北京市各地區(qū)2023屆高考英語二模試題匯編-05七選五

北京市各地區(qū)2023屆高考英語二模試題分類匯編-05七選五

一、七選五

（2023屆北京市昌平區(qū)高三二模英語試卷）Communionisaverydifficultart.To

communewithoneanotherovermanyproblemsthatWehaverequireslisteningandlearning,

whicharebothverydifficulttodo.1Tocommunewitheachother,werequirea

certaincapacity,acertainwayoflistening-notmerelytogatherinformation,whichany

schoolboycando,butratherlisteninginordertounderstand.

2Learningisnotmerelytheaccumulation（積累）ofknowledge.Knowledge

neverchangesthewayyouthink;experienceneverflowersintothebeautyofunderstanding.

Mostofuslistenwiththebackgroundofwhatweknowandwehaveexperienced.Perhaps

youhavenevernoticedthedifferencebetweenthemindthatreallyIeamsandthemindthat

merelygathersknowledge.

3Itisalwaystranslatingwhatithearsintermsofitsownexperienceorin

termsoftheknowledgewhichithasgathered.Itiscaughtupintheprocessofaccumulating

andaddingtowhatitalreadyknows,andsuchamindisincapableoflearning.Idonotknow

ifyouhavenoticedthis.Soitseemstomeveryimportantthatwecommunewitheachother

quietly,inadignifiedmanner,andforthattheremustbealisteningandalearning.

Whenyoucommunewithyourownheart,whenyoucommunewithyourfriend,when

youcommunewiththeskies,withthestars,withthesunset,withaflower,thensurelyyou

arelisteningsoastolearn.Itdoesnotmeanthatyouacceptordeny.4Whenyou

communewiththesunset,withafriend,withyourwifeorwithyourchild,youdonot

criticize,youdonotdenyorsupport,translateoridentify.Youarecommuning.Youare

learning.Youaresearchingout.5

Ithinkitisimportanttounderstandthatamanwhoaccumulatescanneverlearn.

Self-learningimpliesafreshandeagermind-amindthatisnotcommitted,thatdoesnot

belongtoanythingandthatisnotlimitedtoanyparticularfield.Itisonlysuchamindthat

learns.

A.Mostofushardlylisten,andwehardlyIeam.

B.Hereisapersonalstorythatillustratesthisdifference.

C.Themindthatisaccumulatingknowledgeneverlearns.

D.Howcanwemaketheshiftfromaccumulatingtolearning?

E.ItseemstomeoftheutmostimportancethatWedolisteninordertolearn.

F.Fromthisinquirycomesthemovementoflearning,whichisneveraccumulative.

G.Youarelearningandeitheracceptanceordenialofwhatisbeingsaidputsanendto

learning.

（2023屆北京市朝陽區(qū)高三二模英語試題）Inourmodernworld,thereareendless

alternatives.Haveyoueverfoundyourselfwonderingwhetheryoushouldquitorstayinyour

job,acceptanofferorgiveitupforanother?Thereisasimpleandpracticalmethodthat

solvesthisproblem.6Whenyouunderstandtheconcept,youhavethepowerto

measureeveryalternativewithprecisionandmaketherightdecision.

Inthefieldofeconomics,opportunitycostisthevaluethatyouhavetogiveupwhen

youchooseanoptionoveranothergoodoption.7Everytimeyouchoosesomething,

yougiveupotheralternativestogetherwiththeirfinancialbenefits.Itisnotalltheother

options,butthemostvaluedonethatisdefinedastheopportunitycost.

8Takethesimpleexampleoftryingtodecidewhethertotakepublic

transportationfor80minutesortodrivefor40minutes.Youmightsaveonthecostofgas

whileridingthebusbutdoublethetriplengthandmissoutonotherthingsyoucouldhave

doneduringthattime.9Thisishowyoucreateprioritiesinyourdailylife.

Thoughusefulindecisionmaking,thebiggestdrawbackofopportunitycostisthatit,s

oftenrelatedtowhat,shardtoquantify.10Afterall,puttinganumbertoyour

peacefulmindorhappinesscanbedifficult.

Opportunitycostisn,tcutanddried.Itvariesfrompersontoperson.Attheendofthe

day,youareinchargeofwhatyouownandwhatyouwanttogain.

A.Itisaboutfindingouttheopportunitycost.

B.Weighthelossesandgains,andmakeyourdecision.

C.Opportunitycostmattersnotonlyineconomicsbutalsoinreallife.

D.Thisisespeciallytruewhentheopportunitycostisofnon-financialbenefit.

E.Thekeyprincipleunderlyingtheideaisthatthereisnosuchthingasfreelunch.

F.Mostpeopleoverlookopportunitycostbecausethebenefitsareusuallyhiddenfromview.

G.Itisthedevelopmentofimportantskillsthatwouldhelpyoumoveforwardinyourdaily

life.

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（2023屆北京市海淀區(qū)高三下學(xué)期二模英語試題）Humanshavelongtriedto

conquerwater.We,vestraightenedonce-windingriversforshippingpurposes.We,ve

constructedlevees（防洪堤）alongriversandlakestoprotectpeoplefromflooding-We,ve

erectedentirecitiesondrainedandfilled-inwetlands.We,vebuiltdamsonriverstostore

waterforlateruse.11Butit,snot,arguesenvironmentaljournalistErica

Gies,authorOfWaterAIwaysWins.

Levees,whichnarrowchannelscausingwatertoflowhigherandfaster,nearlyalways

break.Citiesonformerwetlandsfloodregularly-oftendisastrously.Damsstarve

downstreamareasofsediment（沉積物）neededtoprotectcoastsagainstrisingseas.

Straightenedstreamsmovefasterthanwindingones,givingwaterlesstimetoflow

downward.Andtheywashawayriverbedecosystems.

Inadditiontolayingoutthisdamagedonebysupposedwatercontrol,Giestakesreaders

onahopefulglobaltourofsolutionstotheseproblems.Alongtheway,sheintroduces"water

detectives^^—scientists,engineers,urbanplanners,andmanyothers.12

Thesewaterdetectiveshavefoundwaystogivetheslippeιysubstancethetimeand

spaceitneedstoflowslowlyunderground.AroundSeattle,sThorntonCreek,forinstance,

reclaimedlandnowallowsforregularflooding,whichhasrenewedriverbedhabitatand

createdanurbanoasis.InCalifbmia,sCentralValley,scientistswanttofindwaystomove

unpollutedstormwaterintosubsurfacevalleysthatmakeidealaquifers（含水層）.

13

Whilesomepeopleareexploringnewwaystomanagewater,othersareleaningon

ancientknowledge.ResearchersinPeruarenowstudyingold-stylemethodsofwaterstorage,

whichdon,trequiredams,inhopesofensuringasteadyflowofwatertoLima—Peru,s

populouscapitalthat,speriodicallyaffectedbywatershortage.14"Decision

makerscomefromacultureofconcrete,,,Gieswrites,??inwhichdams,pipesanddesalination

factoriesarestandard.^^

Understandinghowtoworkwith,notagainst,waterwillhelphumankindweatherthis

ageofdroughtandfloodthat,sbeingworsenedbyclimatechange.15Instead,We

mustlearntolivewithinourwatermeansbecausewaterwillundoubtedlywin.

A.Controllingwater,Giesconvincinglyargues,isafalsebelief.

B.Insteadoftryingtocontrolwater,theyask:Whatdoeswaterwant?

C.ItseemsthatwateriscooperativeandwillingtoflowwhereWedirectit.

D.Theseold-styleunderwaterconcretetechniquespavethewayfortheconstructionofdams.

E.Tofurtherunderstandthewholeecosystem,theybelieveeffectivewatercontrolrequires

effort.

F.Thestudymayhelpconvincethosewhofavorconcrete-centricsolutionstotrysomething

new.

G.Feedinggroundwatersupplieswillinturnsustainriversfrombelow,whichhelpsto

maintainwaterlevelsandecosystems.

（2023屆北京東城區(qū)高三二模英語試卷）Wehaveallbeenguiltyofbeingover

optimisticwhenpredictinghowlongataskwilltakebecauseoftheplanningfallacy.First

identifiedin1977,theplanningfallacywasdefinedas:"thetendencytounderestimatethe

amountoftimeneededtocompleteafuturetask,dueinparttotherelianceonoverly

optimisticperformancescenarios（預(yù)測）.”

Itisextremelycommon.[6Forinstance,astudyconductedwithpsychology

studentsfoundthatonly30%ofthemmanagedtocompletetheirseniorpapersintheamount

oftimetheypredicted.

What,smore,theplanningfallacyisanincrediblystubborn

problem.∏WhileweareabletorecognisepastpredictionswhereWehavebeen

over-optimistic,Weoftenkeeponinsistingthatourcurrentpredictionsarerealistic.

Theplanningfallacyissuchadeep-rootedbehavior.However,thereareafew

systematicstrategiesyoucanusetostartbuildingthehabitofdouble-checkingyourtime

estimates.Forinstance,youcantaketheoutsideview.[8Makesuretoconsult

expertsandpeoplewhohaveattemptedtocompletesimilarprojectsinthepast.Ifyou,rea

student,talktoseniorstudents;ifyou,rewritingabook,joinanetworkofwriters.

19Youneedtodifferentiatebetweentasksthatareurgentandimportant,

importantbutnoturgent,urgentbutnotimportant,neitherurgentnorimportant.

Onceyouhaveanobjectiveestimateofthetimeitwilltaketocompleteaproject,you

needtomakesureyouhavethetimeandresourcestocarryoutyour

plan.20Breakdownbigtasksintosmaller,manageablechunks.Don,twaituntil

thelastminutetoletpeopleknowyoumayneedtheirhelpinthenearfuture.

A.Definingyourprioritiesalsohelps.

試卷第4頁，共6頁

B.Wedon,tIeamfromourpreviousmistakes.

C.Donotbaseyourestimatesonyourowncriteria.

D.Focusingonfinedetailsistherecommendedpractice.

E.Wecanseemanyfailedorlateprojects,whichleadtotimewasting.

F.Therehavebeenlotsofstudiesconfirmingtheexistenceoftheplanningfallacy.

G.Blocktimeinyourcalendar,andmakesuretheresourcesyouneedareavailable.

（2023屆北京市豐臺區(qū)高三下學(xué)期二模英語試題）Theterm"growthmindsef,has

becomesomethingofabuzzwordinourlife.Youcanfinditeverywhereyoulook—inthe

seminarsofmotivationalspeakers,intheeducationcoursedescriptions,andinthemission

statementsofcompanies21

Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutgrowthmindsetisthatitisthesamethingas

beingopen-mindedinyourbeliefs.Thisisuntrue.Beingopen-mindedinyourbeliefsisoften

thebeliefonwhattruegrowthmindsetis,butthisisactuallycalled"falsegrowthmindsef,in

theresearchcommunity.22Whatthismeansisthattheyhaveafixedbeliefontheir

intelligencelevel,whichisexactlywhatafixedmindsetis.Theybelievethattheyare

growing,wheninrealitytheyarenot.

Beingopen-mindedtootherpeople,sbeliefsandnewthingsisgreat,butitdoesnot

meanthatyouareactuallylearninganything.Furthermore,thereisnowaytoeverhavea

trulycompletegrowthmindset.23Itisimportantthatyouacceptthisandembraceit,

whilestilldesiringtoexperiencegrowthanyway.Thisistheonlywayyoucantrulyfosteras

m,ofagrowthmindsetashumanlypossible.

24Unproductiveeffortsthataremerelydonefortherewardoroutcomearenot

consideredtobegrowthmindset.Truegrowthmindsethasnothingtodowithrewardor

outcome.Rather,itisbasedentirelyonthelearningandgrowingprocessitself.Whenyouare

investedinagrowthmindset,youareinvestedintheprocessregardlessoftheoutcome.

25Youcannotsimply"have"agrowthmindset.Youhavetowantone,and

investinhavingone.Understandingthetruthaboutgrowthmindsetwillenableyouto

understandexactlyhowthistraitcanassistyouinlife.

A.Mindsetisalotharderthan??justdoit”.

B.Itisvirtuallyimpossible,asWeareallfixedinsomewayoranother.

C.Anotherfalsebeliefisthatgrowthmindsetisaboutrewardedefforts.

D.Asecondmisconceptionisthatpeople,smotivationcomesfromtheprocess.

E.Butdespiteitspopularity,somepeopledon,tunderstandwhatitactuallymeans.

F.Thisisessentiallypeoplewhohavean"Ialreadyhaveit,andIalwayshave“attitude.

G.Growthmindsetassistspeopleinhavinggreaterresultsfromwhattheysetoutto

accomplish.

（2023屆北京市順義區(qū)高三下學(xué)期第二次英語統(tǒng)練題）Confirmationbias（偏見）is

ourtendencytoseekoutinformationthatconfiπnsourexistingbeliefs.Italsodescribeshow

wetrytofindwaystolookatunclearinformationinwaysthatsupportratherthanchallenge

thosebeliefs—orsimplyignoreinformationthatcontradictsthem.26

Peopleusuallydon'tengageinconfirmationbiasonpurpose.27Forexample,if

youheardthatapoliticianyousupportwascaughtinaSCandaI（丑聞）,youmightbemorelikely

tobelieveexplanationsthatmakethemlooklessguilty.Meanwhile,peoplewhodislikethat

politicianwouldprobablybemorelikelytobelievestoriesthatmakethemlookworse.

Sowhatcanwedotoavoidconfirmationbias?28ThiscanhelpuscheckifWe

onlybelievecertainthingsbecauseweneverseriouslyconsideredotherpossibilities.It'salso

easytosurroundourselveswithan“echochamber“ofpeoplewhothinkthesamewaywe

do一especiallyonsocialmedia.29Itcanhelpusunderstandthattheremaybeother

waystoseethesameissue.

Andperhapsmostimportantly:wehavetobecarefulnottojumpto

conclusions.30WeshouldtrytoIeammorebeforedecidinghowwefeelabout

something,evenififsveryimportanttous.Butthat,softeneasiersaidthandone.

A.Thethingwemostwanttobelievemightnotactuallybetrue.

B.ButresearchhasfoundthatitisrealandaffectsOurjudgment.

C.Butitcanbehelpfultotalktopeoplewhodon,tshareourbeliefs.

D.Researchhasshownthatconfirmationbiasoccursinseveralcontexts.

E.Mostofall,acceptthatyouhavebiasesthatimpactyourdecision-making.

F.Onethingwecandoistrytolookforevidencethatcontradictsourbeliefs.

G.Thisisespeciallytrueforinformationaboutthingsthatfeelveryimportanttous.

試卷第6頁，共6頁

參考答案:

1.A2.E3.C4.G5.F

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了交流是一門非常困難的藝術(shù)，為了相互交流，我

們需要一定的能力，一定的傾聽方式——不僅僅是為了收集信息，就像任何一個(gè)小學(xué)生都會

做的那樣，而是為了理解而傾聽。

1.根據(jù)上文“Tocommunewithoneanotherovermanyproblemsthatwehaverequireslistening

andlearning,whicharebothverydifficulttodo.（就我們所面臨的許多問題彼此交流需要傾聽

和學(xué)習(xí)，而這兩者都很難做到）“以及后文"Tocommunewitheachother,werequireacertain

capacity,acertainwayof?istening-notmerelytogatherinformation,whichanyschoolboycando,

butratherlisteninginordertoUnderStand.（為了相互交流，我們需要一定的能力，一種特定的

傾聽方式——不僅僅是為了收集信息，就像任何小學(xué)生都能做的那樣，而是為了理解而傾

聽）”可知，上文提到了面臨的問題，可知本句是在說明人們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對這樣的問題的：大多數(shù)

人幾乎不聽，也幾乎不學(xué)。故A選項(xiàng)“我們大多數(shù)人幾乎不聽，也幾乎不學(xué)”符合語境，故

選Ao

2.根據(jù)后文“Learningisnotmerelytheaccumulation（積累）ofknowledge.Knowledgenever

changesthewayyouthink;experienceneverflowersintothebeautyofunderstanding.Mostofus

listenwiththebackgroundofwhatWeknowandWehaveexperienced.Perhapsyouhavenever

noticedthedifferencebetweenthemindthatreallylearnsandthemindthatmerelygathers

knowledge4學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅是知識的積累。知識永遠(yuǎn)不會改變你的思維方式;經(jīng)驗(yàn)決不會開出理

解之美。我們大多數(shù)人傾聽的背景是我們所知道的和我們所經(jīng)歷的。也許你從來沒有注意到

真正學(xué)習(xí)的頭腦和僅僅收集知識的頭腦之間的區(qū)別）”可知，本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)了傾聽的作用，故

E選項(xiàng)“在我看來，為了學(xué)習(xí)，傾聽是最重要的‘'符合語境，故選E。

3.根據(jù)后文“Itisalwaystranslatingwhatithearsintermsofitsownexperienceorintermsofthe

knowledgewhichithasgathered.Itiscaughtupintheprocessofaccumulatingandaddingto

whatitalreadyknows,andsuchamindisincapableoflearning.Idonotknowifyouhavenoticed

this.Soitseemstomeveryimportantthatwecommunewitheachotherquietly,inadignified

manner,andforthattheremustbealisteningandaIearning.（它總是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或收集到

的知識來翻譯它所聽到的東西。它陷入了積累和增加它已經(jīng)知道的東西的過程中，這樣的頭

腦是無法學(xué)習(xí)的。我不知道你是否注意到了這一點(diǎn)。因此，在我看來，我們以一種有尊嚴(yán)的

答案第1頁，共9頁

方式安靜地彼此交流是非常重要的，為此，必須有一種傾聽和學(xué)習(xí)）“可知，本段主要說明了

積累導(dǎo)致頭腦無法學(xué)習(xí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)彼此交流的重要性，故C選項(xiàng)“不斷積累知識的頭腦永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)不

會東西”符合語境，故選C。

4.根據(jù)上文“Whenyoucommunewithyourownheart,whenyoucommunewithyourfriend,

whenyoucommunewiththeskies,withthestars,withthesunset,withaflower,thensurelyyou

arelisteningsoastolearn.Itdoesnotmeanthatyouacceptordeny.（當(dāng)你與自己的心交流時(shí)，當(dāng)

你與你的朋友交流時(shí)，當(dāng)你與天空、星星、日落、一朵花交流時(shí)，那么你當(dāng)然是在傾聽，以

便學(xué)習(xí)。這并不意味著你接受或拒絕）”可知，本句總結(jié)上文與心和朋友交流的意義以及接受

或拒絕的影響：你正在學(xué)習(xí)，接受或否認(rèn)別人所說的話都會結(jié)束學(xué)習(xí)，故G選項(xiàng)“你正在學(xué)

習(xí)，接受或否認(rèn)別人所說的話都會結(jié)束學(xué)才‘符合語境，G選項(xiàng)“acceptanceordenial”是提示，

與上文“acceptordeny”呼應(yīng)，故選Go

5.根據(jù)上文“Whenyoucommunewiththesunset,withafriend,withyourwifeorwithyourchild,

youdonotcriticize,youdonotdenyorsupport,translateoridentify.Youarecommuning.Youare

Ieaming.Youaresearchingout.（當(dāng)你與日落、與朋友、與妻子或孩子交流時(shí)，你不批評、不否

認(rèn)、不支持、不翻譯或認(rèn)同。你在交流。你在學(xué)習(xí)。你在尋找）''可知，上文列舉了種種交流

的方式，本句為本段最后一句，應(yīng)總結(jié)上文：從這種探索中產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)的運(yùn)動，這永遠(yuǎn)不會

累積。故F選項(xiàng)“從這種探索中產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)的運(yùn)動，而學(xué)習(xí)永遠(yuǎn)不會累積”符合語境，故選F。

6.A7.E8.C9.B10.D

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了機(jī)會成本。

6.根據(jù)上文“Thereisasimpleandpracticalmethodthatsolvesthisproblem.（有一個(gè)簡單實(shí)用

的方法可以解決這個(gè)問題。）“和下文"Whenyouunderstandtheconcept,youhavethepowerto

measureeveryalternativewithprecisionandmaketherightdecision.（當(dāng)你理解了這個(gè)概念，你

就有能力精確地衡量每一個(gè)選擇，并做出正確的決定。戶可知，空處提到了一個(gè)概念，就是

機(jī)會成本。A項(xiàng)中的“theopportunitycost”和下文中的“theconcept”對應(yīng)。A項(xiàng)：Itisabout

findingouttheopportunityCoSt.（這是關(guān)于找出機(jī)會成本。）符合語境。故選Ao

7.根據(jù)下文“Everytimeyouchoosesomething,yougiveupotheralternativestogetherwiththeir

financialbenefits.（每次你選擇某樣?xùn)|西，你就放棄了其他的選擇以及它們的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。）”可

知，下文舉例說明機(jī)會成本的具體實(shí)施原則，選擇了某樣?xùn)|西，就要放棄其他的選擇以及它

們的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。E項(xiàng)：Thekeyprincipleunderlyingtheideaisthatthereisnosuchthingasfree

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IUnCh.（這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵原則是，天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。）符合語境。故選E。

8.空處為段落主題句。根據(jù)下文“Takethesimpleexampleoftryingtodecidewhethertotake

publictransportationfor80minutesortodrivefor40minutes.（舉個(gè)簡單的例子，試著決定是乘

80分鐘的公共交通工具還是開車40分鐘。）”可知，本段主要講述機(jī)會成本在日常生活中的

應(yīng)用。e項(xiàng)：Opportunitycostmattersnotonlyineconomicsbutalsoinreallife.（機(jī)會成本不僅

在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中很重要，在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中也很重要。）符合語境。故選C。

9.根據(jù)上文“Youmightsaveonthecostofgaswhileridingthebusbutdoublethetriplengthand

missoutonotherthingsyoucouldhavedoneduringthattime.（你可能會在乘坐公共汽車時(shí)節(jié)省

汽油費(fèi)用，但會使行程長度增加一倍，并錯(cuò)過在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)你可以做的其他事情。）”可知，

在做決定之前要權(quán)衡利弊。B項(xiàng)：Weighthelossesandgains,andmakeyourdecision人權(quán)衡得

失，再做決定。）符合語境。故選B。

10.根據(jù)上文“Thoughusefulindecisionmaking,thebiggestdrawbackofopportunitycostisthat

it,softenrelatedtowhat,shardtoquantify.（雖然機(jī)會成本在決策中很有用，但它最大的缺點(diǎn)是

它往往與難以量化的東西有關(guān)。）”可知，此處提出機(jī)會成本的局限性，結(jié)合下文“Afterall,

puttinganumbertoyourpeacefulmindorhappinesscanbedifficult.（畢竟，用一個(gè)數(shù)字來形容你

內(nèi)心的平靜或快樂是很困難的。）''可知，像情緒等非經(jīng)濟(jì)利益機(jī)會成本難以形容。D項(xiàng)：This

isespeciallytruewhentheopportunitycostisofnon-financialbenefit.（當(dāng)機(jī)會成本是非經(jīng)濟(jì)利益

時(shí)尤其如此。）符合語境。故選D。

11.C12.B13.G14.F15.A

【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文。人類長期以來一直試圖征服水，但是《水總是贏》一書的作者、

環(huán)境記者埃里卡?吉斯認(rèn)為：了解如何與水合作，而不是與水對抗，將有助于人類度過這個(gè)

因氣候變化而惡化的干旱和洪水時(shí)代。

11.上文"We'vestraightenedonce-windingriversforshippingpurposes.We,veconstructed

IeVeeS（防洪堤）alongriversandlakestoprotectpeoplefromflooding-We,veerectedentirecities

ondrainedandfilled-inwetlands.We,vebuiltdamsonriverstostorewaterforlaterUSe.（為了航

運(yùn)的目的，我們把曾經(jīng)蜿蜒的河流拉直了。我們沿著河流和湖泊修建堤壩，保護(hù)人們免受洪

水侵襲——我們在排水和填平的濕地上建起了整座城市。我們在河上筑壩蓄水以備后用。）”

可知，人類為了自己的目的，采用了不同的方式來管控水，C項(xiàng)“Itseemsthatwateris

cooperativeandwillingtoflowwherewedirectil.（看來水是合作的，愿意向我們指引的方向流

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動。）”可推知，水貌似順應(yīng)了人類的要求，人類占了上風(fēng)，C項(xiàng)承接上文，下文“ButSsnot,

arguesenvironmentaljournalistEricaGies,authorOfWaterAlwaysWinS.（但《水總是贏》一書的

作者、環(huán)境記者埃里卡?吉斯認(rèn)為，事實(shí)并非如此。）”，C項(xiàng)與下文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，水總是能贏，

下文引出話題。上下文銜接連貫，故選C項(xiàng)。

12.上文“Inadditiontolayingoutthisdamagedonebysupposedwatercontrol,Giestakesreaders

onahopefulglobaltourofsolutionstotheseproblems.Alongtheway,sheintroduces"water

detectives,—scientists,engineers,urbanplanners,andmanyOtherS.（除了歹IJ出所謂的治水所造成

的破壞之外，吉斯還帶讀者踏上了一趟充滿希望的全球之旅，尋找解決這些問題的辦法。在

此過程中，她介紹了，水偵探'——科學(xué)家、工程師、城市規(guī)劃師和其他許多人。）“可知，此

處介紹了一群關(guān)注治水的人，B項(xiàng)“Insteadoftιyingtocontrolwater,theyask:Whatdoeswater

Want?（他們不是試圖控制水，而是問：水想要什么？）”，B項(xiàng)中的they指代上文中的“water

detectives“一scientists,engineers,urbanplanners,andmanyothers,結(jié)合下文“Thesewater

detectiveshavefoundwaystogivetheslipperysubstancethetimeandspaceitneedstoflow

slowlyUndergrOUnd.（些水偵探已經(jīng)找到了一些方法，讓這種光滑的物質(zhì)有時(shí)間和空間在地下

慢慢流動。）''可知，這些水偵探知道了水要什么，并找到了對策，上下文銜接連貫。故選B

項(xiàng)。

13.上文“InCalifornia'sCentralValley,scientistswanttofindwaystomoveunpollutedstorm

waterintosubsurfacevalleysthatmakeidealaquifers（含水層）.（在加州的中央山谷,科學(xué)家們

想要找到一種方法，將未受污染的雨水轉(zhuǎn)移到地下山谷，形成理想的含水層）“可知，通過雨

水補(bǔ)給地下水形成理想的地下含水層，G項(xiàng)"Feedinggroundwatersupplieswillinturnsustain

riversfrombelow,whichhelpstomaintainwaterlevelsandecoSyStemS.（補(bǔ)給地下水反過來又會

從地下維持河流，這有助于維持水位和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。）”表明，充足的地下水能保證河流的水量，

上下文銜接連貫順暢，故選G項(xiàng)。

14.上文“WhiIesomepeopleareexploringnewwaystomanagewater,othersareleaningon

ancientknowledge.ResearchersinPeruarenowstudyingold-stylemethodsofwaterstorage,

whichdon,trequiredams,inhopesofensuringasteadyflowofwatertoLima——Peru,spopulous

capitalthat,speriodicallyaffectedbywaterShortage.（當(dāng)一些人在探索管理水的新方法時(shí)，另一

些人則依靠古老的知識。秘魯?shù)难芯咳藛T現(xiàn)在正在研究不需要水壩的老式蓄水方法，希望能

確保水穩(wěn)定地流向利馬——秘魯人口眾多的首都，它經(jīng)常受到水資源短缺的影響。）“可知，

秘魯?shù)难芯咳藛T依靠古老的蓄水方式管理水，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)“Thestudymayhelpconvincethosewho

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favorconcrete-centricsolutionstotrysomethingnew.（這項(xiàng)研究可能有助于說服那些喜歡以混

凝土為中心的解決方案的人嘗試一些新的東西。）”，此處TheStUdy指代上文中的秘魯?shù)乃?/p>

管理的研究，下文“'Decisionmakerscomefromacultureofconcrete/Gieswrites,?inwhich

dams,pipesanddesalinationfactoriesareStandard.'C決策者來自混凝土文化，，吉斯寫道「水

壩、管道和海水淡化工廠是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。'）"，下文中的Decisionmakerscomefromacultureof

concrete與F項(xiàng)中的thosewhofavorconcrete-centricsolutions相呼應(yīng)，故選F項(xiàng)。

15.上文“Understandinghowtoworkwith,notagainst,waterwillhelphumankindweatherthis

ageofdroughtandfloodthat,sbeingworsenedbyclimatechange.（Jz解如何與水合作，而不是

與水對抗，將有助于人類度過這個(gè)因氣候變化而惡化的干旱和洪水時(shí)代。廣為對上文的總結(jié)，

A項(xiàng)"Controllingwater,Giesconvincinglyargues,isafalsebelief.（吉斯令人信服地指出,控制

水資源是一種錯(cuò)誤的信念。）”是對上一句的進(jìn)一步解釋，下文“Instead,WemUStleamtOliVe

withinourwatermeansbecausewaterwillundoubtedlyWin.（相反，我們必須學(xué)會用水，因?yàn)樗?/p>

無疑會贏。）''，A項(xiàng)與下文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，說明了人類與水之間的正確關(guān)系，上下文銜接連貫，

故選A項(xiàng)。

16.F17.B18.C19.A20.G

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹的是規(guī)劃謬誤和避免這個(gè)問題的方法。

16.空前說“Itisextremelycommon.（這是非常普遍的。）"，說明規(guī)劃謬誤現(xiàn)象是普遍存在的，

空后說“Forinstance,astudyconductedwithpsychologystudentsfoundthatonly30%ofthem

managedtocompletetheirseniorpapersintheamountoftimetheyPrediCted.（例如，——項(xiàng)針對心

理學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有30%的學(xué)生能夠在他們預(yù)計(jì)的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成他們的畢業(yè)論

文這說明有研究證實(shí)了規(guī)劃謬誤的存在,F選項(xiàng)“Therehavebeenlotsofstudiesconfirming

theexistenceoftheplanningfallacy』已有大量研究證實(shí)了規(guī)劃謬誤的存在。）”說明了有研究證

明了它的存在，因此承上啟下，符合語境，故選F。

17.空前說"What'smore,theplanningfallacyisanincrediblystubbornProbIem.（此外，規(guī)劃謬

誤是一個(gè)難以置信的頑固問題。）“，說明人們會很頑固，空后說“Whileweareabletorecognise

pastpredictionswhereWehavebeenover-optimistic,Weoftenkeeponinsistingthatourcurrent

predictionsarerealistic.（雖然我們能夠認(rèn)識到我們過去的預(yù)測過于樂觀，但我們經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為

我們目前的預(yù)測是現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）“，說明我們堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤的預(yù)測，B選項(xiàng)“WedonUeamfrOmoUr

previousmistakes.（我們不會從以前的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。廣說明了我們會堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤的預(yù)測，不

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會吸取教訓(xùn)，因此承上啟下，符合語境，故選B。

18.空后說“Makesuretoconsultexpertsandpeoplewhohaveattemptedtocompletesimilar

projectsinthepast.Ifyou,reastudent,talktoseniorstudents;ifyou,rewritingabook,joina

networkofwriters.（一定要咨詢專家和過去嘗試過類似項(xiàng)目的人。如果你是一名學(xué)生，和高年

級學(xué)生交談；如果你正在寫一本書，加入一個(gè)作家圈子。廣，說明要參考別人的意見，C選

項(xiàng)“DonotbaseyourestimatesonyourownCriteria.（不要把你的估計(jì)建立在自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上。）”

說明了要參考別人的意見，因此引起下文，符合語境，故選C。

19.空格處是本段的主旨句，由空后的"Youneedtodifferentiatebetweentasksthatareurgent

andimportant,importantbutnoturgent,urgentbutnotimportant,neitherurgentnorimportant.（你

需要區(qū)分緊急和重要的任務(wù)，重要但不緊急的任務(wù)，緊急但不重要的任務(wù)，既不緊急也不重

要的任務(wù)。）”可知，本段主要講的是要明確你的優(yōu)先級，A選項(xiàng)“Definingyourprioritiesalso

helps.（明確你的優(yōu)先級也有幫助。）”說明要明確優(yōu)先級，因此概括了本段內(nèi)容，可作為主旨

句，故選A。

20.空前說“Onceyouhaveanobjectiveestimateofthetimeitwilltaketocompleteaproject,you

needtomakesureyouhavethetimeandresourcestocarryoutyourPlan.（——旦你對完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)

目所需要的時(shí)間有了一個(gè)客觀的估計(jì)，你就需要確保你有時(shí)間和資源來執(zhí)行你的計(jì)劃。）”，

說明要確保有時(shí)間來執(zhí)行計(jì)劃，空格處應(yīng)該要說具體該怎么來確保有這個(gè)時(shí)間，G選項(xiàng)

??Blocktimeinyourcalendar,andmakesuretheresourcesyouneedareavailable.（在你的日歷上

留出時(shí)間，確保你需要的資源是可獲得的。）“說明了確保執(zhí)行計(jì)劃的時(shí)間的具體方法，因此

承接上文，符合語境，故選G。

21.E22.F23.B24.C25.A

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是成長型思維模式以及對成長型思維模式的誤解。

21.空前“YOUcanfinditeverywhereyoulook—intheseminarsofmotivationalspeakers,inthe

educationcoursedescriptions,andinthemissionstatementsofComPanieS.（你可以在任何地方找

到它——在勵(lì)志演說家的研討會上，在教育課程的描述中，在公司的使命宣言中。）”講述成

長性思維這個(gè)說法無處不在，很受歡迎，下?段“Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsabout

growthmindsetisthatitisthesamethingasbeingopen-mindedinyourbeliefs.（關(guān)于成長型思維

模式的最大誤解之一是，它與你的信仰持開放態(tài)度是一回事。）”說明很多人不理解成長型思

維模式的真正含義，E選項(xiàng)“Butdespiteitspopularity,somepeopledon,tunderstandwhatit

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actuaUymeanS.（盡管它很受歡迎，但有些人并不理解它的真正含義。）”說明很多人不理解成

長型思維模式的真正含義，因此承上啟下，符合語境，故選E。

22.空前“Beingopen-mindedinyourbeliefsisoftenthebeliefonwhattruegrowthmindsetis,but

thisisactuallycalledt?falsegrowthmindset"intheresearchCOmmUnity.（對你的信仰持開放態(tài)度

通常是對什么是真正的成長型思維模式的信念，但這實(shí)際上在研究界被稱為“錯(cuò)誤的成長型

思維模式"。）”講述對你的信仰持開放態(tài)度是錯(cuò)誤的成長型思維模式，空后“Whatthismeansis

thattheyhaveafixedbeliefontheirintelligencelevel,whichisexactlywhatafixedmindsetis.

Theybelievethattheyaregrowing,wheninrealitytheyarenot.（這意味著他們對自己的智力水

平有一個(gè)固定的信念，這就是固定思維模式。他們認(rèn)為自己在成長，而實(shí)際上并沒有。戶講

述錯(cuò)誤的成長型思維模式的表現(xiàn)，因此空格處應(yīng)該也是介紹錯(cuò)誤的成長型思維模式，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)

“Thisisessentiallypeoplewhohavean"Ialreadyhaveit,andIalwayshave,,attitude.（這類人本

質(zhì)上是一種“我已經(jīng)擁有了，而且我一直都有'’的態(tài)度。）”承上啟下，符合語境，故