2024年高考英語核心考點(diǎn)精講精練（新高考專用）考點(diǎn)11 閱讀理解推理判斷之作者的寫作態(tài)度 （教師版）

考點(diǎn)11閱讀理解推理判斷之作者的寫作態(tài)度（核心考點(diǎn)精講精練）1.三年真題考點(diǎn)分布考點(diǎn)題型推理判斷之寫作態(tài)度閱讀理解2023試卷類型設(shè)問考點(diǎn)[2023·新高考全國Ⅰ卷]D35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?寫作態(tài)度【2023年1月·浙江卷】B25．Whatwastheattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardbuyinggrocerieswithjars?寫作態(tài)度20212021·新高考I卷閱讀D34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?寫作態(tài)度2021·北京65.Whatmainlyhelpedtheauthorchangehis/herattitudetowardtheproject？寫作態(tài)度20202020年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷C篇31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?寫作態(tài)度2020年，天津卷，第一次高考23.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheprospectofelectricflying?寫作態(tài)度2.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】近3年新高考卷對(duì)于閱讀理解中作者的寫作態(tài)度考查了4次。主要考查：根據(jù)閱讀文章整體或某一段落的內(nèi)容推斷作者的寫作態(tài)度。作者的寫作態(tài)度的方法：1.通過分析文章內(nèi)容，斷定文章中作者對(duì)某事物的態(tài)度和看法；2.作者的態(tài)度一般分為三種：支持；反對(duì)；中立?！緜淇疾呗浴肯到y(tǒng)歸類作者的寫作態(tài)度的方法；熟練掌握閱讀技能?！久}預(yù)測】通過閱讀理解中，推斷作者的寫作態(tài)度考查考生對(duì)作者基于文章某事的態(tài)度和看法，以達(dá)到和作者共鳴。因此，推斷作者的寫作態(tài)度的推理判斷題，有可能在2024年高考中將成為高考閱讀理解的重點(diǎn)題型?！?024年高考命題預(yù)測】推理判斷之寫作態(tài)度考點(diǎn)是高考中的常考點(diǎn)。作者發(fā)表文章總有自己的觀點(diǎn)和主張，也會(huì)自然流露出對(duì)某事的態(tài)度。做這類題時(shí)，我們一定要站在作者的角度上看問題。預(yù)測在2024高考中，寫作態(tài)度可能會(huì)在高考閱讀理解中呈現(xiàn)?！就评砼袛嘀畬懽鲬B(tài)度考點(diǎn)指南】規(guī)律方法：常見的設(shè)問方式：1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeto? 2.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudeto?3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsmaybestbedescribedas.做此類題目必須透過文章的字面意義去理解。作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)無非也就是三種：支持、贊同、樂觀；反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀；中立、客觀。作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)常用一些形容詞、副詞和不定意義的動(dòng)詞來表達(dá)，如possible,impossible,seem,strange等。這時(shí)需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列舉的事例與其觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度是一致的還是相反的。有些文章作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度隱含在文章的字里行間，需要通讀全文，才能做出正確的判斷。注意熟悉一些常見的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語。褒義詞有：supportive(支持的)；positive(積極的)；optimistic(樂觀的)；enthusiastic(熱情的)等。貶義詞有：negative(否定的，消極的)；ironic(諷刺的)；critical(批評(píng)的)；disgusted(厭惡的)；disappointed(失望的)等。中性詞有：indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)；uninterested(不感興趣的)；objective(客觀的)；neutral(中立的)等。1.[2023·新高考全國Ⅰ卷]DOnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.()35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于“群體智慧”效應(yīng)的研究。35.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.”可知,雖然納瓦哈斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性,仍然存在許多問題,但對(duì)小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。由此推知,作者對(duì)納瓦哈斯的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。【解題指導(dǎo)】句中Although是重要的解題信息，它表達(dá)了一種語氣，預(yù)示著作者是正能力的態(tài)度，而選項(xiàng)中只有Dapproving是褒義詞。2.【2023年1月·浙江卷】BLivewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.25．Whatwastheattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardbuyinggrocerieswithjars?A．Hedisapprovedofit. B．Hewasfavorabletoit.C．Hewastolerantofit. D．Hedidn’tcareaboutit.【答案】

25．A

【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者如何在家庭中過零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。25．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.(幾天后，我?guī)е谝还蘖銖U物雜貨回來了，我父親評(píng)論說，我到處帶著罐子是多么愚蠢。結(jié)果有點(diǎn)令人沮喪)”可推知，作者的父親不贊成用罐子買食品雜貨。故選A。【解題指導(dǎo)】文中的discouraging和選項(xiàng)中的disapproved都是貶義詞。3.2021年新高考I卷之D篇Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.【答案】34.A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了情商的定義以及對(duì)有關(guān)于情商未來研究的期望。推理判斷題。通過文章第三段“theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.…Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers(宣傳的總體效果一直是利大于弊。這種普及最積極的方面是雇主、教育者和其他對(duì)促進(jìn)社會(huì)福利感興趣的人對(duì)情感進(jìn)行了新的、迫切需要的強(qiáng)調(diào)。情商的普及幫助了公眾和研究人員)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為情商普及是對(duì)人們有利的。故選A項(xiàng)。4.【2020·全國I】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.306Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A．Skeptical. B．Objective.C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.【答案】B【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng)。1.【2023屆福建省福州市普通高中畢業(yè)班5月質(zhì)量檢測】Onesummermidnight,standingoutsideawoodenhouseinMichigan’sUpperPeninsula,Ilookedup.Thesightofthousandsofstarswasalmostenoughtomakeme,anon-believer,offerawordofgratitudeupintothestar-filledsky.Buttowhom?PerhapstoJohanEklof,authorofTheDarknessManifesto.Abatscientist,EklofworksinthenightshadowsinwesternSweden.Hisworkrequiresanabsolutekindofdarknessunpollutedbylight.Butthiscategoryofdarknessisthreatened.Inthe1980s,Ekloftellsreaders,two-thirdsofthechurchesinSwedenhousedbatcaves.Notanylonger.“Today,thisnumberhasbeenreducedbyathirdduetolightpollution,becausethechurchesallglowbrightlyinthenight.”hewrites.Wehaveallnoticeditwhendrivingthroughanycityatnight.Emptyplacesarefloodlit.ThenightskyinHongKongis1200timesbrighterthananunlitone.Citizensofsomelargecities,writesEklof,haveneverallowedtheireyestoadapttotruenightvision.Butweareonlynowbeginningtounderstandtheeffects.Toomuchlightisincrediblydestructivetothecomplexeco-systemsmanyanimalsinhabit.ItscaresawaythebatsthatEklofstudies;reeffisheggsgounhatched;birdsforgettoevensing.Sohowcanwedealwiththetoomuchlight?In2019,Francepassedlawslimitinghowmuchlightcanbesentintothesky.InVienna,Austria,thecity’slightsareturnedoffat11p.m.Somemeasures,likeartificiallightsthatdonotreflectlightupward,arealreadywithinourgrasp.“Wecouldjustturnitalloff,butIguesswedon’twantto,becausedarknessisnotsafeforeveryone.”saidEklofinarecentinterview.“Soit’svitalwefindamiddleway.”Rightnow,it’shardtoknowwhatthatmiddlewaymightlooklike.In50years,everycitycouldbelitbyenvironmentallylow-impactlights,orwemighthavecompletelyforgottenwhatdarknessis—theskyfilledwithlittlemoons.8．WhatdoweknowaboutEklofswork?A．Itreduceslightpollution. B．Itfocusesonstarsandsky.C．Itstrengthenspeople’sbelief. D．Itrequiresaspecificcondition.9．Whatcanreplacetheunderlined“it”inmeaninginparagraph3?A．Darkness. B．Anunlitcity.C．Floodlighting. D．Thenightsky.10．Whatareparagraphs4and5mainlyaboutregardinglightpollution?A．Causeanddamage. B．Effectandsolution.C．Consequenceanddisadvantage. D．Analysisandpotential.11．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardlightingmanagement?A．Balanced. B．Negative. C．Unclear. D．Conservative.【答案】8．D9．C10．B11．A【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹光污染對(duì)動(dòng)物造成的影響，以及當(dāng)前的一些應(yīng)對(duì)辦法。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Abatscientist,EklofworksinthenightshadowsinwesternSweden.Hisworkrequiresanabsolutekindofdarknessunpollutedbylight.(Eklof是一名蝙蝠科學(xué)家，他在瑞典西部的夜色中工作。他的作品需要一種完全沒有光線污染的黑暗)”可知，Eklof的工作需要特定的條件——沒有光線污染的黑暗。故選D。9．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段的“Wehaveallnoticeditwhendrivingthroughanycityatnight.Emptyplacesarefloodlit.(晚上開車經(jīng)過任何一個(gè)城市時(shí)，我們都注意到了這一點(diǎn)?？盏牡胤蕉急粡?qiáng)力照明)”可知，晚上我們開車經(jīng)過任何一個(gè)城市都會(huì)注意到空的地方都有強(qiáng)光。由此猜測，it指的是強(qiáng)力照明的情況。故選C。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Toomuchlightisincrediblydestructivetothecomplexeco-systemsmanyanimalsinhabit.ItscaresawaythebatsthatEklofstudies;reeffisheggsgounhatched;birdsforgettoevensing.(過多的光線對(duì)許多動(dòng)物棲息的復(fù)雜生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了難以置信的破壞。它嚇跑了Eklof研究的蝙蝠；珊瑚礁魚卵不孵化；鳥兒甚至忘記唱歌)”可知，第四段介紹了強(qiáng)力照明帶來的影響；根據(jù)第五段的“In2019,Francepassedlawslimitinghowmuchlightcanbesentintothesky.InVienna,Austria,thecity’slightsareturnedoffat11p.m.Somemeasures,likeartificiallightsthatdonotreflectlightupward,arealreadywithinourgrasp.(2019年，法國通過了限制向天空發(fā)射光線數(shù)量的法律。在奧地利維也納，該市的燈在晚上11點(diǎn)關(guān)閉。一些措施，如不向上反射光線的人造燈，已經(jīng)在我們的掌握之中)”可知，第五段主要介紹了應(yīng)對(duì)光污染的方法。即四五段是關(guān)于光污染的影響和解決方法。故選B。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Rightnow,it’shardtoknowwhatthatmiddlewaymightlooklike.In50years,everycitycouldbelitbyenvironmentallylow-impactlights,orwemighthavecompletelyforgottenwhatdarknessis—theskyfilledwithlittlemoons.(現(xiàn)在，很難知道“middleway”方法會(huì)是什么樣子。50年后，每個(gè)城市都可以用對(duì)環(huán)境影響小的燈照亮，或者我們可能已經(jīng)完全忘記了黑暗是什么——天空中布滿了小月亮)”可知，“middleway”有可能是讓人們使用對(duì)環(huán)境影響小的燈照明，也可能讓天空掛滿了小月亮。由此推知，作者對(duì)解決光污染的方法持中立態(tài)度。故選A。2.【2023屆福建省泉州市普通高三5月份適應(yīng)性練習(xí)】Allhumanlanguagesusevowelsandconsonants(元音和輔音)toexpressideas.Mostprimates(靈長類)communicatealmostusingvowel-likecalls,butnon-humangreatapes(猿),likechimpanzees,produceconsonant-likesoundstovaryingdegrees.Thisraisesthequestionofwhereconsonantscamefrom,saysAdrianoLameiraattheUniversityofWarwick.Tofinditout,hestudiedexistingliteraturetoseehowcommonconsonantsareamongthegreatapes.Hefoundthatorangutans(猩猩),whichspendmostoftheirtimeinthetrees,produceagreaternumberandvarietyofconsonantsoundsthangorillasandchimpanzeeslivingontheground.“Orangutanshaverichsoundslikekisssounds,scrapesandclicks.”saysLameira.Theytypicallyusethesesoundswhilebuildingnestsorcommencingwiththeiryoung.LameirathinksthatlivinginthetreesmayexplainthatGreatapesareexportsatprocessingprotectedfoods.Likenuts,whichoftenrequirestools.Whilelivingintrees,however,orangutansmustalwaysuseatleastonearmtomaintainstability.Theyhavethereforedevelopedmorecomplexcontroloftheirlips,tonguesandjaws,allowingthemtousetheirmouthsasa“fifthlimb”orangutanscanpeelorangesjustwithlips,forexample.Thisadvancedmotorskillenablesorangutansmakeconsonant-likesounds,arguesLameira.Thiscouldmeanthatourearlyancestorsdevelopedconsonantsoundswhilehangingaroundinthetrees,too.“There’sagrowingsensethatourdependencyontreeswasmuchlargeranddeeperthanwethink,”saysLameira.Thelinkbetweenfeedingandsoundsdoesn’tapplytosmallertree-livingprimateslikemonkeys,arguesLameira,becausetheirsizeandtailsmakethemmorestableonbranchesandtheyeatdifferently.“Thisisaninterestingassumptionworthtesting,”saysChrisPetkovatNewcastleUniversity,thoughhequestionssomeaspects.Ashumansaren’ttree-living,theremustbeotherreasonswhyconsonantsremain,whichcouldbetestedbycharacterisingconsonant-likesoundsmoresystematicallyacrossspecies,hesays.12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph1referto?A．Whyvowelsandconsonantsareused. B．Whatideastheconsonantsexpress.C．Wheretheconsonantscamefrom. D．Howcommontheconsonantsare.13．WhatfactcansupportAdrianoLamerica’sassumptionaboutorangutans?A．Theybuildnestswiththeiryoung. B．Theyareskillfulinemployingtools.C．Theyshowstabilityincontrollingarms. D．Theygainadvancedmotorskillofmouths.14．WhatcanweinferfromAdrianoLameira’sfindings?A．Consonantsoundsweremadebyourearliestancestors.B．Ourancestorsdependedmoreontreesthanbelieved.C．Thelinkbetweenfeedingandsoundsappliestomonkeys.D．Monkeysdifferfromorangutansineatinghabits.15．WhatisChrisPetkov’sattitudetoAdrianoLameira’sassumption?A．Opposed. B．Puzzled. C．Confident. D．Cautious.【答案】12．C13．D14．B15．D【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分時(shí)間生活在樹上的猩猩比生活在地面上的大猩猩和黑猩猩發(fā)出的輔音數(shù)量和種類都要多。12．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段的“Thisraisesthequestionofwhereconsonantscamefrom(這就提出了輔音從何而來的問題)”和“hestudiedexistingliteraturetoseehowcommonconsonantsareamongthegreatapes(他研究了現(xiàn)存的文獻(xiàn)，想看看類人猿的輔音有多普遍)”可知，AdrianoLameira是為了發(fā)現(xiàn)輔音從何而來，it指的是“輔音的來源”，故選C。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Whilelivingintrees,however,orangutansmustalwaysuseatleastonearmtomaintainstability.Theyhavethereforedevelopedmorecomplexcontroloftheirlips,tonguesandjaws,allowingthemtousetheirmouthsasa“fifthlimb”orangutanscanpeelorangesjustwithlips,forexample.(然而，當(dāng)生活在樹上時(shí)，猩猩必須至少使用一只手臂來保持穩(wěn)定。因此，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出對(duì)嘴唇、舌頭和下顎的更復(fù)雜的控制，使它們能夠把嘴作為“第五肢”來使用，例如，猩猩只用嘴唇就能剝橙子。)”和第四段的“Thisadvancedmotorskillenablesorangutansmakeconsonant-likesounds,arguesLameira.(拉米拉認(rèn)為，這種先進(jìn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)技能使猩猩能夠發(fā)出類似輔音的聲音。)”可知，支持AdrianoLameira關(guān)于猩猩的假設(shè)的是他們獲得了高級(jí)的嘴巴運(yùn)動(dòng)技能，故選D。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的“Thiscouldmeanthatourearlyancestorsdevelopedconsonantsoundswhilehangingaroundinthetrees,too.“There’sagrowingsensethatourdependencyontreeswasmuchlargeranddeeperthanwethink,”saysLameira.(這可能意味著我們的早期祖先在樹上閑逛時(shí)也學(xué)會(huì)了輔音。Lameira說：“人們越來越意識(shí)到，我們對(duì)樹木的依賴比我們想象的要大得多，也要深得多。”)”可知，我們的祖先比人們想象的更依賴樹木，故選B。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Thisisaninterestingassumptionworthtesting,”saysChrisPetkovatNewcastleUniversity,thoughhequestionssomeaspects.Ashumansaren’ttree-living,theremustbeotherreasonswhyconsonantsremain,whichcouldbetestedbycharacterisingconsonant-likesoundsmoresystematicallyacrossspecies,hesays.(“這是一個(gè)值得檢驗(yàn)的有趣假設(shè)，”Newcastle大學(xué)的ChrisPetkov說，盡管他對(duì)某些方面提出了質(zhì)疑。他說，由于人類不是在樹上生活的，所以輔音保留下來一定有其他原因，這可以通過在不同物種之間更系統(tǒng)地描述類似輔音的聲音來驗(yàn)證。)”可知，ChrisPetkov對(duì)AdrianoLameira的假設(shè)的態(tài)度是謹(jǐn)慎的，故選D。【備考實(shí)戰(zhàn)方法】把描述作者態(tài)度的詞一一列出，基本上考題不會(huì)超出這些詞匯，考前把它們的意思記熟。預(yù)測每個(gè)詞需要和什么樣的事實(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)，這樣在考場上就能迅速地找到答案。對(duì)這種題要迅速解決，以給其他試題提供做題時(shí)間?！久鑼懽髡邞B(tài)度的形容詞】（選項(xiàng)常用詞）ambitious有雄心的；undoubted無懷疑的；indifferent冷漠的；unconfident沒信心的；uncaring不關(guān)心的；worried擔(dān)心的；satisfied滿意的；cautious謹(jǐn)慎的；favorable贊同的；doubtful懷疑的；uninterested不感興趣的；frightened害怕的；puzzled迷惑不解的；concerned關(guān)心的；happy高興的；tolerant忍受的；sympathetic同情的；delighted高興的；carefree無憂無慮的;無牽掛的;不負(fù)責(zé)任的；unclear不清楚的；opposed反對(duì)的；appreciativeadj.感激的;感謝的;欣賞的;賞識(shí)的;suspiciousadj.感覺可疑的;懷疑的;令人懷疑的;可疑的;不信任的;持懷疑態(tài)度的；objectiveadj. 客觀的;就事論事的;不帶個(gè)人感情的;客觀存在的;基于事實(shí)的;confused迷惑不解的；conservativeadj.保守的;守舊的;(英國)保守黨的；pessimistic悲觀的；disapproving不同意的；ambiguous模棱兩可的；dismissiveadj.拒絕的；輕蔑的，鄙視的；skeptical懷疑的?！究紙錾系膶?shí)用方法】熟記這些作者態(tài)度的形容詞，深刻理解每個(gè)詞的含義。設(shè)想每個(gè)詞可能的描述事實(shí)。這樣我們在考試上，就能迅速找到正確答案?！镜淅?】Thetimeapersonspendsondifferentsmartphoneappsisenoughtoidentifythemfromalargergroupinmorethanoneinthreecases,sayresearchers.Researchersanalyzedsmartphonedatafrom780people.Theyfed4,680daysofappusagedataintostatisticalmodels.Eachofthesedayswaspairedwithoneofthe780userssothatthemodelslearnedpeople’sdailyappusepatterns.Theresearchersthentestedwhethermodelscouldidentifyanindividualwhenprovidedwithonlyasingledayofsmartphoneactivitythatwasanonymous(匿名的).Themodels,whichweretrainedononlysixdaysofappusagedataperperson,couldidentifythecorrectpersonfromadayofanonymousdataonethirdofthetime.Thatmightnotsoundlikemuch,butwhenthemodelspredictwhothedatabelongedto,itcouldalsoprovidealistofthemosttotheleastlikelycandidates.Itwaspossibletoviewthetop10mostlikelyindividualsthataspecificdayofdatabelongedto.Around75%ofthetime,thecorrectuserwouldbeamongthetop10mostlikelycandidates.Inpracticalterms,alawenforcement(執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu))investigationseekingtoidentifyacriminal’snewphonewiththesemodelscouldreduceacandidatepoolofapproximately1,000phonesto10phones,witha25%riskofmissingthem.Consequently,theresearcherswarnthatsoftwaregivenaccesstoasmartphone’sstandardactivityloggingcouldmakeareasonablepredictionaboutauser’sidentityevenwhentheywerelogged-outoftheiraccount.Anidentificationispossiblewithoutmonitoringconversationsorbehaviorswithinappsthemselves.Therefore,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatappusagedataalone,whichisoftencollectedbyasmartphoneautomatically,canpotentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity.Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.15．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsappusagedata?A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Uninterested.【文章內(nèi)容定位】根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“Therefore,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatappusagedataalone,whichisoftencollectedbyasmartphoneautomatically,canpotentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity.Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.(因此，認(rèn)識(shí)到僅僅是應(yīng)用程序使用數(shù)據(jù)，這經(jīng)常是智能手機(jī)自動(dòng)收集的，就可能會(huì)泄露一個(gè)人的身份是重要的。在為執(zhí)法提供新機(jī)會(huì)的同時(shí)，如果這類數(shù)據(jù)被濫用，也會(huì)給隱私帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。)”→關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容→potentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity；risks；misused【選項(xiàng)A】A．CautiousA．CautiousA．Cautious關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容→risks；misused【解析】本文是說明文。文章講述了研究表明一個(gè)人使用智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序留下的數(shù)據(jù)可以泄露個(gè)人身份。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“Therefore,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatappusagedataalone,whichisoftencollectedbyasmartphoneautomatically,canpotentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity.Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.(因此，認(rèn)識(shí)到僅僅是應(yīng)用程序使用數(shù)據(jù)，這經(jīng)常是智能手機(jī)自動(dòng)收集的，就可能會(huì)泄露一個(gè)人的身份是重要的。在為執(zhí)法提供新機(jī)會(huì)的同時(shí)，如果這類數(shù)據(jù)被濫用，也會(huì)給隱私帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。)”可推斷，作者對(duì)待應(yīng)用程序使用數(shù)據(jù)的態(tài)度是謹(jǐn)慎的。故選A?！镜淅?】【河北省保定市部分學(xué)校聯(lián)考】NewZealandintroduceditsnewclimatechangecurriculum(課程)toschoolsinJanuary,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.DairyfarmerMalcolmLumsdentoldreporters,“Ifthey'regoingtocontinuetobitethehandthatfeedsthem,they'regoingtoloseoutinthelongterm.”Thecurriculum,whichisavailabletoanyschoolsthatchoosetouseit,doespointtoindustrialagricultureasbeingamajorsourceofgreenhousegasemission.Itencouragesstudentsto“eatlessdairyandmeat,havemeatlessdayseachweek,eatmorefruitandvegetables,driveless,recycleandbuysecond-handproductswhenpossible”.Someofthesesuggestions,however,arebeingchallengedfornotbeingscientificallysound.Butanimalagricultureiswidelyacceptedinthescientificworldasadriverofemissions,particularlymethane(甲烷),whichwarmstheEarth86timesfasterthancarbondioxide.Abrandnewstudyhasshownthatcuttingtheconsumptionofanimalproductsby50%wouldreducedietary-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsby35%.Itisjustoneofcountlessotherstudiesthathavemadesimilarconclusions.Kidsaren’tclueless(笨的).Theyhearaboutthecomingglobalcatastrophe(災(zāi)難).Theydeservetobegiventhetoolswithwhichtocomprehenditandtotakeaction.Theydeservetheknowledgewithwhichtomaketheirowndecisions.Thecurriculumisaresponsetokids“reallycryingoutforsomethinglikethis”,inthewordsofanofficialfromNewZealand.Thereisn'taboutbitingthehandthatfeeds,butratherengaginginthoughtfuldebateoverhowhumanscouldbefedinwaysthatarebetterandgentlerfortheplanet.Livestockfarmersshouldn'tbesooffended,butratherbeopentothisdebatesoasnottobecomeoutdatedorirrelevant.8．What'sLumsden'sattitudetowardsthenewcurriculum?A．Unconcerned. B．Disapproving. C．Ambiguous. D．Skeptical.【文章內(nèi)容定位】根據(jù)文章第一段“DairyfarmerMalcolmLumsdentoldreporters,“Ifthey'regoingtocontinuetobitethehandthatfeedsthem,they'regoingtoloseoutinthelongterm.”（畜牧工人Lumsden告訴記者：“如果他們繼續(xù)恩將仇報(bào)，在長遠(yuǎn)看來，他們肯定會(huì)失敗的”。）”→關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容→loseoutinthelongterm（長遠(yuǎn)看來，他們肯定會(huì)失敗的）【選項(xiàng)B】B．Disapproving（不贊成）【思維連接】關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容→loseout→B．Disapproving（不贊成）【典例3】【重慶市育才中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期二診模擬考試（二）】VincentvanGogh(1853-1890),perhapsthemostfamousartistintheworld,isperceivedbymanyasthe“mad”artist.Hisartisticgeniusisoftenovershadowedbythosewhoseehispaintingsasonlyvisualexpressionsofhistroubledmind.Whileinpartthismaybetrue,inrealityhisinnovativeanduniqueartisticstylewasofenormousimportancetoahostofartistswhofollowedinhiswake.Evenwhenopenlyinfluencedbyhispredecessorsorcontemporaries(前輩或同輩),hisartremainedidentifiablyhisown,developingadistinctivestylethatfailedtobeacceptedbytheart-buyingpublicinhisowntime.ThecareerofVincentvanGoghasapainterwasshort,buthisextraordinaryboldnessofhistechniquecreatedmasterpiecesthatexerciseaprofoundinfluenceontheartofthetwentiethcentury.Althoughtheartist’sfirstformaljobafterleavingschoolwasart-related,hedidnotactuallybeginpaintinguntilyearslater.At16,VincentvanGoghenteredanapprenticeship(學(xué)徒身份)athisuncle’sbranchofGoup