英漢語(yǔ)言句法對(duì)比

英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比句法對(duì)比GeneraldifferencesEnglishChineseLanguagefamilyIndo-EuropearSino-TibetanWritingsystemAlphabeticwritingIdeagraphicwriting:oon,sun,desk,wood;月,日木history1500years6000natureSynthetic-analyticalAnalyticallanguagelanguage綜合分析型分析型syntaxHypotaxis(形合)Parataxis(意合)Wordformation;wordorder;correspondenceofwordmeaning;partofspeech:etc1.syntheticlanguage&analyticallanguageoWhatisasyntheticlanguage◎綜合性語(yǔ)言是指通過(guò)次詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義(格、數(shù)、時(shí)等)的語(yǔ)言。e.gHeisspeakingonthephone.(通過(guò)動(dòng)詞speak的變化來(lái)表示進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))Hespoketomesoyesterday.(speak變?yōu)閟poke表示過(guò)去式)oWhatisaanalyticallanguage?○分析型語(yǔ)言指該語(yǔ)言中語(yǔ)法關(guān)系主要不是通過(guò)詞本身的形態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá),而是通過(guò)虛詞、詞序等手段來(lái)表示。eOEverynightforweekstherehadbeenmuchpreachingsinging,praying,andshouting,andsomeveryhardenedsinnershadbeenbroughttoChrist,andthemembershipofthechurchhadgrownbyleapsandbounds◎一連幾周毎天晩上教堂里都有許多布道、唱歌、以及大聲祈禱等活動(dòng),連一些極其頑固的罪人也被帶引到了上帝面前,一時(shí)間教堂的信眾人數(shù)陡增?！裼⒄Z(yǔ)是從綜合型向分析型語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的語(yǔ)言Hewillbespeakinginthecongresstomorrow.(綜合型)Hewillspeakinthecongresstomorrow(分析型)漢語(yǔ)是分析型語(yǔ)言,語(yǔ)序是重要的語(yǔ)法手段:O學(xué)習(xí)政治tostudypolitics○政治學(xué)習(xí)thestudyofpolitics會(huì)兒再說(shuō)∥再說(shuō)一會(huì)兒坐車(chē)到郊外∥到郊外坐車(chē)○我喜歡,我選擇?！挝疫x擇,我喜歡?！饘覒?zhàn)屢敗∥屢敗屢戰(zhàn)2.HypotaxisparataxisWhatishypotaxis(形合),andwhatisparataxis(意合)?EnglishisahypotacticlanguageandChineseaparatacticoneoHypotacticrelationsatthesententiallevelrefertoconstructionwhosecomponentsarelinkedthroughtheuseofconjunctions●(句子的形合關(guān)系指依靠連接成分的使用將句子結(jié)構(gòu)的各個(gè)組成部分的連接起來(lái))eg.BreadandbutterismyfavouritebreakfastThemanranawaywhenhesawthedogJohnlovesMaryandMarylovesJohn,too英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法呈外顯性(overtness);語(yǔ)法型oParatacticrelationsrefertoconstructionswhosecomponentsarelinkedinmeaningthroughjuxtapositionandpunctuation/intonationandnotthroughtheuseofconjunctions句子的意合關(guān)系指組成句子的各個(gè)成分依靠意思來(lái)連接,只需將各個(gè)成分并列、或用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),語(yǔ)調(diào)連接起來(lái),而不使用連接詞等●男女老少都參加了戰(zhàn)斗。.(Menandwomen,oldandyoung,alljoinedinthebattle.定在下雪,外面這么亮oItmustbesnowing,foritissobrightoutside●趁熱打鐵。oStrikewhiletheironishot●她美,她年輕,她要強(qiáng),她勤儉?！窭咸聿恢?氣不壯,力不夠,抵擋不住,索性坐到地上,哭了起來(lái)。漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法呈隱含性(covertness);語(yǔ)義型ConjunctionsareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChineseWritetomewhenyouhavetime●有時(shí)間就給我寫(xiě)信。oTheyweresomovedthattearscametotheireyes他們感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶Armymenandciviliansareunitedasone●軍民團(tuán)結(jié)如一人Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked人不犯我,我不犯人●增、減詞法比較:oShewasgladtogohome,andyetmostwoefullysadatleavingschool●形合:她回家很高興,可是離開(kāi)學(xué)校卻很難過(guò)?！褚夂?她喜歡回家,又舍不得離校Chillygustso