閱讀理解之猜詞題（原卷版）-2022年高考英語三輪沖刺過關(guān)

專題04閱讀理解之猜詞題（原卷版）

詞義猜測是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且

要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳?yīng)學(xué)會通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、

同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。

［一、思維導(dǎo)圖

每道題通?？家坏?，有時考兩道

推斷單詞的含義

三種類型推斷短語的含義

推斷句子的含義

測題

四個題干含mean,bestexplain,replace,

詞語referto等

語境法據(jù)所在句及其上下句或句組推斷

代入法將各選項代入句中看是否通順

語法法據(jù)定義、同位語、冒號、破折

意號之后的解祥或說明推斷

思

構(gòu)詞法據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法（前

猜五種

綴、后繩）推斷________

測解法

因果so,because等

題

轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however等

邏輯法

讓步though,although等

對比oivotherwise,while,instead,

ratherthan,onthecontrary,

ontheotherhand等__

二、方法點撥

設(shè)問形式

1.Theunderlinedword"..."inthesecond(third...)paragraphrefersto(means)

2.Bysayingthat"…"inthefirst（second...）paragraph,theauthormeansthat.

3.Inparagraph...?canbereplacedby"".

4.Themeaningofn..."inparagraph...isrelatedto.

5.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...（paragraph...）?

6.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphprobablymeansthat.

對此類試題，考生應(yīng)該進行大膽猜測，但這種猜測不是胡亂的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。

下面介紹幾種常見的猜測詞義的方法供同學(xué)們加以運用。

I一、相似法：

利用同義詞、近義詞（詞組）或相似的結(jié)構(gòu)猜測詞義。在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時會出現(xiàn)與之同

義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或

or,這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由

此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義。

【例】

...Fermat'sLastTheorem（定理）,firstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatinthe

seventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwoman

scientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

abletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique....

65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle“asitisusedinthetext?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

【答案】B

【解析】由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具有數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁（beat）,并且在句中bealen

和baffled處于同等的并列關(guān)系，根據(jù)這一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。

I二、對比法：

利用文中的反義詞以及表對比關(guān)系的詞（組）猜測詞義。對比是描述，說明事物的常用方式。在對比

中，對比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來說明生詞的意

義，如反義詞hotandcold,perfectandimperfect,甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞

之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。

表示對比的信號詞有yet,but,while,though,however,otherwise,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand,forone

thing...foranotherthing,insteadof等。

【例】

...Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,an

Evastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months....

74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle“probablymean?

A.Apartydesignedbyspecialists.

B.Aplanrequiringcarefulthought.

C.Asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.

D.Ademandmadebyguests.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)前句的否定doesn't與后句的肯定canbe這一對比關(guān)系，可以判斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生日，

又不至于麻煩，可以買一個生II開心包。Hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反，而與difficulty,trouble相近。答案

為C。

|三、釋義法：

有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來猜測這些詞的意思。

釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點符號引出并

加以解釋說明的方式。

常見的詞有：mean,thatis,inotherwords,forexample,forinstance,suchas...

【例】

"Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,MGoldsaid."Thefoodisfreeofpesticides（農(nóng)藥）,andyouaregenerally

supportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally（本地）grownandseasonal,so

itismoretasty."Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarkets

acrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.

62.Whatisthemeaningof“theorganictrend”asthewordsareusedinthetext?

A.Growinginterestinorganicfood.

B.Betterqualityoforganicfood.

C.Risingmarketfororganicfood.

D.Higherpricesoforganicfood.

【答案】A

【解析】由Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingsomething可以推斷出，越來越多的顧客像Gold

一樣開始購買有機食物，其實也就是對這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來越濃厚的興趣。答案為A。

四、語境法：

任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上

下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年

來高考考查的熱點。

1.根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義

在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞

義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示對

比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。

例如：Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"hassle”(paragraph1)probablymean?

A.apartydesignedbyspecialists

B.aplanrequiringcarefulthought

C.asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble

D.ademandmadebyguests

根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。

2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義

同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly,like,just

as,also,aswellas等。

例如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.

該句中副詞similarly表明短語lovestotalk和loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推

斷出loquacious的意思是"健談的"。

3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。

例如：Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.

Theword"presumptuous”inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto"”.

A.fullofrespect

B.tooconfidentandrude

C.lackinginexperience

D.tooshyandquiet

根據(jù)since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（”既然你是我的上司"）,我們可以推斷這里presumptuous

的意思是：”冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)

的理解題答案為：Bo

Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.

根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：”修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。

4.根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。

例如：WilliamShakespearesaid."Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（紗線）,goodandilltogether.u

Theunderlinedword"mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy

句中g(shù)oodandilltogether更具體地說明了amingledyarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思

是：“混合的，交織的”，答案是：Bo

Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris"yes",accordingtotheresearchers

atJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.

根據(jù)andthreeothermedicalcenters這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：JohnsHopkins是?家醫(yī)療中心。

【例】

（2019?江蘇卷）Inthe1960s,whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark,Bob

Christiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn*tfindthe

park'svolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that'swhataccounted

fbrallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.

Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone（圓錐體）shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,

whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma（巖漿）pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexican

farmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofa

conefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethan

halfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredof

themextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.These

arevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.

Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalderaanywhere.

JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.

Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakea

niceblow-upforoneofthevisitors*centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailed

tospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethan

fortymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstone

musthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.

60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow-up"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.

C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.

【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。講述了二十世紀(jì)六十年代BobChristiansen在研究黃石公園的火山歷史時，

奇怪地發(fā)現(xiàn)到處看不到火山的影子，原來，這兒的火山并不是像我們大部分人想象的那種圓錐體形狀的高

聳的樣子，而是一個巨大的洞，這個洞太大了以至于從地面上的任何地方都看不見。

【答案】C

【解析】詞義猜測題1>根據(jù)第三段第一句JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecameras

bytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritieson

theassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.可知，美國國家航空和宇宙航

行局為測試一些新的高海拔照相機而拍攝了黃石公園的照片。一位深思熟慮的官員把其中的一些照片副本

轉(zhuǎn)交給了公園管理部門，認為他們可能會將其放大以供一個游客中心展示。故可知，此處意為將照片放大,

選C。

［五、構(gòu)詞法：

閱讀中常常會遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對猜測詞義很有幫助。如：

unforeseeable.這個詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un,fore,see,able；其中see是詞根，fore是“先，前，預(yù)”

的含義,un是否定，able是“能...的可....的”,因此unforeseeable是“未能預(yù)見到的”意思。

1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義

例如：Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?

根據(jù)詞根educational（教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意

思是：”男女同校教育的“意思。

2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義

例如：It'saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking（俯瞰）thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishing

villageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint.

后綴-ise/ize意思是"使成為…;使…化"，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的）,不難猜出uncommercialized

的意思是：”未被商業(yè)化的”。

3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義

例如：Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipment

willrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（別扭的）handpositions.

Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）

和design（設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是"設(shè)計精巧的,,意思。

Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,

mostpeoplethatcraft（手藝）nolongerexists.

根據(jù)合成詞中的mass（大量的）和produce（生產(chǎn)）,我們可以推測mass-produce的意思是："大批

量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。

【例】

...Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey'rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubt

theoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,4tIsuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseeforthemselves.^^...

70.Theunderlinedword“outcome“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A.valueB.result

C.performanceD.connection

【答案】B

【解析】運用"構(gòu)詞法''進行猜測。動詞詞組comeout的意義為“露出、出現(xiàn)、顯露出“。再根據(jù)句子的語境,

可猜測出其意義是：（實驗的）結(jié)果。

詞匯拓展

1.合成法

man-madehandwriting

copyrightgreenhouse

all-roundtypewriter

breakthroughhigh-class

blacklistone-way

English-speaking

2.派生法

A.否定前綴

un-（不）unimportantin-/im-/ir-/il-（不）impossible

dis-（不）dislikemis-（不）misunderstand

B.其他前綴

re-（再）rebuildinter-（互）interchange

pre-（前）preschoolanti-（反）antifreeze

non-（否）nonprofit

C.名詞后綴

-er（人）teacher-er（物）cooker

-ician（人）physician

D.形容詞后綴

-able（能）eatable-less（否）homeless

E.動詞后綴

-en（使）widen-fy（使）satisfy

-ize（使）modernize

三、高考真題

2022年1月浙江卷A篇

Fornearlyadecadenow,Merebethhasbeenaself-employedpettransportspecialist.Herpet

transportjobwasbornofthefinancialcrisis（危機）inthelate2000s.Thedownturnhittherealestate

（房地產(chǎn)）firmwhereshehadworkedfortenyearsasanofficemanager.Thefirmwentbrokeandlefther

lookingforanewjob.Oneday,whiledrivingnearherhome,shesawadogwanderingontheroad,clearly

lost.Shetookithome,andhersisterinDenveragreedtotakeit.Thiswasalovinghomeforsure,but1,600

milesaway.Itdidn'ttakelongforMerebethtodecidetodrivethedogthereherself.Itwasherfirstroad

triptohernewjob.

Merebeth'spetdeliveryservicesatisfiesherwanderlusl.IthastakenhertoeverystateintheUS

exceptMontana,WashingtonandOregon,shesaysproudly.Ifshewantstovisitanewplace,shewill

simplyfindapetwithtransportneedsthere.Shetravelsinallweathers.Shehasdriventhrough55mph

windsinWyoming,heavyfloodingandstormsinAlabamaandtotalwhiteoutconditionsinKansas.

Thiswanderlustisinheritedfromherfather,shesays.HemovedtheirfamilyfromCanadato

Californiawhenshewasoneyearold,becausehewantedthemtoexploreanewplacetogether.Assoonas

shegraduatedfromhighschoolshelefthometoliveonCatalinaIslandofftheCaliforniancoast,away

fromherparents,wheresheenjoyedalifeofsailingandoff-roadbiking.

Itturnsoutthatpettransportingpaysquitewellatabout$30,000peryearbeforetax.Shedoesn't

workinsummer,asitwouldbeunpleasantlyhotfortheanimalsinthecar,evenwithairconditioning.As

autumncomes,shegetsrestlessthesameoldwanderlustreturning.It'sacallshemust

handlealone,though.Merebethsays,"WhenI'montheroad,I'mjustinmyownworld.Fvealwaysbeen

independent-spiritedandIjustfeelstronglythatImusthelpanimals."

22.Theword“wanderlust”inparagraph2meansadesireto_?

A.makemoney.B.tryvariousjobs.

C.beclosetonature.D.traveltodifferentplaces.

[2021年6月北京卷

Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallylermaneinthismomentof

still-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Not

verylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbe

provensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.

Theinternationalscholars'warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenit

mighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwith

themthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories（簽署者）ofthewarningwasBob

Johnson,theoriginatorofthe"ecologicalfootprint11concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountof

environmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,"itseems

thatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthis

century,"Johnsonsaidinanemail.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword''germane'*inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.

[2021年6月新高考2卷B篇

IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripearethefirsttigercubsthat

haveeverbeenbornhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecidedto

givethemround-the-clockcareathome.

I'vegottwochildren-theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyaboutthetigersarriving-butallofus

reallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn'tworriedaboutbringingthem

intomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthatthere

wasabsolutelynorisk.

Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewere

asleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'destuptomischief.We'dcomedowninthe

morningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.

Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Therewere

sometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohavea

bitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.

WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andwe

knewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynan

wasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.

I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetime

thatwehadthem.

5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief'meaninparagraph3?

A.Behavebadly.B.Losetheirway.C.Sleepsoundly.D.Misstheirmom.

|2021年3月天津卷B篇

Aboutfiveweeksago,Inoticedtheskinofourpetlizard（蜥蜴）wasgrowingdusty.Itworriedme.I

reportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Seconds

later,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.

Ididn*tthinkaboutitmuchuntilamorninglastweekwhenIknockedmyfavoriteteapotoffthetable.

Itburstintohundredsofpieces.AsIsweptupthemess,Iwonderedwhywehadbeenbreakingsomany

thingsoverthemonths.

Thedestructionstartedthreemonthsago.Itwasmyhusband'sbirthday.Hehadjustlosthisjob.The

uncertaintywasstartingtowearonus,soIwantedtodosomethingspecial.

"Let'smakeacakeforDad!"Icried.

Mykidsscreamedwithjoy.Webaked,icedandsprinkledformostoftheday.Candlesonthecake!

Balloonsonthewalls!Flowersonthetable!

Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbedup

tograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswere

everywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.

Threedaysago,thelightinourlivingroomsuddenlywentout.Afterseveralfrustratinghoursof

unsuccessfulattemptstofixit,myhusbandsuggestedwatchingtheMichaelJordandocumentary（Z己錄片）

seriesTheLastDance.

Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathad

pushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketball

uniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,IsawhimleavingbehindIhelayerthatnolongerserved

him,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadto

livewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleave

thepastbehind.

Humansdonotshedskin（蛻皮）aseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.The

processistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,rawandnearlynew.

Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswhere

webegin.

4.Theunderlinedpart"leavingbehindthelayer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.

A.lettinggoofthepast

B.lookingforanewjob

C.gettingridofabadhabit

0.givingupanopportunity

|2021年1月浙江卷C篇

Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees（黑猩猩）useto

communicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha

"vocabulary'*of66gestures.Thescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsin

Uganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.

DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentional

communicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemof

communicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.

"That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,nshesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslike

humanlanguageinthatrespect."

Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformation

fromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicate

messages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.

Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishto

communicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."The

youngsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmother'sbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefrom

thisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies（物種）outtherethatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat*s

notuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.

DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywas

praiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,the

resultswere"alittledisappointing".

"Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,or

wearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,

themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,it

seemsthegulfremains.0

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword”gulf1'inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Difference.B.Conflict.

C.Balance.□.Connection.

|2021年6月新高考1卷C篇

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealive

withanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnatural

resourseswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecades

todecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarket

huntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedand

housetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

[2021年6月全國乙卷B篇

Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter（29%）rely

onlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey（調(diào)查）.OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,a

thirdconcedethatit'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket——19percentsaythey

neveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothat

category.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"concede"inparagraph3mean?

A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.

[2021年6月浙江卷B篇

Inthepastfewyears,anincreasingnumberofpeopleandorganisationshavebeguncomingupwith

planstocounterthistrend.Acoupleofyearsago,film-makerDavidBondrealisedthathischildren,then

agedfiveandthree,wereattachedtoscreenstothepointwherehewasabletosay''chocolate"intohis

three-year-oldson'searwithoutgettingaresponse.Herealisedthatsomethingneededtochange,and,

beingaLondonmediatype,appointedhimself"marketingdirectorforNature".Hedocumentedhisjourney

ashesetabouttreatingnatureasabrandtobemarketedtoyoungpeople.TheresultwasProjectWild

Thing,afilmwhichchartsthebirthoftheWildNetwork,agroupoforganisationswiththecommongoal

ofgettingchildrenoutintonature.

3.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"charts"inparagraph2?

A.recordsB.predictsC.delaysD.confirms

I2020全國卷IB篇

Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There5sawelcome

familiarity-butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.But

booksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.

Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It's

true,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it'sallaboutthepresent.Ifsaboutthenow

andwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopull

theirownweight.

TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspring,isErnestHemingway's

AMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating

（令人陶醉的）,anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHoly

theFirm,herpoetic1975ramble（隨筆）abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar^Save