英語(yǔ)選修8教師用書(shū)Module1SectionⅠReading（IntroductionReadingandVocabulary）

被稱為“最后的大陸”的南極洲還是世界上最后的凈土嗎？讀讀下面的文章你會(huì)有所感觸的！ShiptourismtoAntarcticaisontherise.Morethan35，000touristsareexpectedtovisitAntarcticathissummer.In1992－1993，6，750touristsvisitedAntarctica，accordingtotheAntarcticaTreaty.Allofthistourism，however，isputtingbothtouristsandtheenvironmentingreatdanger.Amongthetouristshipsthatvisitthecontinent，theExplorer，aCanadianship，wasoneofthefirst.Puttousein1969，itwasbuilttocarrytouriststoAntarctica.Lastweek，however，itbecamethefirstmercialpassengershiptosinkbeneaththewaters.Fortunately，allofthepassengersandcrewmemberswererescuedfromtheship.However，thesunkenshipendangeredtheAntarctic'sfragileenvironment.Theshipwasestimatedtobeholding48，000gallonsoffuel.Asanaturalfrontier，Antarcticaisinamessylegalsituation.Therearenoobviousanswersastowhoisresponsiblefordealingwiththethreatthattouristmaycausetohumanlifeandtheenvironment.ThereisnocoastguardforAntarctica.DowewantittobeeDisneyland，ordoweneedsomecontrols?[閱讀障礙詞]1．mercial adj.商業(yè)的2．sink v．下沉；沉沒(méi)3．fragile adj.脆弱的4．responsible adj.有責(zé)任的[誘思導(dǎo)讀]根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，判斷正(T)誤(F)1．TourismtoAntarcticaisputtingbothtouristsandtheenvironmentingreatdanger. (T)2．TheExplorer，aCanadianship,wasoneofthefirstshipstocarrytouriststoAntarctica. (F)3．Asanaturalfrontier,Antarcticaisinamessylegalsituation. (T)SectionⅠReading(Introduction&ReadingandVocabulary)Ⅰ.匹配下列單詞的詞性及漢語(yǔ)意思()1.explorer A．v.促進(jìn)，增進(jìn)()2.annual B．n.探險(xiǎn)者()3.balance C．v.儲(chǔ)存，留存()4.extreme D．n.深度()5.trap E．a(chǎn)dj.商業(yè)的()6.promote F．n.塊，堆，團(tuán)()7.state G．n.狀態(tài)；狀況()8.mass H．a(chǎn)dj.每年的()9mercial I．v.使平衡()10.depth J．a(chǎn)dj.極端的，極度的[答案]1－5BHIJC6－10AGFEDⅡ.選擇下列句中詞組的漢語(yǔ)意思A．踏上B．平均C．尤其D．顯眼E．由……組成F．適應(yīng)G．接近H．以……的形式()1.Herredhairmadeherquitestandoutinthecrowd.()2.Thenewstudentsareveryslowtoadapttotherules.()3.Theywork10hoursadayonaverage.()4.Nomanhaseversetfootonthatrockyisland.()5.Whatplacesdoyouwanttoseeinparticular?()6.Thereisabusstopclosetoourschool.()7.Hemadethesuggestionintheformofaquestion.()8.Ourclassismadeupofsixgroups.[答案]1－5DFBAC6－8GHEAntarctica:theLastContinentAntarcticaisthecoldestplaceonEarth.It'salsothedriest.Withannualrainfallclosetozero①，Antarcticaistechnicallyadesert.Coveringabout14millionsquarekilometresaroundtheSouthPole②，itisthefifthlargestcontinentintheworld.Ahighmountainrange,theTrans-Antarcticrange,runsfromeasttowest,cuttingthecontinentintwo③.Therearevolcanoestoo,buttheyarenotveryactive.Antarcticaholds90%oftheworld'sice,andmostofitsfreshwater(70%)isinafrozenstate,ofcourse.98%ofthesurfaceiscoveredpermanentlyintheicecap.Onaverageitistwokilometresthick,butinsomeplacesitreachesadepthoffivekilometres.Strongwindsdrivenbygravity(重力)④blowfromthepoletothecoastline,whileotherwindsblowroundthecoast.Itisdifficulttoimagineamoreinhospitableplace.南極洲：最后(一塊被發(fā)現(xiàn))的大陸南極洲是地球上最冷的地方，同時(shí)也是最干燥的地方。南極洲年降雨量幾乎為零，嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)該區(qū)域就是一片荒漠。南極洲覆蓋了南極圈周?chē)s1400萬(wàn)平方公里的面積，是世界第五大洲。一座高聳的山脈橫穿南極洲，從東到西將南極洲分成兩半。南極洲也有火山，但不活躍。世界上90%的冰都在南極洲，當(dāng)然南極洲的大部分(70%)淡水也都處于一種冰凍狀態(tài)。南極洲98%的地表永久地被冰覆蓋。冰層平均厚度為2000米，但某些地方厚度可達(dá)5000米。受地球重力影響，會(huì)有暴風(fēng)從極地吹向海岸，同時(shí)也有其他方向吹來(lái)的風(fēng)。很難想象地球上還有比南極洲條件更為惡劣的地方了。[助讀講解]①Withannualrainfallclosetozero為“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋形容詞(短語(yǔ))”構(gòu)成的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在此處作原因狀語(yǔ)。②Coveringabout...theSouthPole為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。③cuttingthecontinentintwo為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。④drivenbygravity為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。YetAntarcticaisfullofwildlife,whichhasadaptedtoitsextremeconditions⑤.Therearedifferenttypesofpenguins,flyingbirds,seals,andwhales.ButthelongAntarcticwinternight,whichlastsfor182days(thelongestperiodofcontinuousdarknessonearth),aswellastheextremecoldandlackofrainfall,meansthatfewtypesofplantscansurvivethere.Onlytwotypesoffloweringplantsarefound,while⑥therearenotreesonthelargecontinent.Therestoftheplantsaremadeupofmosses(苔蘚),algae(藻類(lèi))andlichen(地衣)．Someformsofalgaehaveadapted(適應(yīng))togrowonice.但南極洲仍然棲息著很多野生生物，它們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了那里極其惡劣的條件。這里有不同種類(lèi)的企鵝、飛禽、海豹以及鯨魚(yú)。但是南極洲冬天的夜晚長(zhǎng)達(dá)182天(地球上持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的黑暗時(shí)期)，氣候極度寒冷，降水量極少，這意味著很少有植物能夠在那里生存。這里僅發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種開(kāi)花類(lèi)植物，而這片大陸上什么樹(shù)都沒(méi)有。其他的植物也就是一些苔蘚、藻類(lèi)以及地衣。有些藻類(lèi)已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了在冰上生長(zhǎng)。[助讀講解]⑤此處which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞wildlife。⑥此處while意為“而，然而”，作并列連詞，表示對(duì)比。Mostoftheicehasbeenthereforthousandsofyears.Asaresult,ithasbeeawindowonthepast,andcangiveresearcherslotsofusefulinformation.Gasesandminerals,intheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice⑦，cantellusalotaboutwhattheworld'sclimatewaslikeinpastages⑧.Antarcticrocksarealsoveryimportantforresearch.Mostofthemaremeteorites(隕石)fromouterspace.Onerock,knownasthe“Alien”rock⑨，maycontainevidenceofextra-terrestrial(地球外的)life.SincemostAntarcticrocksaredarkincolour⑩，theystandoutagainstthewhitebackgroundandareeasytoidentifyandcollect.南極洲大部分的冰已經(jīng)有幾千年歷史了。因此，它已經(jīng)變成人們了解過(guò)去的窗口，可為研究者提供大量有用的信息。這些以火山灰的形式封凍進(jìn)冰層里的氣體和礦物質(zhì)可以告訴我們很多關(guān)于遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期全球氣候的狀況。南極洲的巖石對(duì)于研究來(lái)說(shuō)也很重要。它們大部分是來(lái)自外太空的隕石。其中有一塊叫作“外星”的巖石，或許能夠證明地球以外生命的存在。南極洲的大多數(shù)巖石是深色的，它們?cè)诎咨┑挠骋r下格外顯眼，也就易于識(shí)別和搜集。[助讀講解]⑦trappedintheice為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。⑧此處what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞about的賓語(yǔ)。⑨knownasthe“Alien”rock為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。⑩此處since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。Antarcticawasthelastcontinenttobediscovered?.ButmorethantwothousandyearsagoGreekgeographersbelievedthattherewasalargelandmassinthesouthwhichbalancedthelandinthenorth?.TheycalleditAnti-Arktikos,orAntarctica:theoppositeofArctic.WhenEuropeansdiscoveredthecontinentofAmericainthe15thcentury,thegreatageofexploration(勘查)began.However,progresstotheSouthPolewasslow.Notuntilthelate18thcenturydidtheBritishexplorerJamesCookcrosstheAntarcticCircle,butheneversawland.Thenin1895,aNorwegiancalledCarstensBorchgrevink?becamethefirstmantosetfootontheAntarcticmainland.Theracetothepolehadbegun.Itwasfinallyreachedon11thDecember,1911bytheNorwegianRoaldAmundsen.南極洲是最后一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的大陸。但是兩千多年以前，古希臘的地理學(xué)家就相信地球南邊會(huì)有一大塊陸地來(lái)與北邊的陸地保持平衡。他們稱之為Anti-Arktikos或者Antarctica，意為“與北極相反的”。在15世紀(jì)歐洲人發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲以后，大探險(xiǎn)時(shí)代也隨之開(kāi)始了。然而，到達(dá)南極洲的步伐卻始終非常慢。直到18世紀(jì)末，英國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家詹姆斯·庫(kù)克才穿越了南極圈，但他卻從未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何陸地。后來(lái)到了1895年，一個(gè)叫卡斯騰·博克格雷溫克的挪威人成為第一個(gè)踏上南極大陸的人。奔赴南極點(diǎn)的競(jìng)賽開(kāi)始了。最終一名挪威人羅爾德·阿蒙森于1911年12月11日到達(dá)南極。[助讀講解]?tobediscovered為動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾thelastcontinent。?此處that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作believed的賓語(yǔ)；其中包含一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞landmass。?calledCarstensBorchgrevink為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾Norwegian。TodayscientistsfrommanycountriestraveltoAntarcticatostudyitsresources.Aspiritofinternationalfriendshiphasreplacedtherivalry(競(jìng)爭(zhēng))thatexistedbetweenmanyoftheearlierexplorers?.In1961,atreaty(條約)signedby12countries?，includingBritain,France,andtheUSA,madeAntarcticatheworld'sbiggestnaturereserve.Theaimofthetreatyistopreventthemercial(商業(yè)的)andmilitaryuseofthecontinent?.Inparticular,itaimstokeepAntarcticafreefromnuclear(核的)testsandradioactive(放射性的)waste;topromote(促進(jìn))internationalscientificprojects;andtoendargumentsaboutwhoownstheland?.Todaycountriesrepresenting80%oftheworld'spopulation?havesignedthetreaty.Antarcticahasbeeperhapsthemostsuccessfulsymbolofman'seffortstoworktogetherforprogressandpeace.當(dāng)今，來(lái)自許多國(guó)家的科學(xué)家到南極洲去研究其資源。一種國(guó)際友誼已經(jīng)代替了一些早期探險(xiǎn)家之間的互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。1961年，包括英國(guó)、法國(guó)和美國(guó)在內(nèi)的12個(gè)國(guó)家簽署了一份條約，使南極洲成為世界上最大的自然保護(hù)區(qū)。條約的目的在于防止那些將南極洲用于商業(yè)以及軍事方面。該條約尤其致力于保護(hù)南極洲不受核試驗(yàn)以及放射性廢物的污染，推進(jìn)國(guó)際科研項(xiàng)目，并且終止那些關(guān)于這片土地所有權(quán)的爭(zhēng)論。今天代表世界人口80%的國(guó)家已經(jīng)簽署了這份條約。南極洲或許已經(jīng)成為人類(lèi)為了發(fā)展與和平而共同努力的最成功的標(biāo)志。[助讀講解]?此處that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞rivalry。?signedby12countries為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾treaty。?toprevent...為不定式短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)。?此處三個(gè)并列的不定式短語(yǔ)tokeep...，topromote...，toend...作aims的賓語(yǔ)。?representing...為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾countries。第一步速讀——了解文章主題和段落大意速讀P2－3教材課文，匹配段落大意1．Para.1 A．TheAntarcticamainland.2．Para.2 B．TheAntarcticTreaty.3．Para.3 C．Plantsandanimalslivingon Antarctica.4．Para.4 D．ThediscoveryofAntarctica.5．Para.5 E．Agreatplaceforscientificstudy.[答案]1－5ACEDB第二步細(xì)讀——把控文章關(guān)鍵信息細(xì)讀P2－3教材課文，選擇最佳答案1．Howmuchofthesurfaceiscoveredpermanentlyintheicecap?A．90%.B．70%.C．98%.D．80%.2．HowlongdoesthelongAntarcticwinternightlast?A．12centuries. B．15days.C．11centuries. D．182days.3．WhyaretheAntarcticrockseasytosee?A．Becausetheyarewhitewhilethebackgroundisblack.B．Becausetheyareblackwhilethebackgroundiswhite.C．Becausetheyareusefulwhilethebackgroundisuseless.D．Becausetheyareuselesswhilethebackgroundisuseful.4．WhowasthefirsttolandontheAntarcticmainland?A．JamesCook.B．RoaldAmundsen.C．Greekgeographers.D．CarstensBorchgrevink.5．Whatistheaimofthetreatysignedin1961?A．Topreventthemercialandmilitaryuseofthecontinent.B．TopreventtheresearchintheAntarctic.C．To