企業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型之分布速雙模

企業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型戰(zhàn)略面臨的挑戰(zhàn)0

|CONFIDENTIALANDPROPRIETARY|?2018Gartner,Inc.and/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.戰(zhàn)略層面：如何兼顧過(guò)去和未來(lái)？如何應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)的不清晰和不確定性？如何同時(shí)具有穩(wěn)定和敏捷的能力？……執(zhí)行層面：管理和運(yùn)營(yíng)模式轉(zhuǎn)變組織，人才和文化的轉(zhuǎn)變應(yīng)用架構(gòu)現(xiàn)代化/數(shù)字業(yè)務(wù)平臺(tái)建設(shè)……Gartner總結(jié)的方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)分步速系統(tǒng)（PaceLayer）和雙模（Bimodal）IT運(yùn)營(yíng)新模式-從項(xiàng)目管理到產(chǎn)品管理現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用架構(gòu)-網(wǎng)格化的應(yīng)用和服務(wù)架構(gòu)（MASA）MASA

和“中臺(tái)”分步速和雙模

(PaceLayer&Bimodal)IT面臨的兩個(gè)壓力持續(xù)變革的壓力：設(shè)計(jì)和交付業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用程序，以響應(yīng)企業(yè)使用技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)差異化并推動(dòng)新的創(chuàng)新流程的愿望?？刂谱兏锏膲毫Γ禾峁?qiáng)大，可擴(kuò)展，可靠，安全且經(jīng)濟(jì)高效的環(huán)境，以支持核心關(guān)鍵任務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)流程IT面臨的三類(lèi)需求新想法不同想法共同想法遵循普遍做法，變化緩慢的業(yè)務(wù)法規(guī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，流程一致性。不帶來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，需要高效和有效地執(zhí)行。不同于同類(lèi)組織的方式做事和執(zhí)行，提供重要的業(yè)務(wù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。定期改變或調(diào)整想法，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中保持領(lǐng)先地位鼓勵(lì)早期階段概念，而非如何運(yùn)作。嘗試概念驗(yàn)證（POC），快速迭代；指定方向，或者放棄。什么是分步速系統(tǒng)（PaceLayeredApplication）什么是雙模（Bimodal）確定性復(fù)雜可預(yù)測(cè)性穩(wěn)定不確定性錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜探索性敏捷差速層和雙模的完美協(xié)同雙模IT：一種連貫管理兩種單獨(dú)邏輯的IT交付模式的實(shí)踐；區(qū)分常規(guī)與未知，一個(gè)聚焦穩(wěn)定性，一個(gè)聚焦敏捷；前者提供了一種思考工具來(lái)理解業(yè)務(wù)的變化動(dòng)態(tài)，區(qū)分差異化和創(chuàng)新的需求;

后者提供了實(shí)現(xiàn)模型，協(xié)助決定需要使用哪些實(shí)踐來(lái)實(shí)施組織運(yùn)營(yíng)的轉(zhuǎn)變

-從項(xiàng)目管理到產(chǎn)品管理IT運(yùn)營(yíng)的新模式什么是IT產(chǎn)品線?IT產(chǎn)品線:對(duì)齊IT工作：從它是如何制造到它是如何被消費(fèi)管控人員，流程，數(shù)據(jù)，技術(shù),來(lái)支持業(yè)務(wù)成果建立團(tuán)隊(duì)持續(xù)提升和創(chuàng)新數(shù)字化意味著從項(xiàng)目制向產(chǎn)品制轉(zhuǎn)變2000Technology

ManagersOptimize

TechnologyTechnology

First技術(shù)思維CraftsmanshipProject

ManagersOptimize

CostsShared

Services

First項(xiàng)目思維Industrialization2010Product

ManagersOptimize

PlatformsAgility

and

Innovation

First產(chǎn)品思維BusinessInnovation2020轉(zhuǎn)向IT產(chǎn)品管理制的公司比例在增長(zhǎng)Source:Gartner2017ITBudgetBenchmarkingSurvey.IT產(chǎn)品管理制正在增長(zhǎng)典型案例：TheGartnerProductManagement“Gameboard”產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)入產(chǎn)品生命周期管理(PLM)產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力GeographiesIndustriesMarketsCore

Product

Management從

項(xiàng)目制到

產(chǎn)品制產(chǎn)品線管理在IT的升起Infrastructure

Operations(Run)PlanBuildBusiness

UnitABusiness

UnitBPlanBuildPlanBuildRunBusiness

UnitABusiness

UnitBBusiness

UnitABusiness

UnitBBusiness

UnitCProduct

Line1PlanBuildRunProduct

Line2PlanBuildRunProduct

Line3PlanBuildRun業(yè)務(wù)成果對(duì)齊的

IT(跨功能IT產(chǎn)品線)中心化的IT去中心化的ITNewDigitalFoundationsModernizedSharedApplicationsandInfrastructureDigitalPlatforms(data,tooling,integration,APIs)ShadowITITStaff從跨功能到融合團(tuán)隊(duì)-分布式的數(shù)字交付模式

ShadowITFusionStaffBusiness

UnitABusiness

UnitBBusiness

UnitCProduct

Line1PlanBuildRunProduct

Line2BuildRunProduct

Line3BuildRun業(yè)務(wù)成果對(duì)齊的IT(IT產(chǎn)品線)NewDigitalFoundations現(xiàn)代化的共享應(yīng)用和基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)（ModernizedSharedApplicationsandInfrastructure）數(shù)字化平臺(tái)DigitalPlatforms(data,tooling,integration,APIs)Business

UnitDDigitalProduct業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)主導(dǎo)的IT(分布式融合團(tuán)隊(duì))PlanPlanPlanPlanBuildRunITStaffHybrid“fusionstaff”shareobjectivesBroadrangeofteamtypes(product,channel,operations,analytics)Ninety-sixpercentareagileteams123PlanPlanSupportedbynewdigitalfoundations5Forty-fourpercentalreadyreportoutsideofCorporateIT4BusinessEnablingITCompetitiveAdvantageITSG&ACOGSProduct

Line4Buildn=994digitalbusinessteamsSource:2019GartnerDigitalBusinessTeamsSurvey產(chǎn)品制管理模式下的IT子功能ClaimsManagementCustomerAcquisitionLeadGenerationPayrollCIOHead

ofProduct

LineManagementInfrastructureInformationSecuritySecurityOperationsRiskConsultingEmployeeAwarenessand

TrainingRegulatoryComplianceSecurityArchitectureGovernanceand

StrategyEAEnterpriseArchitectureDataArchitectureDomainArchitectureDevelopmentApplicationsTestingMaintenancePMOPortfolioManagementProgramManagementProjectManagementOCIOITRiskITsubfunctions'role,resourcing,andprocessesevolveinaproductlinemanagementmodel.傳統(tǒng)IT預(yù)算方式的不足Incompleteviewofenterprise

technologyspendleadstosiloed,duplicativeinvestment.Hiddeninterdependenciesleadtosurprisesandrisks.Poorlyunderstoodcostdrivers

andbenefitsmakefunding

infrastructureharder.Rigidprojectprioritizationhindersspeedandflexibility.常用的三種看待IT預(yù)算的方式Source:Gartner不足OpexCapexRunGrowTransformPersonnelSoftwareCloudServicesHardwareConsultingFinancialAccountingBudgetAccountingPortfolioManagement數(shù)字時(shí)代IT預(yù)算的分類(lèi)NewDigitalFoundationsLegacyITBudget(ERP,Infrastructure)NewCapabilityVenturing(Innovation)DigitalProductLines基于活動(dòng)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)的4種主要IT花銷(xiāo)：Source:GartnerCross-cuttingplatformsthatsupportdigitalproducts:APIs,developmentenvironments,agile/DevOpstooling,no-/low-codeself-serviceplatforms,etc.OftenfundedbyBUsandcorporatefunctionstobuildnewcapabilities,developMVPs.Blockfundingforstandingteamsalignedtobusinessoutcomes.Maintenanceandoperationscosts,managedbytraditionalplan-build-runorganization.數(shù)字時(shí)代的IT花銷(xiāo)的正當(dāng)性（Justification）四種IT花銷(xiāo)所支持的業(yè)務(wù)成果：Source:GartnerNewDigitalFoundationsLegacyITBudget(ERP,Infrastructure)NewCapabilityVenturing(Innovation)DigitalProductLinesExperimentationandlearningfornewproducts,channelsormarketopportunitiesSupportinggrowth:IntegrationspeedDataqualityReuseefficienciesDrivingGrowth:BusinessoutcomecriticalityCustomerExperienceimprovementsCompetitivedemandsEfficiencyReliability多學(xué)科產(chǎn)品團(tuán)隊(duì)是數(shù)字化執(zhí)行和交付的引擎ProductsOverProjectsFocusedoncapabilitiesthatsupportorganizationalactivitiesDesignedtoimproveoutcomesofinternalactivitiesCutacrossmultiplebusinessunitsandfunctionalareasDesignedtooptimizefor

customerexperienceoutcomesFocusedoncapabilitiesthatdrivecompetitiveadvantageDesignedtooptimizeforrevenueoutcomes業(yè)務(wù)賦能的能力（效率）BusinessEnablementCapabilities競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的能力（差異化）CompetitiveAdvantageCapabilities客戶旅程階段（創(chuàng)新）PhasesoftheCustomerJourney聚焦外部聚焦內(nèi)部最佳實(shí)踐案例–孟山都最佳實(shí)踐案例–孟山都CIOSalesMarketingDigitalLighthouse

(PrecisionMarketing)DigitalLighthouse

(B2BE-Commerce)PlanRunBuildCloudPlatformAgileTeamsSMEs,UXDesigners,DataAnalystsSoftwareEngineers,SolutionArchitectsSMEs,DataAnalystsAgileTeamsOutsourcedStaffDeliverCloudSolutionsProductOwnerProductArchitectProductOwnerProductArchitectApplicationDevelopmentandAPIPlatformsAnalyticsandDataPlatformsDigitalStrategySupport:

EAworkswithbusinessownerstoshapedigitalbusinessstrategies.DigitalExecutionSupport:

Formersolutionarchitectshelpdesignproductvisionandroadmap.ScalingDigitalInnovation:

ITandBUsjointlystaffdigitalproductteamsthatevolvedthroughexperimentation.ITResourcesBusiness-LedITResourcesStrategicTechnologyAdvisorsDevOpsIT和業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)作模型(ToBeScaledby2020)Source:AdaptedfromHeineken最佳實(shí)踐案例–喜力啤酒StandingDeliveryTeams:

Multidisciplinaryteamsshareaccountabilityforthedigitalbusinessoutcomes.DigitalFoundations:ITsupportscommonplatformstodrivescale.網(wǎng)格化的應(yīng)用和服務(wù)架構(gòu)(MASA)

-采用MASA為您的數(shù)字業(yè)務(wù)提供動(dòng)力

客戶需求和終端的多樣化多粒度網(wǎng)格應(yīng)用程序和服務(wù)架構(gòu)（MASA）MediatedAPIsSvcSvcSvcSvcSvcSvcSvcSvcSvc量身定做的各種應(yīng)用:SupportmultipleexperiencesImprovecustomer/employeeexperience中介式交互:EnhancesecurityEnableagilityBuildecosystemsSupportcustomexperiences網(wǎng)格化的后端服務(wù):SupportsecosystemsandintegrationScalabilityandagilityCompositionandreuseMASA:MeshAppandServiceArchitectureAPIAPIAPIAPIMediatedAPIsLegacyMonolithicApplicationsEnterpriseApplicationsSaaSApplicationsDataWarehouse/VirtualizationCustomServicesPotentialExistingFunctionalitySvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPIBack-endServicesFit-for-PurposeAppsAPIAPIAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPISvcAPIMeshApplication3SvcAPIAPIAPISvcAPIMeshApplication2MeshApplication1解耦和聚合:宏服務(wù)，微服務(wù)，小服務(wù)單體大型部署NewfeaturesmustwaitfornextreleaseNewfeatureswaitfornextrelease獨(dú)立可部署組件NewfeaturescanbereleasedassoonastheyarereadyImproveagilityIncreasescalabilityImproveresiliencyEnableintegrationSupportcontinuousdelivery優(yōu)勢(shì):多粒度：宏服務(wù)/小服務(wù)/微服務(wù)敏捷與創(chuàng)新穩(wěn)定與效率WebMobileServicesPartnersIoTEnterpriseGatewayMonitoringSecurityTraffic

ManagementMonetizationIntegrationDeveloperServicesDeveloperHubOnlineDocsPlatformSDKsServiceMesh(East/WestResilientCommunications)uServiceuServiceuServiceuService小服務(wù)大型單體應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)宏服務(wù)宏服務(wù)適配器遺留應(yīng)用MicrogatewayMonitoringSecurity

TrafficMgmtMicrogatewayMonitoringSecurity

TrafficMgmtMicrogatewayMonitoringSecurity

TrafficMgmtMicrogatewayMonitoringSecurity

TrafficMgmtNorth/South

CommunicationsLoadBalancingDiscoveryConfigurationAuthN/AuthZRoutingMonitoringResiliencyAPIAPIAPIAPIManagedContainer樣例：各系統(tǒng)共存的網(wǎng)格應(yīng)用架構(gòu)應(yīng)用架構(gòu)改造–開(kāi)放靈活的現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用架構(gòu)MASA（MeshApplication&ServiceArchitecture）服務(wù)重用：消除孤島；提升效率；快速響應(yīng)：支撐快速擴(kuò)張；應(yīng)對(duì)不確定性；規(guī)模化創(chuàng)新：生態(tài)建設(shè)；數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)；GartnerMASA與“中臺(tái)”6點(diǎn)看法6點(diǎn)看法1MASA是一種綜合性企業(yè)應(yīng)用架構(gòu)，而中臺(tái)只涉及其中的服務(wù)層2實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用并不是要把每個(gè)應(yīng)用都改造成微服務(wù)架構(gòu)3數(shù)據(jù)和應(yīng)用都是數(shù)字業(yè)務(wù)能力的重要組成部分，應(yīng)在統(tǒng)一的框架下同時(shí)處理4MASA是一種以業(yè)務(wù)為導(dǎo)向的架構(gòu)，需要采用新的治理模式和開(kāi)發(fā)流程5MASA并不能依靠購(gòu)買(mǎi)廠商解決方案來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)6實(shí)施MASA需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，但并不需要等其完全實(shí)現(xiàn)后才能收獲業(yè)務(wù)價(jià)值3點(diǎn)建議1用于特定用戶和特定場(chǎng)景的終端應(yīng)用，以改善用戶體驗(yàn)，支持多樣化體驗(yàn)。2通過(guò)后臺(tái)應(yīng)用服務(wù)支持業(yè)務(wù)功能來(lái)提高業(yè)務(wù)敏捷性，在提供核心業(yè)務(wù)能力時(shí)以務(wù)實(shí)的方法拆分應(yīng)用，構(gòu)建應(yīng)用編程接口3通過(guò)構(gòu)建API解析層來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)敏捷性并確保安全性。微服務(wù)基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)詳圖代表性的微服務(wù)基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)技術(shù)云原生架構(gòu)Foryourmostcriticalapplications(microservices)云-原生Targetmodelformostnewapps(MASA)云-友好Legacyappswithsomelifeleft(lift&shift)云-容忍Legacyapplicationsthatyoucan’tjustifyrevising

orreplacing云-敵對(duì)技術(shù)架構(gòu)變化帶來(lái)的

文化沖擊Far-ReachingImpacts架構(gòu)不僅僅是和技術(shù)相關(guān):流程的改變

(agile,DevOps,collaboration)組織的改變

(responsibilities,ownership)觀念改變

(productvs.project)預(yù)算和資金模式改變

(continuousinvestment)Disruption

Ahead讓團(tuán)隊(duì)和業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)齊，而不是技術(shù)案例美軍作戰(zhàn)平臺(tái)，華為能力中心，阿里中臺(tái)，讓一線呼喚炮火美軍二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，以師為作戰(zhàn)體系，越戰(zhàn)時(shí)以營(yíng)為作戰(zhàn)體系，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以七人特戰(zhàn)軍為作戰(zhàn)體系；一個(gè)師到一個(gè)營(yíng)，到現(xiàn)在7個(gè)人作戰(zhàn)，發(fā)生了什么樣的變化？現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，7個(gè)人在一線，調(diào)取所有情報(bào)，鎖定目標(biāo)，發(fā)出指令，導(dǎo)彈馬上發(fā)射；傳統(tǒng)作戰(zhàn)，大軍區(qū)司令員可能都不能發(fā)射導(dǎo)彈，企業(yè)永遠(yuǎn)把資源放到可以聽(tīng)見(jiàn)炮聲的第一線上去。高科技出來(lái)后，各個(gè)企業(yè)高度重視自己的中臺(tái)（或研發(fā)平臺(tái)）建設(shè)，使得別人做這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是50天，你做這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是5天15天，別人做這個(gè)事情50元你做的是5元，別人沒(méi)法跟你競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。讓一線能夠呼喚炮火，授權(quán)，決策，技能，能力，讓一線員工創(chuàng)新速度越快，讓創(chuàng)新的成本越低才可能贏借鑒：建設(shè)企業(yè)的能力復(fù)用中心，支撐企業(yè)快速擴(kuò)張；賦能一線，優(yōu)化組織資源和能力的配置，支撐一線完成作戰(zhàn)目標(biāo)；應(yīng)對(duì)數(shù)字化世界的不確定性，提高企業(yè)生存能力；中國(guó)軍隊(duì)：“反介入/區(qū)域拒止”戰(zhàn)略【習(xí)近平：形成軍委管總、戰(zhàn)區(qū)主戰(zhàn)、軍種主建的格局】習(xí)近平強(qiáng)調(diào)，要著眼于貫徹新形勢(shì)下政治建軍的要求，推進(jìn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)掌握部隊(duì)和高效指揮部隊(duì)有機(jī)統(tǒng)一：形成軍委管總、戰(zhàn)區(qū)主戰(zhàn)、軍種主建的格局；構(gòu)建軍委——戰(zhàn)區(qū)——部隊(duì)的作戰(zhàn)指揮體系；構(gòu)建軍委——軍種——部隊(duì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理體系；思考：如何定義我們企業(yè)的“軍種”，“戰(zhàn)區(qū)”，誰(shuí)建設(shè)？為誰(shuí)建設(shè)？建設(shè)什么？如何作戰(zhàn)，如何管總？集團(tuán)IT和科技公司主建，建設(shè)支撐雙模業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的各個(gè)能力中心和基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)，支持一線作戰(zhàn).服務(wù)重用–快速響應(yīng)–規(guī)模創(chuàng)新到2020年,超過(guò)90%的嘗試微服務(wù)的組織發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方式太顛覆，而不得不采用小服務(wù)（miniservices）.戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃假設(shè)Whyitwillhappen:Mostorganizationsdon'thavetrueweb-scalerequirements:Miniservicesprovidesufficientvalue.CulturaloppositionfromEA,data,operationsandotherteams.Complexityofmicroservicedesignandinfrastructure.Whyitwon'thappen:Continuousdeliverybecomescompetitivelyessential.Vendorsprovideturnkey

microserviceframeworksandcomprehensiveinfrastructure.RecommendedGartnerResearchAdoptaMultigrainedMeshAppandServiceArchitecturetoEnableYourDigitalBusinessTechnologyPlatform

AnneThomas(G00338573)BuildinganAgileApplicationArchitectureWithIntegratedApps,APIsandServices

BradDayley(G003