人文知識(shí)專講(美國(guó)3)

人文知識(shí)專講7美國(guó)(3)

Politics(政治)GeneralIntroduction綜述

(1)TheStateSystem國(guó)家體制

ThepoliticalsystemofAmericaisestablishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples—federalism聯(lián)邦制度,theseparationofpowers三權(quán)分立

andrespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleoflaw.美國(guó)政治體系基于以下三大原則：聯(lián)邦制度、三權(quán)分立、尊重憲法和法律的規(guī)定。

(2)TheConstitution(憲法)Itistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.Itwasdrawnupin1787andwentintoeffectin1789.美國(guó)憲法起草于1787,1789年正式生效，是世界上最早的成文憲法。

ItisthebasicinstrumentofAmericangovernmentandthesupremelawoftheland.美憲法是美國(guó)政府統(tǒng)治的基本工具，也是美國(guó)的最高法律。(3)TheFederalGovernment聯(lián)邦政府TheExecutiveBranchisheadedbythePresident;thelegislativepowerisvestedinthetwochambersofCongress;JudicialpowerisexercisedbythejudicialbranchcomposedoftheSupremeCourtandLowerFederalCourts.行政權(quán)歸以總統(tǒng)為首的各級(jí)政府，且獨(dú)立于立法權(quán)。立法權(quán)歸國(guó)會(huì)。司法權(quán)歸司法機(jī)關(guān)，即最高法院和下屬聯(lián)邦法院。2.“Tripartite”P(pán)oliticalSystem(三權(quán)分立)(1)ExectiveBranch行政機(jī)構(gòu)

ThechiefexectiveoftheUSisthepresidenttogetherwiththevicepresident.Presidentiselectedtoafour-yeartermandcanbeelectedonlytwoterms.美國(guó)主要行政權(quán)歸總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)所有?？偨y(tǒng)每四年選舉一次，最多可連任兩屆。

★ThepoweranddutyofthepresidentaretoproposelegislationtoCongress,tovetoanybillpassedbyCongress(canbeoverriddenbytwothirdsvoteinbothhouses),toappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur,includingtheSupremeCourtmembers.總統(tǒng)的職責(zé)和權(quán)力有：向國(guó)會(huì)建議立法，有權(quán)否決國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的任何議案，除非兩院中各有2/3多數(shù)票推翻其否決，否則該法案就不能成為法律，總統(tǒng)有權(quán)任命聯(lián)邦最高司法官員，可提名任命聯(lián)邦法官。

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Thepoweranddutyofvicepresidentincludesuccessiontothepresidency,presidingofficerofftheSenateandtovoteintheSenateonlyintheeventofatie,etc.

副總統(tǒng)的權(quán)利和職責(zé)包括：副總統(tǒng)是總統(tǒng)的第一繼任人選，是參議院院長(zhǎng)，通常情況下在參議院不具有投票權(quán)，僅當(dāng)參議院100名議員表決結(jié)果為平手時(shí)，副總統(tǒng)才擁有決定票。(2)LegislativeBranch立法機(jī)構(gòu)★

TherearetwohousesoftheCongress—the

HouseofRepresentatives眾議院andtheSenate參議院.★TheHouseofRepresentativeshasatwo-yearterm.Ithas435membersdeterminedbythenumberofdistricts.Themostheavilypopulatedstateshavemoredistrictsandthereforemorerepresentatives.眾議院每?jī)赡赀x舉一次，共有435名議員，各州的眾議院議員數(shù)根據(jù)本州的人口數(shù)量來(lái)定?！?/p>

theSenatehasasix-yearterm.Thetermsofthesenatorsarestaggered交錯(cuò)的,onlyone-thirdoftheSenateiselectedeverytwoyearstoassurethereareexperiencedsenatorsinCongress.Thereare100experiencedsenatorsinCongress.Eachstatehastwosenatorsregardlessofpopulation.參議院每六年換屆，每?jī)赡赀x舉三分之一的議員以保證國(guó)會(huì)擁有經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的議員，參議院共有100名成員，每個(gè)州兩名。(3)JudicialBranch司法機(jī)構(gòu)

ItisheadedbytheSupremeCourt最高法院,whichistheonlycourtspecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.Itconsistsofachiefjusticeandeightassociatejustices.Inaddition,theCongresshasestablished11federalcourtsofappeal上訴法院and91federaldistrictcourts地方法院belowthem.

司法機(jī)構(gòu)以最高法院為首，最高法院是唯一一個(gè)由憲法規(guī)定的聯(lián)邦法院，由1名首席法官和8名法官組成，在其之下還有11個(gè)上訴法院和91個(gè)地方法院。

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TheJudiciary’sfunctionistointerprettheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesaswellasfederallawsandregulations.Thisincludesresolvingdisputesbetweentheexecutiveandlegislativebranches.最高法院的主要職責(zé)是解釋?xiě)椃ㄒ约胺?，包括調(diào)解行政機(jī)構(gòu)與立法機(jī)構(gòu)的爭(zhēng)端。3.PoliticalParties政黨

Americanpoliticahasbeendominatedbytwoparties,theDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty,sincetheAmericanCivilWar,althoughotherpartieshavealsoexisted.民主黨和共和黨是美國(guó)兩大政黨。Exercises1.___istheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.TheAustralianConstitutionTheAmericanConstitutionTheChineseConstitutionTheFrenchConstitution2.ThepoweranddutyofvicepresidentintheUSareasfollowingEXCEPT___SuccessiontothepresidencyPresidingofficeroftheSenatetovetointheSenateonlyintheeventofatie.ToproposelegislationtoCongress.3.“___”isthetermusedforthefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution.A.TheArticlesofConfederationB.TheBillofRightsC.ChecksandBalancesD.TheHumanRightsBill4.Thereare___membersintheSenateintheUS.A.435B.50C.100D.925.WhichbranchoftheAmericangovernmenthasthepowertointerprettheConstitution?A.ThePresidentB.TheHouseC.TheSenateD.TheSupremeCourt6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheSupremeCourt?A.ItisthehighestcourtoftheUnitedStatesB.IthasnopowertointerprettheConstitutionC.ItconsistsofachiefjusticeandeightassociatejusticesD.ItdetermineswhetherlegislationorexecutiveactsconformtotheConstitution7.ThechiefexecutiveoftheUnitedStatesisthepresidenttogetherwiththe___.A.VicepresidentB.courtC.cabinetD.bishop8.___isoftenusedtorefertotheUSDepartmentofDefense.A.TheCapitolHillB.TheWhiteHouseC.TheEmpireStateBuildingD.ThePentagon9.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesConstitution,thelegislativepowerisinvestedin(2008年真題)___.A.TheFedera