2024年高考英語復習語篇理解技能梳理(通用版)04 閱讀理解主旨大意題（解析版）

資料整理【淘寶店鋪：向陽百分百】資料整理【淘寶店鋪：向陽百分百】04閱讀理解主旨大意題命題要點簡析閱讀理解首先要做到的就是掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意，它是全文的概括和總結(jié)。能否抓住這個中心，取決于讀者的總結(jié)能力。主旨大意題通常涉及概括文章或者段落大意，揭示主題，選擇標題等形式。主要考查考生能否分辨主題和細節(jié)，是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基礎上運用概括、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進行高度的概括和總結(jié)。主旨大意題包括文章主旨題、段落大意題和標題歸納題。每篇文章都有一個主旨大意。主旨大意題對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。文章主旨大意一般有四種呈現(xiàn)形式：文首、文中、文尾、不明確給出(需要總結(jié))。做這種題要通讀文章，重點把握首末段、首末句；作者反復強調(diào)的觀點或文章中多次出現(xiàn)的詞句通常是主旨；注意文中therefore,thus,but,however,inshort,tosumup等表達轉(zhuǎn)折或總結(jié)的詞語。題型特征總覽主旨大意題考查考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象,既考查細節(jié)理解能力,又考查深層次的推理、概括能力,難度較大。（一）命題方式把握主旨大意題常見的命題方式:1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?2.Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis__________.

3.Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison__________.

4.Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?5.What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?7.Thepassagemainlyfocuseson__________.

（二）解答技巧題型特點解題技巧主題類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主題句四竅門:(1)段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually等)時,該句很可能是主題句。(2)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意識地重復的觀點,通常是主旨;反復出現(xiàn)的詞語,一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(4)表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞。標題類要求考生選出文章的最佳標題文章標題三特點:(1)形式一般為單詞、短語或句子,短語居多;(2)短小精悍,精確性強;(3)涵蓋性強,能覆蓋全文大意。題型突破攻略一、文章大意題文章大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。1.主題句法解答主旨大意題，找準文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句(2)根據(jù)行文標志來定位主題句轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but，however，infact，actually等時，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達的觀點?？偨Y(jié)詞如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答可能是文章的主題。2.高頻詞法全文中無明顯主題句時，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。3.逆向思維法在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時，試著從選項出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項。注意：1．正確選項特征：涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文2．錯誤選項特征(1)以偏概全，主次不分(2)無中生有，曲解文意【典型例題】(2020·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh－techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath－relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child－parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes，”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher－incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist.D．Ateachingprogram.【分析】·第一步讀文章，概括文意：本文介紹了芝加哥大學的一項科學研究，該研究表明，對于2到4歲的孩子來說，玩拼圖游戲?qū)λ麄兘窈罂臻g技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接觸拼圖游戲的時間更長，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼圖更復雜?！さ诙嚼藐P(guān)鍵詞法定主旨：文章多次出現(xiàn)了researchers，expert，study，findings等詞，主要介紹的是一項科學研究。二、段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對一個段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來。做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準確性更高?！镜湫屠}】(2020·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀D)Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample，discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B．Abigfallincrimerates.C．Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D．Benefitsfromgreenplants.【分析】·第一步首尾兼顧定段意：通讀全文可知，Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.是本段的主旨，后通過列舉兩項科學研究來說明綠色植物對人類的好處?！さ诙轿鲞x項，斟酌判斷：A對不同植物的一項新研究。原文中提到對綠色植物的研究，但不是該段的主旨。以偏概全斷章取義B犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降來證明的是綠色植物的好處，故混淆主次。以偏概全斷章取義C來自不同工作場所的員工。雖涉及工作場所的員工，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題。以偏概全生搬硬套D綠色植物的好處。本段主旨就是列舉兩項科學研究來說明綠色植物對人類的好處。該項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段·第三步比對選項得出答案。三、標題歸納題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標題。注意最佳標題的特點：精準性強(不改變原文的意義和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。要首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章標題，如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復性強的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。1.利用4大技巧解題關(guān)鍵詞法反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，多次重復的觀點就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞主題句法根據(jù)文章主題句，確定中心詞充當標題穿珠連串法分析文章細節(jié)，確定共同點，如同穿珠般，串聯(lián)細節(jié)共同點，確定標題逆向法根據(jù)四個選項，考慮其可能內(nèi)容，對照原文，最相似者為最佳選項2.結(jié)合3大特點解題3.排除3種錯誤選項【典型例題】(2020·浙江7月卷閱讀C)Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage，astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1，000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then，foreightyears，thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激)，demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise，”saysFranciscaThen，wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun，youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain，youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork—sure，youwillfeeltired，butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It’snotjustcorporatejobs，orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit，Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob，forexample，thatrequiresmultitasking，teamworkanddecision－makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh－levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh－levelplanningandcoordinating(協(xié)調(diào))，”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”O(jiān)fcourse，ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons—includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still，continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB．OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC．YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD．CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【分析】·第一步找準文章的主題句：通讀全文，本文是“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)，文章開頭提出主旨“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”?！さ诙礁鶕?jù)正誤選項特征，斟酌判斷：A、B選項無中生有，曲解文意；D選項以偏概全；主次不分；選項C“棘手的工作可能會幫助你保持思維敏捷”精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容。·第三步比對選項得出答案。名校資源學練1（2023秋·福建泉州·高三福建省永春第一中學?？茧A段練習）JeremyfromAmericacannotunderstandwhyaladyhemetoutsidetheHydeParkinLondonsaid,“Ooh,isn’titcold?”,andhethinksofthisbehaviourasadistinctivelyEnglishconcernabouttheweather.Infact,thefemalewasjusttryingtostrikeupaconversationwithJeremy.Notnecessarilyalongconversation—justanexchangeofgreetings.Itisnotalwaysquitethatobvious,butallEnglishweatherconversationshaveadistinctivestructureconductedaccordingtounwrittenbutacceptedrules.Theunpredictablenatureofourweatherensuresthatthereisalwayssomethingnewtocommenton,orperhapsmostimportantly,agreeabout.Wehavealreadyestablishedthatweather-speakgreetingslike“Cold,isn’tit?”requiretheresponseexpressingagreement,asin“Yes,isn’tit?”.Itwouldbeveryrudetorespondwith“No,actuallyit’squitemild.”or“It’sprettyhottome.”Ifyoudeliberatelybreaktherule,youwillfindthattheatmospherebecomesrathertenseandawkward.Theremaybeanuncomfortablesilence.Mostlikely,theywilleitherchangethesubjectorcontinuetalkingabouttheweatheramongthemselvespolitely,ifcoldly,ignoringyourfauxpas.Thereis,however,onesituationinwhichEnglishweather-speakersarenotrequiredtoobservetheagreementruleatallandthatisthemale-bondingargument,particularlythepub-argument.Inthespecialenvironmentofthepub,constantdisagreementnotjustontheweather,butoneverythingelseaswellisameansofexpressingfriendship.Whilewemayspendmuchofourtimecomplainingaboutourweather,foreignersarenotallowedtocriticizeit.Indeed,thisbringsustotheweatherasfamilyrule.Inthisrespect,wetreattheEnglishweatherlikeamemberofourfamily:onecancomplainaboutthebehaviorofone’sownchildrenorparents,butanyblamefromanoutsiderisunacceptable.TheweathermaybeoneofthefewthingsaboutwhichtheEnglisharestillunconsciouslyandunashamedlypatriotic（愛國的）.1.WhydidtheladycommentontheweathertoJeremy?A.Tobuildupfriendship.B.Tobeginacasualchat.C.Tosendseasonalgreetings.D.Toexpressdissatisfaction.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“fauxpas”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Improperresponse.B.Carelessattitude.C.Rudeinterruption.D.Frequentcomplaint.3.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Malebondinginpubs.B.Argumentaboutweather.C.Exceptiontotheagreementrule.D.Makingfriendsbydisagreement.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?A.PolitenessTipsforForeignersB.AcceptedRulesinSocialLifeC.EnglishPolitenessinWeatherConversationD.HiddenRulesofEnglishWeatherConversation2（2023·遼寧沈陽·沈陽二中?？既＃㏕erraCycleisacompanythathasrecycledandupcycled(升級改造)justaboutanygarbageitcangetitshandson.Itupcyclesthingslikepensandmarkersintodustbinsandpicnictablesandcigaretteendsintorailroadties.Now,TerraCyclewantstohelpfamilieswasteevenlesswithanewbookMakeGarbageGreat:TheTerraCycleFamilyGuidetoaZero-WasteLifestyle.Thebookispartwake-upcall,parthistorylesson,parthow-to,andpartDIYartsandcraftsinstruction.Inanefforttohelppeopledowhattheycantocurbtheircontributiontothetonsofwastecreatedeveryday,MakeGarbageGreatgivesthehistoryofvariousmaterials,discusseswhythosevariousmaterialsareaproblem,andgivestipsandDIYprojectstorecycleorupcycleeachmaterial.Thereisachaptereachonplastics,metals,paper,glass,wood,rubberandorganics.Eachchapterisfilledwithtonsoftipsandideasforreducingtheamountofwasteyoucreateandforresponsiblyhandlingthewasteyouendupcreatinginyourhome.Ifyou’reaconsciousconsumer,someoftheinformationyoumayalreadyknow,buttherearealsotipsinthisbookthatwillhelpyourecyclemorethanyouthoughtyouwereableto.Ithasinformationonwhereyoucantakeoldsneakers,pillows,andallthatelectronicwastethatseemstopileupquickerandquickereachyear.Whetherthebookinspiresyoutogetalittlecleveratdealingwithyourwasteorsimplyinspiresyoutothinkbeforeyoubuyorbeforeyouthrow,anyonewhoisconcernedabouttheamountofwasteourculturecreateswillfindsomeideashere.Eventhephysicalbookitselfisabitofaninspiration.It’sprintedontree-freepaperandisareminderthatthereisusuallyasustainable(可持續(xù)的)alternativetomanyoftheproductsthatwewaste.5.Whatisthebookintendedtodo?A.Toadvertiseforthecompany.B.Tohelpfamiliesmakemoney.C.Toinstructpeopletolearnarts.D.Tohelpfamiliesreducewaste.6.Whatcanweknowaboutthebook?A.Itisintendedforhousewives.B.Itisenvironmentallyfriendly.C.Itiswellreceivedallovertheworld.D.Itisnotdifferentfromotherpaperbooks.7.Whatdoestheauthor’sattitudetowardsthebook?A.Positive. B.Negative.C.Doubtful. D.Objective.8.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.LiveAMoreHealthyLife?B.WantAZero-wasteLifestyle?C.TerraCycle—AResponsibleCompanyD.MakeGarbageGreat—AKeytoSuccess3（2023春·天津南開·高三統(tǒng)考階段練習）Sometimesjustwhenweneedthepowerofmiracles,theyariseintheplaceswewouldleastexpect.OnacoldJanuaryafternoonin1989,IwasclimbingEgypt’sMt.Horeb,hopingtogettothepeakbysunsettoseethevalleybelow.AsIwaswindingupthenarrowpath,I’dsometimesseeotherhikerswhowerecomingdown.Whiletheywouldgenerallypasswithsimplyanodoragreetinginanotherlanguage,therewasonemanwhodidneither.Isawhimcomingandashegotcloser,Icouldseethat,unlikeotherhikers,hewaswearingtraditionalEgyptiangalabia(長袍).Whatmadehisappearancesostrangewasthatthemandidn’tevenappeartobeEgyptian,butwasasmall-framedAsianmanwithlittlehairandroundglasses.Aswenearedoneanother,IsaidHello,butnotasoundcamefromhim.Ithoughtmaybehehadn’theardme.Suddenlyhestoppeddirectlyinfrontofme,lookedupfromtheground,andspokeasinglesentencetomeinEnglish,“Sometimesyoudon’tknowwhatyouhavelostuntilyou’velostit.”AsItookinwhatIhadjustheard,hesimplysteppedaroundmeandcontinuedhisgoingdown.Thatmomentinmylifewasasmallmiracle.Thereasonislessaboutwhatthemansaidbutmoreaboutthetimingandthecontext.Theyearwas1989,anditwasduringmyEgyptianpilgrimage(朝圣),andspecificallyduringmyhiketoMt.Horeb,thatI’dsetthetimeasidetomakedecisionsthatwouldaffectmycareer,myfriends,myfamily,andultimately,mylife.IhadtoaskmyselfwhatthechanceswereofanAsianmandressedinanEgyptiangalabiacomingdownfromthetopofthishistoricmountainjustwhenIwaswalkingup,stoppingbeforeme,andofferinghiswisdom,seeminglyfromoutofnowhere.Myanswertomyownquestionwaseasy:nearlynochance!Inameetthatlastedlessthantwominutes,atotalstrangerhadbroughtsomethingclearandsomethingofawarning,regardingthehugechangesthatIwouldmakewithinamatterofdays.Inmywayofthinking,that’samiracle.Miraclesareeverywhereandoccureverydayfordifferentreasons,inresponsetothedifferentneedsthatwemayhaveinthemoment.Ourjobmaybelessaboutquestioningtheextraordinarythingsthathappeninourdailylivesandmoreaboutacceptingthegiftstheybring.9.BeforetheAsianmanspoke,howdidtheauthorthinkabouthim?A.Hewasveryrudeandstrange.B.Hewasdifferentfromothers.C.Hewasshyandnodtostrangers.D.Helookedordinaryandwastalkative.10.WhydidtheauthormakeapilgrimagetoMtHorebinEgypt?A.Hewasinsearchofamiracleinhislife.B.Itwasaplaceforareligiouspersontoheadfor.C.Heintendedtomakearrangementsforhisfuturelife.D.Hewaitedpatientlyinexpectationofmeetingawiseperson.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“myownquestion”refertoinparagraph6?A.Forwhatreasondidthemanstopbeforeme?B.WhydidtheAsianmangotothemountain?C.WhatchangewouldImakewithinamatterofdays?D.Whatwastheprobabilitythatotherstoldustherightwords?12.WhydidtheauthorviewthemeetwiththeAsianmanasamiracleinhislife?A.BecausetheAsianman’sappearancehadadecidingeffectonhisfuturelife.B.Becausehiswordswereinperfectresponsetotheneedhehadatthatmoment.C.BecausewhattheAsianmansaidwasmeaningfulinthephilosophyoflife.D.BecausetheAsianmanimpressedonhimtheworthofwhathehadpossessed.13.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Canyourecognizeamiracle? B.Isamiraclesignificanttous?C.Whenmightamiracleoccur? D.Whydoweneedamiracle?4（2023·安徽安慶·安慶一中校考模擬預測）RiversaretheveinsoftheEarth,transportingthewaterandnutrients(營養(yǎng)物)neededtosupporttheplanet’secosystems,includinghumanlife.Whilemanynutrientsareessentialtothesurvivaloflife,thereisoneelementtransportedbywaterinriversthatholdsthekeytolifeandtothefutureofourplanet—carbon.CarboniseverywhereandunderstandingthewayitmovesandiseitherreleasedorstoredbytheEarthsystemisacomplexscienceinitself.Carbonstartsitsjourneydownstreamwhennaturalacidrain,whichcontainscarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere,

meltsmineralsinrocks.Thishelpstransformcarbondioxidetobicarbonate(碳酸氫鹽)inthewaterthatthenflowsinourrivers.Thisisaverylongprocess,whichisoneofthemainwayscarbondioxideisremovedfromtheatmosphere.Carbonistransportedbyriverstooceansandoncethatcarbonreachestheocean,itisstorednaturallyindeepseasediments(沉淀物)formillionsofyears.Ascarbontravelsdownariver,differentprocessesmayimpactwhetheritcontinuestoflowdownstreamorwhetheritisreleasedintotheatmosphere.Forexample,humanengineering,likeextensivedamconstruction,willresultindramaticchangestohowwaterandsedimentstraveldowntheriver.Somecarbonthatfailstoreachtheseamayreturntotheatmosphereinsomeway,whichcausesmorewarming.Earth’sclimateiscloselyrelatedtothecarboncycle.Weallknowabouttheessentialroleofplantsinconsumingcarbondioxide,butdoweknowenoughaboutrivers?Changingthechemistryandthecourseofriversmayhavesignificantimpactsonhowtheytransportcarbon.Remember:whereverwelive,wealllivedownstream.14.Whereisthecarboninriversoriginallyfrom?A.Theatmosphere. B.Therocks.C.Theacidrain. D.Theupstreamareas.15.WhyishumanengineeringmentionedinParagraph3?A.Toshowhowimportanttolifecarbonis.B.Toexplainhownecessaryitistobuilddams.C.Toshowhowanaturalprocessisinterrupted.D.Toexplainhowhumansfightglobalwarming.16.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?A.We’dbettermoveupstreamtolive.B.Weshouldprotectplantsalongrivers.C.We’dbetterseekmorehelpfromplants.D.Weshouldbecautiousaboutrivermanagement.17.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.WhatHumansDowithRiversB.HowRivers’TransportingCarbonCountsC.WhattheCarbonCycleMeanstoUsD.HowLivingDownstreamAffectstheEarth5（2023秋·重慶萬州·高三重慶市萬州第二高級中學?？茧A段練習）Curiosityiswhatdrivesustokeeplearning,keeptrying,keeppushingforward.Buthowdoesonegenerate(產(chǎn)生)curiosity,inoneselforothers?GeorgeLoewenstein,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegieMellonUniversity,offeredananswerintheclassic1994paper,“ThePsychologyofCuriosity.”Curiosityarises,Loewensteinwrote,“whenattentionbecomesfocusedonagapinone'sknowledge.Suchinformationgapsproducethefeelingofdeprivation(匱乏)labeledcuriosity.Thecuriousindividualismotivatedtoobtainthemissinginformationtoreducethefeelingofdeprivation.”Loewenstein'stheoryhelpsexplainwhycuriosityissuchaforce:it'snotonlyamentalstatebutalsoanemotion,apowerfulfeelingthatdrivesusforward.ScientistDanielWillinghamnotesthatteachersareoften“soeagertogettotheanswerthatwedonotdevoteenoughtimetodevelopingthequestion.”Yetit'sthequestionthatstimulates(刺激)curiosity;beingtoldananswerstopscuriositybeforeitcanevengetgoing.Inhis1994paper,GeorgeLoewensteinnotedthatcuriosityrequiressomebasicknowledge.We'renotcuriousaboutsomethingweknowabsolutelynothingabout.Butassoonasweknowevenalittlebit,ourcuriosityisarousedandwewanttolearnmore.Infact,researchshowsthatcuriosityincreaseswithknowledge:themoreweknow,themorewewanttoknow.Togetthisprocessstarted,Loewensteinsuggests,takestepswithsomeinterestingbutincompleteinformation.Languageteachershavelongusedcommunicationinexercisesthatopenaninformationgapandthenrequirelearnerstocommunicatewitheachotherinordertofillit.Forexample,onestudentmightbegivenaseriesofpicturesforthebeginningofthestory,whilethestudent'spartnerisgivenaseriesofpicturesshowinghowthatsamestoryends.Onlybyspeakingwitheachother(intheforeignlanguagetheyarelearning,ofcourse)canthestudentsfillineachothers'informationgaps.18.Whenonenoticesagapinhisknowledge,he.A.desirestofillitB.tendstobeafraidC.mightgettiredandsadD.willbecomefocusedonhislearning19.WhatdoesDanielWillinghamimplyinthearticle?A.Answersaremoreimportantthanquestions.B.Teachersshouldbeeagertogettotheanswer.C.Teachersknowhowtostimulatestudents’curiosity.D.Teachersarepartlytoblameforstudents’hatingschool.20.AccordingtoGeorgeLoewenstein’spaper,curiosityaboutsomethingoccursonlywhenyou.A.havereadalotofbooks B.knowlittleaboutsomethingC.havesomerelatedinformation D.aregivenincompleteinformation21.Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?A.Whystudentshateschool.B.Whycuriosityisimportant.C.Howtostimulatecuriosity.D.Whatmakespeoplehungryforknowledge.6（2023秋·吉林長春·高三長春市第五中學?？计谀㎡neofthemostpopularbeliefsinparentingistheso﹣calledMozarteffect，whichsaysthatlisteningtomusicbytheAustriancomposerWolfgangMozartcanincreaseachild'sintelligence.SomepregnantwomenhaveevengonesofarastoplayMozartrecordingsonheadphonespressedagainsttheirbellies.Andit'snothardtoseehowMozart'snamebecameassociatedwithaccelerateddevelopment.Hewashistory'sgreatestchildgenius，performingastonishingmusicforkingsandqueensatanagewhenmanyofuswerecontentwithtunelesssinging"I'maLittleTeapot".So，ifyouhavekidsoryou'reexpectingtohavethem，howseriouslyshouldyoutaketheMozarteffect？Willthechildwhodoesn'tlistentoMozartinthecradle（搖籃）belimitedtoanordinarylife？Areyouabadparentifyourkidsdon'tknowaboutanyworksofMozart？Relax.ThereisnoscientificevidencethatlisteningtoMozartimproveschildren'scognitiveabilities.Thewholeideacomesfromasmallstudydonein1993，whichfoundthatcollegestudentswholistenedtoMozart'sSonataforTwoPianosinDMajor（K448）showedsomeimprovementinatestofspatial（空間的）skills.Thisfindingwaslaterdescribedassomethingextremelyamazingbyamusician，DonCampbell，inabook.Campbell'sclaimsaboutthesuperpowersofMozart'smusicwererepeatedendlesslyinthemediaandfueledacrazeforMozart﹣basedenrichmentactivities.In1998，forexample，thegovernorofGeorgiaintheUSArequestedfundstosendclassical﹣musicCDstoallparentsofnewbornsinthestate.Sincethen，scientistshaveexaminedtheclaimthatMozartincreasesintelligenceandfoundnoevidenceforit.Theoriginalexperimentwithcollegestudentswasreviewedin1999，andtheincreaseinthestudents'spatialskillswasfoundtobenegligible.In2007theGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearchaskedateamofexpertstoexaminethescientificliteratureregardingMozartandchilddevelopment，andtheyfoundnoreasontobelievethatitincreasedintelligence.22.PeoplerelateMozarttochildren'sintelligencedevelopmentbecausehe.A.ownedextraordinarymusictalent.B.couldperformmusicasachild.C.offeredmusictopregnantwomen.D.wasanroyalAustriancomposer.23.Whatcanweknowaboutthesmallstudyin1993？A.ItaddedtothepopularityofMozart'smusic.B.ItfoundnoevidenceforsupportingMozarteffect.C.Ithelpedcollegestudentsmakeacademicprogress.D.IturgedGeorgia'sgovernortospreadclassicalmusic.24.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"negligible"probablymean？A.Sudden.B.Insignificant.C.Average.D.Steady.25.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext？A.NewFindings：MozartEffecttoBeProved.B.SecretsUncovered：HistoryofMozartEffect.C.DoesListeningtoMozartMakeKidsSmarter？D.HowDoesMozartImproveKids'Intelligence？7（2023·陜西渭南·統(tǒng)考一模）WhenIwasastudentatSt.Joseph’sUniversity,IbegantospendtimeonthestreetsofPhiladelphia,gettingtoknowthemenandwomenforwhomthesestreetsweretheironlyhome.ThemoreIdevelopedrelationshipswiththemandthemoreIgottoknowthem,theharderitbecametoheadhomeatnightwhiletheyremainedoutside.Inthisjourney,Ihavehadmanygreatteachers---includingGeorgiannaSimmons,wholostnineofhertoestofrostbite(凍傷),andJoeWilliams,withacollegedegree,whorunsarescuecenterforhomelessmen.I’vebeendoingthisworkformorethanthirtyyears.Peoplewhohavenothinghavetaughtmesomuchaboutlife.Thelessontheyhavetaughtmeisthatpeoplewhoarehomelessneedthesamechancesweallneed:housing,education,employment,andhealthcare.Contrarytooursociety,whichvaluesthoseitbelievesproductiveandrichandoftenignoresthosewhostrugglewithhomelessness,Ibelievethateveryman,woman,andchildhasgifts.Everyonematters!Therefore,Iworkforasocietyinwhicheachpersonisgiventhechancesandresourcestoachievetheirfullestpotential(潛力).Ialsobelievethatourgreatestpowerisreleasedwhenpeoplecometogetheracrosssocialboundaries(邊界)toformacommunity.Itisthrough“thepowerofus”thatwecometoknowthedeepesttruthofourhumanity.ThisiswhatItrulybelieve,“Noneofusaretrulyhomeuntilallofusarehome.”26.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttheauthorafterheknewmoreaboutthehomeless?A.Hewantedtomakefriendswiththem. B.Headmiredthelifetheywereliving.C.Hedecidedtoliveonthestreets. D.Hefeltgreatpityforthem.27.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoeWilliams?A.Hehasmadestudiesonthehomeless.B.Hehasbeenhomelessforalongtime.C.Hehasdonesomethinggoodforthehomeless.D.Hehastakencareofthehomelessathishome.28.WhatcanbelearnedfromParagraph3?A.Thehomelessaretakenseriouslybythegovernment.B.Weshouldprovidehousesforthehomeless.C.Thehomelesshavefewerchancesthanus.D.Thenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.29.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.EveryonemattersB.HowthehomelessliveC.ThebestwaytohelpthehomelessD.Whatweshoulddotohelpourselves8（2023春·重慶江北·高三重慶十八中?？奸_學考試）Somethingstrangehasbeenhappeningtomelately:WomeninthestreethavebeentellingmeI'mbrave.Myactofcourageisn'tmuch-Ijuststoppedcoloringmyhair.IhadbrownhairthatstartedgoinggraywhenIwas30.So,likealotofwomen,I