成考英語語法通俗易懂

動詞主要時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時間狀語連用;2、表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的將來要發(fā)生的動作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在時間或條件狀語中，表示將來的動作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中，代替過去時，表示或用于引述書刊材料;Theauthorsaysthatthesoldiersfightforfreedomnotformoney。一般過去時用于表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般將來時主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況在時間或條件狀語中，一般不用將來時，而是用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+動詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時;2、am(is,are)goingto+動詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+動詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動作;4、am(is,an)to+動詞原型，表示必須或方案要進(jìn)行的動作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。過去將來時用于表示過去某一時間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)was(were)goingto+動詞原型was(were)aboutto+動詞原型was(were)to+動詞原型表示過去某時間內(nèi)方案、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按方案在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，或表示過去發(fā)生的動作，但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過去完成時用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來完成時用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作，這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過去完成進(jìn)行時表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作?？赡軇倓偼Ｖ梗部赡苓€在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原那么，主句用將來時態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。動詞主要時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時間狀語連用;2、表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的將來要發(fā)生的動作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在時間或條件狀語中，表示將來的動作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.6、在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中，代替過去時，表示或用于引述書刊材料;Theauthorsaysthatthesoldiersfightforfreedomnotformoney。一般過去時用于表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般將來時主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況在時間或條件狀語中，一般不用將來時，而是用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+動詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時;2、am(is,are)goingto+動詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+動詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動作;4、am(is,an)to+動詞原型，表示必須或方案要進(jìn)行的動作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。過去將來時用于表示過去某一時間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)was(were)goingto+動詞原型was(were)aboutto+動詞原型was(were)to+動詞原型表示過去某時間內(nèi)方案、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按方案在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，或表示過去發(fā)生的動作，但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過去完成時用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來完成時用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作，這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過去完成進(jìn)行時表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。可能剛剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原那么，主句用將來時態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。被動語態(tài)助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞含有情態(tài)動詞：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分辭短語動詞：exampletakesgoodcare>>takengoodcare虛擬語氣用來表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè)，表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿望條件從句主句違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí)過去式should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecisionimmediately違背過去事實(shí)had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful違背將來事實(shí)should+動詞原形should/would/could/might+動詞原形were+動詞不定式(wereto+動詞原形)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatcouldwedo?在以下結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣Itisnecessary/imperative/important/essential/advisablethatItisproposed/desired/requested/suggested/recommended/demanded/decided/arrangedthat混合虛擬句條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作，在時間上不一致，動詞形式需要調(diào)整Ifyouhadtakenthemedicineyesterday,youwouldbewellnow。Suggest,order,ask,demand,command,request,requireetc.這些動詞的賓語從句用虛擬句，在這些動詞后面的賓語從句中，助動詞一律是should。Itis(Itwas)important，其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣，助動詞用should。Itisimportantthatwe(should)learncomputer.Wish+(that)從句，通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)是，從句中的動詞用過去時;表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)時，從句中的動詞用had+過去分詞。但是，從句中動詞用would(might)+動詞原形時，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望IwishIknewalittlecontractlaw.但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)Iwishyouwouldcometomorrow.我希望你明天能來(有可能來)Asif/asthought引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(或表語從句)中，常用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動詞那么應(yīng)使用過去式;如果從句表示的意思與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動詞那么使用had+過去分詞的形式。根本句型主語+謂語動詞Thetwo-manspaceshiptookoffthismorning。主語+謂語動詞+賓語Thedrillingmachineismakingahole。主語+連系動詞+表語Theanswerisoffthepoint。主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語Thenewapproachhassavedusagreatdealoftime主語+謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語Welikeourgueststofeelathome。常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時，謂語動詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動詞時，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時、說明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虛擬語氣中，非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時，句子為倒裝。這時，倒裝到主語前的助動次had,should和動詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞+主語+動詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語和間接引語Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.”JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?”Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式，作ask,tell等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時常用tell,order等;表示請求時常用ask,beg等動詞，原句中的don’t應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.”Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.”Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook如主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時———過去進(jìn)行時一般將來時———過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時一般過去時———過去完成時過去完成時不變直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時，代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go介詞at表示確切的時間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時間attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部時間或較長的時間inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段時間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)durningtheSummervacationatonetime過去有段時間、從前atthesametime同時ontime按時below表示低于，溫度低于多少度above表示高于，溫度高于多少度幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等+大小、新舊、顏色+質(zhì)地、屬性+名詞和前綴a-組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非謂語動詞forgettodosomething忘了而沒有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做過某事remembertodosomething記住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething記得已經(jīng)做過的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做別的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下來做另一件事情goondoingsomething繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動詞need,want,require和形容詞worth后，可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動：前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為Theproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受過了的行為Theproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情態(tài)動詞must+have+過去分詞，表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;must+動詞原形，表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。Neednot+have+過去分詞表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情主謂一致(語法一致、意義一致、就近)謂語動詞用單數(shù)：不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;事件、國名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主語或修飾主語時;表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)both,few,many,several等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some不一定)形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;cattle,people,police,clothes等名詞作主語時;由and連接兩個主語時;anumberof修飾主語時。Theyhaveacleverson.Doyouknowthemanoverthere?Iknowthemanwhowrotethebook.II.要點(diǎn)：1.定語從句的前面都有先行詞(被修飾語)Thisistheboywhomwearelookingfor2.定語從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后3.先行詞與定語從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時可省略)4.關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分Thegirlwhoisstandingunderthetreeismysister.Themanwhomyouwanttoseehascome.III.關(guān)系詞根本用法主格賓格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichofwhich但that一般可用來代替who,whom,which,作賓格時可省略Doyouremembertheteacherthat/whotaughtusEnglish?Abookstoreisastorethat/whichsellsbooks.Theman(that/whom/who)youknowisafamousprofessor.A)that不能用來替代who,whom,which的兩種情況1)“介詞+whom/which”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用thatSheisagoodstudentfromwhomweshouldlearn.2)在非限制性定語從句中，逗號后面不能用thatShesanganewsong,whichwelikeverymuch.注意：非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能省略B)用that不用which的一些特殊情況1)先行詞為all,much,little,something,anything,everything,nothing等Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2)先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾ThisisthemostexcitingreportthatIhaveeverread.3)先行詞前有first,last,next,only,very,all,any等詞修飾Thefirststep(that)wearetotakeisverydifficult.4)先行詞同時含有“人”和“非人”時，用that不用which，也不用who/whomHetalkedaboutthepeopleandthebooksthatinterestedhim.C)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why用關(guān)系副詞when時，它的先行詞是表示時間的名詞，用where時先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而用why時它的先行詞只可能是reason，使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1)關(guān)系代詞的選擇主要是看先行詞在從句中所作的成分ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.Thisisthecity(which/that)hehasvisitedIdon’tknowthereasonwhysheislate.Thatisthereason(which/that)everybodyknowsDoyoustillrememberthedaywhenhearrived?Doyoustillremembertheday(that/which)wespenttogether?2)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why可由“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替代Isthisthereasonforwhichtheycame?HeleftthedayonwhichIcame.注意：how不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句Thisisthewayhowhedidit.D)As作關(guān)系代詞的用法與thesame,such連用ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.I.定義：定語是修飾名詞或代詞的成分,定語可由單詞、短語來充當(dāng)。當(dāng)用一個句子來充當(dāng)名詞或代詞的修飾語時，這種起定語作用的句子就被稱為定語從句。定語從句練習(xí)：Thebook______isyellowwasgiventomebyMr.Li.A)it’scoverC)whosecoverB)itscoverD)thecoverofthat2.Whowasthegrey-hairedoldwoman______atyesterday’smeeting?A)wesawherC)wesawB)wesawwhomD)shewasseen3.Hemakesgooduseofthetime______hecanspare.A)whenC)thatB)inthatD)inwhich4.Idon’tknowtheroom______A)whereourheadmasterlivesinB)ourheadmasterlivesinC)inthatourheadmasterlivesD)inwhichdoesourheadmasterlive5.Thisistheleastinterestingbook______A)whichIhaveeverreadC)whatIhaveeverreadB)IhaveeverreadD)whichIhaveeverread6.Youmustdoeverything_____Ihavetoldyouto.A)whichB)thatC)whenD)how7.Hasall_____canbedone_____?A)what/doneC)that/beendoneB)that/bedoneD)what/alreadydone8.Oct.1,1949istheday_____evenasmallchildcanwellremember.A)whenB)thatC)whatD)why9.Thatwastheroom______theypretendedtobeworkinghard.A)whichB)inthatC)inwhichD)that10.Thisisthereason______Ilovetoreadthestory.A)WhyB)becauseC)whenD)since11.Shehadthreesons,all______becamedoctors.A)ofwhichB)whichC)ofwhomD)who12.Haveyouboughtthesamedictionary______Ireferredtoyesterday?A)thatB)whichC)whatD)as13.Thedoctor______steppedin.A)DellawaswaitingforhimB)whomDellawaswaitingC)DellawaswaitingforD)whoDellawaswaiting14.Iwanttobuysuchadictionary_____youboughtlastweek.A)thatB)whatC)likeD)as15.ThisistheTVstation______wevisitedlastyear.A)WhereB)thatC)towhichD)inwhich16.Doyoustillrememberthedays______wespenttogetherinAustralia?A)whenB)duringwhichC)whichD)onwhich17.Haveyoueveraskedhimthereason_____mayexplainhisabsence?A)whyB)whenC)thatD)what18.MaryisgoodatEnglishandmathematics,______weallknowverywellinourschool.A)thatB)whatC)/D)as19.Let’sgoandvisitMr.Brown,______youknowvisiteduslastyear.A)thatB)whoC)whomD)whose20.Sheispleasedwith______youhavegivenherand______youhavetoldher.A)that/thatB)what/thatC)what/allwhatD)all/what轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A)beB)amC)areD)is22.I’llrememberthedaysandnights______weweretogetherinAustralia.A)whenB)thatC)atwhichD)atwhen23.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A)inthatweliveC)onwhichweliveB)whereweliveinD)welivein24.Thisisthemostdifficultbook______.A)whatIhaveeverreadC)whichIhaveeverreadB)IhaveeverreaditD)thatIhaveeverread25.Therecomesatimeineveryman’slife______.A)thenhehastothinkC)whenhehastothinkB)thereforehehastothinkD)aboutwhichhehastothink26.Hespokeconfidently,_____impressedmemost.A)sothatB)thatC)itD)which27.Hetookdownasquaregreenbottle,_____hepouredintoadish.A)itscontentB)whichcontentC)thecontentofwhichD)thecontentofthat28.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_____shehadpromisedus.A)thatB)whichC)asD)what29.All_____isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.A)whatisneededB)forourneedsC)thethingneededD)thatisneeded30.Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A)afterwhichB)forwhichC)withwhichD)atwhich31.Thetimeisnotfaraway_____moderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.A)whenB)asC)untilD)before32.Theresidents,_____hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A)allwhosehomesB)alltheirhomesC)allofwhosehomesD)alloftheirhomes33.Languageisacity,tothebuildingof_____everyhumanbeingbroughtastone.A)whichB)thatC)itD)this34.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from_____tosuspendyourtent.A)thereB)themC)whereD)which35.Themerefact_____mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A)whatB)whichC)thatD)why36.Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,_____uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.A)ofwhomB)forwhomC)withwhichD)inwhich37.I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace_____.A)whereI’dliketovisitB)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichI’dliketovisitD)thatIwanttovisititmost38.Wegrowallourownfruitandvegetables,_____savesmoney,ofcourse.A)whichB)asC)thatD)what39.Todaythepublicismuchconcernedabouttheway_____.A)natureisbeingruinedB)whichnatureisruinedC)onwhichtoruinnatureD)ofnaturetoberuined轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時，謂語動詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動詞時，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時、說明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虛擬語氣中，非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時，句子為倒裝。這時，倒裝到主語前的助動次had,should和動詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞+主語+動詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語和間接引語Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.”JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?”Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式，作ask,tell等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時常用tell,order等;表示請求時常用ask,beg等動詞，原句中的don’t應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.”Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.”Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook.如主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時———過去進(jìn)行時一般將來時———過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時一般過去時———過去完成時過去完成時不變直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時，代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>介詞at表示確切的時間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時間attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部時間或較長的時間inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段時間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)durningtheSummervacationatonetime過去有段時間、從前atthesametime同時ontime按時below表示低于，溫度低于多少度above表示高于，溫度高于多少度幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等+大小、新舊、顏色+質(zhì)地、屬性+名詞和前綴a-組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非謂語動詞forgettodosomething忘了而沒有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做過某事remembertodosomething記住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething記得已經(jīng)做過的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做別的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下來做另一件事情goondoingsomething繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動詞need,want,require和形容詞worth后，可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動：前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為Theproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受過了的行為Theproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情態(tài)動詞must+have+過去分詞，表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;must+動詞原形，表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。Neednot+have+過去分詞表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情主謂一致(語法一致、意義一致、就近)謂語動詞用單數(shù)：不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;事件、國名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主語或修飾主語時;表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)both,few,many,several等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some不一定)形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;cattle,people,police,clothes等名詞作主語時;由and連接兩個主語時;anumberof修飾主語時。轉(zhuǎn)自:<ahref='://yuloo/crgk/'>育路成人高等教育考試網(wǎng)</a>常用詞組1.enablesbtodosth使某人能做某事eg.Thecomputerenablespeopletocommunicatewitheachothermoreconveniently./計(jì)算機(jī)使人們彼此間能更方便地交流。2.beabouttodosth…when正要做某事……突然……eg.Iwasabouttogoshoppingwhenitsuddenlybegantorain./我剛要出去買東西，天就突然下雨了。3.byaccident/bychance/accidentally偶然地4eacrosssb偶然遇見5.actonsth依……行事eg.Eachstudentshouldactontherulesandregulationsoftheschool./每個學(xué)生都應(yīng)該遵守學(xué)校的規(guī)章制度。6.addto/addupto加上/總計(jì)達(dá)eg.Thenumberofthepatientsaddeduptothreehundredlastweek./上星期，病人人數(shù)到達(dá)了三百人。7.inadvance/aheadoftime提前8.afterall畢竟9.agreetodosth/agreewithsb/agreetosth10.aimatdoingsth下定目標(biāo)做某事eg.Aimingatwinningthegame，hepracticedhardeveryday./為贏得比賽，他每天努力練習(xí)。13.apologizetosbforsth因某事向某人抱歉14.takesthinone'sarms抱著……15.arriveataconclusion得出結(jié)論16.putsbtoshame使某人相形見絀eg.Hiscourageputalltheotherstudentstoshame./他的勇氣令其他學(xué)生都感到慚愧不如。17.beastonishatsth因某事感到震驚18.makethebed鋪床19.blamesbforsth/itismetoblame因某事責(zé)怪某人/該受責(zé)怪的人是我20.breakdown/breakup/breakout/breakinto壞了/驅(qū)散/爆發(fā)/破門而入21.holdone'sbreath/outofbreath摒住呼吸/上氣不接下氣22.bringabout/bringup引起，使發(fā)生/撫養(yǎng)長大23.burstintotears/laughters突然大哭/大笑24.burstoutcrying/laughing突然大哭/大笑25.callatsp/callonsb/callup/calloff/calloutto/callfor/callonsbtodo拜訪某地/拜訪某人/打/取消/大喊/叫來/號召某人做某事26.carryout/workout/pointout/findout實(shí)現(xiàn)/做出/指出/查明27.catchupwithsb/keepupwithsb/putupwithsb趕上某人/跟上某人/容忍某人28.changesthintosth/exchangesthforsth把……變成/交換eg.Canyouchangethisnoteintocoins?/你能把這張紙幣換成硬幣嗎?eg.MayIexchangethisbookforyournewpen?/我能用這本書換你的新筆嗎?29eintobeing/cometooneself/形成/恢復(fù)意識eg.Thenewsystemcameintobeinginthelate19thcentury./這種新體制在十九世紀(jì)后期開始形成。30.havesthincommonwithsb和某人有共同點(diǎn)eg.Thetwinshavealotofthingsincommonwitheachother./孿生姐妹間有很多相似點(diǎn)。31.congratulatesbonsth/doingsth祝賀某人某事32.beregarded/thoughtof/consideredas被認(rèn)為，被當(dāng)成33.becontent/satisfied/pleasedwith對……感到滿意34.encouragesbtodosth/encouragesbinsth鼓勵某人做某事eg.Healwaysencouragesmetoworkhard./他總是鼓勵我要努力工作。eg.Healwaysencouragesmeinmystudy./他總是在我的英語上給我鼓勵。35.becoveredwith被……覆蓋36.dealwith/dowith/handle處理，解決37.bedeterminedtodosth/makeupone'smindtodo下定決心做某事38.tosomedegree/tosomeextent/inaway從某種程度上來說39.putoff…until/delay推遲eg.ThesportmeetinghasbeenputoffuntilnextFriday./運(yùn)動會已經(jīng)被推遲到下周五。40.takedelightinsth/doingsth取悅于做某事eg.Oneshouldnottakedelightinmakingfunofothers./人不能以取笑他人為樂。41.dependon/relyon/feedon/liveon依靠/依靠/用……喂養(yǎng)/以……為生42.inthedistance/atadistance在遠(yuǎn)處/隔一段距離43.dresssbinsth/sbbedressedinsth打扮某人44.beduetodosth按期，按理該做某事，由于eg.Thetrainisduetoarriveat5o'clock./火車應(yīng)在五點(diǎn)到達(dá)。eg.Thefailureistotallyduetohiscarelessness./失敗都是由他的粗心造成的。45.beeagertodosth/beeagerforsth迫不及待做某事/對……很熱衷46.haveaneffectonsth對……有影響eg.Smokinghasabadeffectonpeople'shealth./吸煙有害健康。47.makeeffortstodosth千方百計(jì)做某事48.equipsbwithsth/armsbwithsth用……來武裝某人eg.Theyoungpeoplemustarmthemselveswithknowledge./年輕人必須用知識武裝自己的頭腦。49.expectsbtodosth/countonsbtodosth/wantsbtodosth期待某人做某事/指望某人做某事/想讓某人做某事50.makeaface/befacedwithsth做鬼臉/面對……eg.Shewasfacedwithmanydifficultieswhendoingtheexperiment./她在做實(shí)驗(yàn)時遇到很多困難。51.havefaithinsth/befaithfultosth對……忠誠52.fallasleep/fallill/fallsilent入睡/生病/恢復(fù)寂靜53.sbbefamiliarwithsth/sthbefamiliartosb某人熟悉某物54.findfaultwithsb/sbbeatfault挑某人的毛病/是某人的錯55.dosbafavor/givesbahand幫某人忙56.feellikedoingsth/wouldliketodosth想要做某事57.befit/suitableforsth適合，勝任eg.Marybelievesthatsheisfitforthenewjob./瑪麗相信她可以勝任新的工作。58.befondofdoingsth對做某事感興趣59.forcesbtodosth/makesbdosth/havesbdosth/getsbtodosth/letsbdo迫使某人做某事，讓某人做某事60.giveout/giveaway/giveup/givein/giveoff/giveback分發(fā)/送人/放棄/屈服/釋放氣體/歸還eg.Isawamangivingoutpamphletsonthestreet./我剛看見一個人在街道上正發(fā)傳單。eg.WhenIgrowup，Igiveawayallmytoystomybrothers./我長大后，把所有的玩具都給了我弟弟。eg.Carsgiveoffmuchpoisonousgaseveryday./汽車每天釋放出很多有害氣體61.learn/knowsthbyheart背誦，牢記在心62.helponeselftosth/cannothelpdoingsth/cannothelptodosth隨便吃/禁不住做某事/不能幫助做某事63.holdon/holdup堅(jiān)持，稍等/阻塞64.insiston/persistin/stickto堅(jiān)持65.knockatthedoor/knockintothewall/knockoutsb/knocksthoff/knocksthover敲門/撞墻/打暈?zāi)橙?把……打掉/把……撞倒eg.Whohasknockedthevaseofftheshelf?/誰把花瓶從架子上弄掉的?66.letoutthesecret/keepsthasecret泄密/保守秘密67.beforelong/longbefore/itisnotlongbefore…很久之前/不久之后/不久之后便……eg.ItwasnotlongbeforeIrealizedthathowfoolishIwasatthattime./不久之后我便意識到我當(dāng)時是多么的愚蠢。68.bemadeupof/consistof/contain/include由……構(gòu)成/包含，包括eg.Theclassismadeupoffiftystudents./Theclassconsistsoffiftystudents./Theclasscontains/includesfiftystudents./這個班由五十名學(xué)生組成。69.meantodosth/meandoingsth打算做某事/意味著做某事eg.Ididn'tmeantohurtyoubytellingyouthetruth./我告訴你真相并不是打算要傷害你。eg.Itmeanskillingmethatyoulietome./對我撒謊就意味著要?dú)⒘宋摇?0.inbadlyneedof/inlackof/inwantof急需，缺乏71.havenothingtodowithsb/itisnoneofsb'sbusiness和某人沒關(guān)系/不管你的事72.objecttosth/doingsth反對某事/反對做某事73.anideaoccurtosb某人突然想到一個主意eg.AnideaoccurredtoTomthathecanhidehimselfunderthebridge./湯姆突然想到他可以藏在橋底下。74.owesthto把……歸功于eg.Heowedallhissuccesstothesupportsfromhisfamily./他把成功歸功于家人的支持。75.paysbsomemoneyforsth76.sthcostsbsomemoney77