.(CourtesyofTrimble.)40Alargedigitizingtableandacursorwitha16-buttonkeypad.(CourtesyofGTCOCalcomp,Inc.)41公司名稱桌面產(chǎn)品組件產(chǎn)品網(wǎng)絡(luò)GIS數(shù)據(jù)庫ESRIArcView,ArcEditor,ArcInfoArcObject,MapObject,ArcIMSArcSDEMapInfoMapInfoProfessionalMapInfoMapBasic,MapInfoMapXMapInfoMapXtremeMapInfoSpatialwareIntergraphGeoMed