WS-T 10003-2023 環(huán)境健康名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)

WSTerminologyforenvironme2023-12-15發(fā)布2024-05-01實(shí)施I II 1 1 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 15 17 19 20 21 22 23本文件起草單位：北京大學(xué)、復(fù)旦大學(xué)、中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心環(huán)境與健康相關(guān)產(chǎn)品安全1環(huán)境健康名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)本文件適用于環(huán)境健康的管理、科研及教學(xué)等環(huán)境介質(zhì)environmental環(huán)境因素environmental環(huán)境介質(zhì)（3.2）容納和運(yùn)載的成分或介質(zhì)中的各種無(wú)機(jī)和有機(jī)組成成分，包括影響人害因素和有益因素。它們通過(guò)環(huán)境介質(zhì)的載環(huán)境衛(wèi)生environmentalsani2環(huán)境健康學(xué)environmentalhealth環(huán)境污染物environmentalpo內(nèi)分泌干擾化學(xué)物endocrinedisr成影響，改變生物體及其后代的內(nèi)分泌功能并對(duì)其健康產(chǎn)生不良影響的一類外源性化學(xué)物或化學(xué)混合生物有效劑量biologicallyeffectived劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系dose-effectrela3劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系dose-responserelat環(huán)境因素劑量與群體中某種健康效應(yīng)人數(shù)所占比例之間的生物標(biāo)志biomarker；biologicalma生物體內(nèi)指示環(huán)境因素或其健康效應(yīng)存在及其特征的可測(cè)定暴露生物標(biāo)志biomarkerof染物或其代謝產(chǎn)物的指標(biāo)（內(nèi)劑量生物標(biāo)志以及暴露后經(jīng)吸組織、亞細(xì)胞或分子等作用部位的污染物或其反效應(yīng)生物標(biāo)志biomarkerof易感性生物標(biāo)志biomarkerofsus機(jī)體基因表達(dá)與外界環(huán)境暴露因素在疾病或健康效應(yīng)發(fā)生過(guò)程中的相互作環(huán)境健康促進(jìn)environmentalhealthpr4環(huán)境健康教育environmentalhealthed4環(huán)境流行病學(xué)環(huán)境流行病學(xué)environmentalepide描述流行病學(xué)descriptiveepidem分析流行病學(xué)analytical根據(jù)所假設(shè)的病因或環(huán)境因素進(jìn)一步在選擇的人群中探索疾病發(fā)生的條件和規(guī)律，驗(yàn)證所提出的病例交叉研究case-crossovers“對(duì)照”時(shí)間段的暴露情況進(jìn)行比較分析的研實(shí)驗(yàn)流行病學(xué)experimental利用地理信息系統(tǒng)和空間分析技術(shù)描述和分析人群疾病、健康和衛(wèi)生事件的空間分布特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展5混雜因素confoundingf環(huán)境毒理學(xué)environmentaltox外源性化學(xué)物在體內(nèi)的組織或器官中經(jīng)多種酶的作用轉(zhuǎn)化成代謝產(chǎn)物，導(dǎo)致這些外源性化學(xué)物的某些環(huán)境毒物在高劑量時(shí)對(duì)生物產(chǎn)生抑制效應(yīng)、低劑量時(shí)產(chǎn)生刺激效應(yīng)，并且其劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系進(jìn)入體內(nèi)的外源性物質(zhì)在體內(nèi)含量減少一半所需的時(shí)間，是衡量機(jī)體消除外源性物質(zhì)能力的重要聯(lián)合毒性作用jointtoxiceffect；com6特殊毒性作用specialtoxic某些個(gè)體主要因基因多態(tài)性對(duì)一些環(huán)境因素表現(xiàn)出的異常大氣污染ambientairpol康和生態(tài)環(huán)境造成直接、間接或潛在不良影響大氣污染物ambientairpol液態(tài)或固態(tài)微粒均勻地分散在氣體中形成的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑aerodynamicequivale空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑aerodynami大氣顆粒物ambientairparticulatem總懸浮顆粒物totalsuspendedpart7細(xì)顆粒物fineparticulatematter；PM2.5超細(xì)顆粒物ultrafineparticulatematter；P光化學(xué)型煙霧photochemica由污染源排入大氣中的氮氧化物和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物在日光紫外線的照射下，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的光化學(xué)反慢性阻塞性肺疾病chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseas經(jīng)過(guò)相當(dāng)一段時(shí)間觀察，由自然原因或人類活動(dòng)直接或間接地改變?nèi)虼髿饨M成所導(dǎo)致的氣候改8極端天氣事件extremeweather在特定地區(qū)和特定時(shí)間出現(xiàn)的、發(fā)生概率通常與溫度、濕度、氣壓反常、紫外線過(guò)多及不足等氣象因素溶解性總固體totaldissolved化學(xué)需氧量chemicaloxygende9生化需氧量biochemicaloxygendeman水體中的有機(jī)物在需氧微生物作用下氧化分解所消耗水中水體污染waterbodypol進(jìn)入水體的污染物超過(guò)了水體的自凈作用（3.6），使水和水體底質(zhì)的理化特性和水環(huán)境介水傳染病water-bornecommunicabl9飲用水與健康集中式供水centralizedwate小型集中式供水smallcentralize分散式供水decentralizedw集中式供水（9.2）在入戶之前經(jīng)再度儲(chǔ)存、加壓以及消毒或深度處理后，再通過(guò)管道或容器輸送集中式供水單位完成處理工藝流程后即將進(jìn)入輸配水管網(wǎng)混凝沉淀coagulationprecipit廣泛存在于人和溫血?jiǎng)游锬c道中，大腸菌群檢測(cè)試驗(yàn)為陽(yáng)性，能產(chǎn)生β-葡萄糖醛酸酶分解熒光底飲用水消毒disinfectionofdrinkingw飲水消毒副產(chǎn)物disinfectionby-products氯化消毒副產(chǎn)物chlorinateddisinfectionby-p化合性余氯combinedres涉及飲用水衛(wèi)生安全產(chǎn)品productsrelatedtothehealt水處理劑、除垢劑、水質(zhì)處理器及其他新材料土壤環(huán)境背景值soilenvironmentalbackground土壤環(huán)境容量soilenvironmentalca超過(guò)土壤的自凈作用（3.6）而引起土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量持久性有機(jī)污染物persistentorganicpollutant有效溫度effectivetemperature溫、氣濕和風(fēng)速組成的小氣候與之比較而得出的，可指示人體產(chǎn)生的冷熱感覺(jué)的溫校正有效溫度correctedeffectivetemperature；C濕球-黑球溫度wet-bulbglobetemperatu在室內(nèi)給定平面上的一點(diǎn)，由直接或間接接受來(lái)自假定和已知天空亮度分布的天空生的照度與同一時(shí)刻該天空半球在室外無(wú)遮擋水平面上產(chǎn)生的天空漫射光照度生理、心理和社會(huì)多層次的需求，為居住者創(chuàng)造的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物volatileorganiccompou總揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物totalvolatileorganiccom正己烷和正十六烷之間的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物（不良建筑物綜合征sickbuildingsyndr由于室內(nèi)多種環(huán)境因素聯(lián)合作用，人在進(jìn)入建筑物一段時(shí)間后產(chǎn)生的一系列非特異性自覺(jué)癥狀和多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感癥multiplechemic由多種低濃度的化學(xué)物質(zhì)作用于人體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)等多種器官系統(tǒng)引起的復(fù)發(fā)性及慢性疾不包括職業(yè)性接觸化妝品及其原料所引起的病變或使用假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品所引起的皮膚接觸化妝品后在接觸部位發(fā)生的急性或亞急性皮膚炎癥反應(yīng)，包括刺激性接觸性皮炎和變應(yīng)化妝品安全性評(píng)價(jià)safetyevaluationof集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)centralairconditioningventilatio理、輸送、分配的所有設(shè)備、管道及附件、儀城市規(guī)劃衛(wèi)生cityplanningh和擴(kuò)建的城市規(guī)劃各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)提出的衛(wèi)生要求及采取的衛(wèi)村鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃衛(wèi)生villageandt設(shè)施和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生工程設(shè)施等硬件建設(shè)的計(jì)劃和實(shí)施提出的衛(wèi)生要求及采取將可能受污染危害的人群隔離在固定污染源擴(kuò)散范圍之外的防護(hù)帶。居住建筑密度densityofresid城市綠化urbanaffores電磁輻射污染electromagnet天然和人工電磁源產(chǎn)生的電磁波對(duì)人體健康和環(huán)境造成不列入國(guó)家危險(xiǎn)廢物名錄或者根據(jù)國(guó)家規(guī)定的危險(xiǎn)廢物鑒別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和鑒別方法認(rèn)定的具有危險(xiǎn)特性的環(huán)境衛(wèi)生設(shè)施environmentalsanitationfa并使得其處理產(chǎn)物達(dá)到土地處理與農(nóng)業(yè)資源化利用生物地球化學(xué)性疾病biogeochemicaldis地居民通過(guò)飲水、食物等途徑攝入這些元素過(guò)多或過(guò)少而引起的特異性等為主要臨床表現(xiàn)的牙體硬組織改變，是地方性氟中毒（15.8）的早期表現(xiàn)和突出線征象異常為主要表現(xiàn)的慢性代謝性骨病，是地方性氟中毒（15.8）的主要臨床大骨節(jié)病Kaschin-Beckd肌肉萎縮、運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙為主要臨床表現(xiàn)的地方性、多發(fā)性、變形性骨關(guān)節(jié)環(huán)境污染性疾病environmentalpollution-related慢性甲基汞中毒chronicmethyl-mercurypo人群長(zhǎng)期暴露于被汞或甲基汞污染的環(huán)境，主要是水體污染和由此導(dǎo)致的魚(yú)慢性鎘中毒chroniccadmiumpoi造成攝入者體內(nèi)鎘蓄積所引起的以腎臟和骨骼損傷為主要中毒表人工水環(huán)境中嗜肺軍團(tuán)菌滋生、繁殖所引發(fā)的以肺炎為主的全身注：包括以肺部感染伴全身多系統(tǒng)損傷為主要表現(xiàn)的軍團(tuán)菌肺炎和以急性自限性流感樣癥狀為主要表現(xiàn)的龐蒂亞環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)environmentalqualityasse環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)environmentalmoni通過(guò)將環(huán)境污染物的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)處理后求得其代表值，經(jīng)計(jì)算獲得的環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的無(wú)量綱分別將幾種常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)的大氣污染物根據(jù)環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的濃度限值轉(zhuǎn)化為無(wú)量綱數(shù)值，以其中以水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)與評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之比作為分指數(shù)，再通過(guò)數(shù)學(xué)綜合運(yùn)算得到的反映水體污染程度的環(huán)用數(shù)學(xué)公式表征土壤環(huán)境的質(zhì)量參數(shù)，并以簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)值綜合表示土壤污染程度的環(huán)境質(zhì)量指數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)、分析和評(píng)估由規(guī)劃和建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施后可能造成的環(huán)境質(zhì)量變化而帶來(lái)的人群健康影響及其環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估environmentalhealthriskassessmen劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系評(píng)估dose-responseass徑、暴露途徑、暴露人群數(shù)量、特征和不確定性斷目標(biāo)人群暴露于某種環(huán)境因素而發(fā)生某種有害效應(yīng)的可能性大小，并對(duì)其可信程度或不確定性加以終末消毒terminaldisinf傳染源離開(kāi)疫源地（17.2）后進(jìn)行徹底消毒的預(yù)防性消毒preventivedi個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備personalprotectiveeq突發(fā)環(huán)境事件abruptenvironmentala應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備emergencypre其他生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者加強(qiáng)環(huán)境監(jiān)管，以及視情況采取的其他針對(duì)突發(fā)環(huán)境事件（18.1）采取的其他靶器官...............................................................................5.6辦公場(chǎng)所............................................................................13.1暴露................................................................................3.13暴露劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系...................................................................3.18暴露劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系...................................................................3.17暴露評(píng)估...........................................................................16.13暴露生物標(biāo)志........................................................................3.20變態(tài)反應(yīng)............................................................................5.11病例交叉研究.........................................................................4.4病例交互研究.........................................................................4.4不良建筑物綜合征...................................................................11.14采光系數(shù)............................................................................11.9超細(xì)顆粒物...........................................................................6.9城市光污染.........................................................................14.12城市規(guī)劃衛(wèi)生........................................................................14.3城市綠化...........................................................................14.10持久性有機(jī)污染物....................................................................10.6出廠水...............................................................................9.8村鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃衛(wèi)生........................................................................14.4大腸埃希氏菌........................................................................9.12大骨節(jié)病...........................................................................15.13大氣顆粒物...........................................................................6.5大氣污染.............................................................................6.1大氣污染物...........................................................................6.2代償.................................................................................5.4地表水...............................................................................8.1地方性氟中毒........................................................................15.8地方性甲狀腺腫......................................................................15.5地方性克汀病........................................................................15.6地方性砷中毒.......................................................................15.11地下水...............................................................................8.2碘缺乏病............................................................................15.4電磁輻射污染.......................................................................14.14電離輻射污染.......................................................................14.13定組研究.............................................................................4.6毒物興奮效應(yīng).........................................................................5.3多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感癥.................................................................11.16二次供水.............................................................................9.5二次污染物..........................................................................3.11飛沫傳播............................................................................1分散式供水...........................................................................9.4分析流行病學(xué).........................................................................4.3糞便無(wú)害化處理.....................................................................14.17糞大腸菌群..........................................................................8.11風(fēng)險(xiǎn)表征...........................................................................16.14氟斑牙..............................................................................15.9氟骨癥.............................................................................15.10富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化............................................................................8.13干預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn).............................................................................4.5高碘甲狀腺腫........................................................................1高錳酸鹽指數(shù).........................................................................8.7高危人群............................................................................3.25高溫?zé)崂?............................................................................7.6個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備........................................................................17.8公共場(chǎng)所............................................................................1公共場(chǎng)所衛(wèi)生........................................................................公共用品用具........................................................................固體廢物..................................................................光化學(xué)型煙霧........................................................................6.12過(guò)濾................................................................................9.11寒潮.................................................................................7.7化合氯..............................................................................9.18化合性余氯..........................................................................9.18化學(xué)需氧量...........................................................................8.6化妝品..............................................................................12.4化妝品安全性評(píng)價(jià)...................................................................12.10化妝品不良反應(yīng)......................................................................12.5化妝品痤瘡..........................................................................12.8化妝品光感性皮炎....................................................................12.7化妝品接觸性皮炎....................................................................12.6化妝品皮膚色素異常..................................................................12.9環(huán)境.................................................................................3.1環(huán)境毒理學(xué)...........................................................................5.1環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)............................................................................16.2環(huán)境健康促進(jìn)........................................................................3.28環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估...................................................................16.10環(huán)境健康教育........................................................................3.29環(huán)境健康危險(xiǎn)度評(píng)價(jià).................................................................16.10環(huán)境健康學(xué)...........................................................................3.8環(huán)境健康影響評(píng)價(jià)....................................................................16.9環(huán)境介質(zhì).............................................................................3.2環(huán)境流行病學(xué).........................................................................4.1環(huán)境衛(wèi)生.............................................................................3.7環(huán)境衛(wèi)生設(shè)施.......................................................................14.16環(huán)境污染物...........................................................................3.9環(huán)境污染性疾病.....................................................................15.14環(huán)境因素.............................................................................3.3環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)........................................................................16.8環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)........................................................................16.1環(huán)境質(zhì)量指數(shù)........................................................................16.3揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物...................................................................11.12渾濁度...............................................................................8.5混凝沉淀............................................................................9.10混雜因素............................................................................4.10基因-環(huán)境交互作用...................................................................3.27極端天氣事件.........................................................................7.5集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)....................................................................13.4集中式供水...........................................................................9.2劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系.......................................................................3.18劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系評(píng)估..................................................................16.12劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系.......................................................................3.17家用化學(xué)品..........................................................................12.1建筑物相關(guān)疾病.....................................................................11.15健康城市............................................................................14.2健康效應(yīng)譜..........................................................................4.11健康住宅...........................................................................11.10交互作用.............................................................................4.9膠粘劑..............................................................................12.3介水傳染病..........................................................................8.15居室進(jìn)深............................................................................11.6居住建筑密度........................................................................14.7軍團(tuán)病.............................................................................15.19菌落總數(shù).............................................................................8.9可吸入顆粒物.........................................................................6.7克山病.............................................................................15.12空間流行病學(xué).........................................................................4.7空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)當(dāng)量直徑...................................................................6.4空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑.......................................................................6.4空氣質(zhì)量健康指數(shù).................................................................空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)........................................................................聯(lián)合毒性作用.........................................................................5.8氯化消毒............................................................................9.15氯化消毒副產(chǎn)物......................................................................9.16霾..................................................................................6.10慢性鎘中毒.........................................................................15.17慢性甲基汞中毒.....................................................................15.15慢性阻塞性肺疾病....................................................................6.14煤煙型煙霧..........................................................................6.11描述流行病學(xué).........................................................................4.2末梢水...............................................................................9.9內(nèi)暴露劑量....................................................................內(nèi)分泌干擾化學(xué)物..........................................................內(nèi)劑量..........................................................................氣候.................................................................................7.1氣候變化.............................................................................7.3氣溶膠...............................................................................6.3氣溶膠傳播..........................................................................17.4氣象病...............................................................................7.8人居環(huán)境............................................................................14.1人口凈密度..........................................................................14.9人口毛密度..........................................................................14.8人體生物監(jiān)測(cè)........................................................................3.23日照時(shí)數(shù)................................................容積率..............................................................................14.6溶解性總固體.........................................................................8.3涉及飲用水衛(wèi)生安全產(chǎn)品..............................................................9.20涉水產(chǎn)品............................................................................9.20生化需氧量...........................................................................8.8生活飲用水...........................................................................9.1生物半減期...........................................................................5.5生物半衰期...........................................................................5.5生物標(biāo)志............................................................................3.19生物地球化學(xué)性疾病..................................................................15生物放大.............................................................................3.5生物富集.............................................................................3.4生物濃縮.............................................................................3.4生物有效劑量........................................................................3.16生物轉(zhuǎn)化.............................................................................5.2濕球-黑球溫度.......................................................................11.5時(shí)間序列分析.........................................................................4.8實(shí)驗(yàn)流行病學(xué).........................................................................4.5室內(nèi)環(huán)境............................................................................11.1室內(nèi)空氣污染.......................................................................11.11室內(nèi)小氣候..........................................................................11.2室深系數(shù)............................................................................11.7手消毒..............................................................................17.7水體污染............................................................................8.12水俁病.............................................................................15.16水質(zhì)綜合污染指數(shù)....................................................................16.6酸雨................................................................................6.13特殊毒性作用........................................................................5.10特異質(zhì)反應(yīng)..........................................................................5.12天氣.................................................................................7.2痛痛病.............................................................................15.18突發(fā)環(huán)境事件........................................................................18.1土壤................................................................................10.1土壤腐殖質(zhì)..........................................................................10.2土壤環(huán)境背景值......................................................................10.3土壤環(huán)境容量........................................................................10.4土壤污染............................................................................10.5土壤污染綜合指數(shù)....................................................................16.7外暴露劑量..........................................................................3.14外劑量..............................................................................3.14危害識(shí)別...........................................................................16.11危險(xiǎn)廢物...........................................................................14.15微囊藻毒素..........................................................................8.14衛(wèi)生廁所...........................................................................14.18衛(wèi)生防護(hù)距離........................................................................14.5溫室效應(yīng).............................................................................7.4洗滌劑..............................................................................12.2細(xì)顆粒物.............................................................................6.8小型集中式供水.......................................................................9.3校正有效溫度........................................................................11.4效應(yīng)生物標(biāo)志........................................................................3.21新發(fā)傳染病..........................................................................17.1蓄積器官.............................................................................5.7一般毒性作用.........................................................................5.9一次污染物..........................................................................3.10易感基因............................................................................3.26易感人群............................................................................3.24易感性生物標(biāo)志......................................................................3.22疫源地..............................................................................17.2飲水消毒副產(chǎn)物......................................................................9.14飲用水消毒..........................................................................9.13應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)............................................................................18.6應(yīng)急響應(yīng)............................................................................18.5應(yīng)急預(yù)案............................................................................18.2應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備............................................................................18.4游離氯..............................................................................9.17游離性余氯..........................................................................9.17有效溫度............................................................................11.3預(yù)防性消毒..........................................................................17.6預(yù)警................................................................................18.3原水.................................................................................9.6災(zāi)害源性疾病........................................................................1噪聲污染..........................................................................終末消毒............................................................................17.5自凈作用.............................................................自來(lái)水....................................................................自然疫源性疾病..........................................總大腸菌群..........................................................................8.10總揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物.................................................................11總氯................................................................................9.19總懸浮顆粒物.........................................................................6.6總硬度...............................................................................8.4總余氯..............................................................................9.19abruptenvironmentalaccidents......................................................18.1accumulatingorgan...................................................................5.7acidrain...........................................................................6.13acneinducedbycosmetics...........................................................12.8adhesive............................................................................12.3adverseeffectinducedbycosmetics.................................................12.5aerodynamicdiameter.................................................................6.4aerodynamicequivalentdiameter......................................................6.4aerosol..............................................................................6.3aerosoltransmission................................................................17.4airqualityhealthindex；AQHI......................................................16.5airqualityindex；AQI..............................................................16.4allergicreaction...................................................................5.11ambientairparticulatematter.......................................................6.5ambientairpollutant................................................................6.2ambientairpollution................................................................6.1analyticalepidemiology..............................................................4.3bacteriacount.......................................................................8.9biochemicaloxygendemand；BOD.......................................................8.8bioconcentration.....................................................................3.4bioenrichment........................................................................3.4biogeochemicaldisease..............................................................15.3biologicalhalf-life；t1/2............................................................5.5biologicalmarker...................................................................3.19biologicallyeffectivedose.........................................................3.16biomagnification.....................................................................3.5biomarker...........................................................................3.19biomarkerofeffect.................................................................3.21biomarkerofexposure...............................................................3.20biomarkerofsusceptibility.........................................................3.22biotransformation....................................................................5.2buildingrelatedillness；BRI......................................................11.15case-crossoverstudy.................................................................4.4centralairconditioningventilationsystem.........................................13centralizedwatersupply.............................................................9chemicaloxygendemand；COD..........................................................8.6chlorinateddisinfectionby-products................................................9.chlorination........................................................................9.15chroniccadmiumpoisoning..........................................................15.chronicmethyl-mercurypoisoning.........................................chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease；COPD...................