SCI-論文寫作技巧

ScientificPaperWritingSkillsGuangdiLiWaggaWaggaAgriculturalInstitutePaperpublishingprocessStep1:PaperwritingDatacollectionManuscriptwritingFirstdraft→seconddraft→thirddraft→finaldraftStep2:PapersubmissionandrevisionInternalreviewbeforesubmissionPeer-reviewbyexternalrefereesRevisionandresponsetoreferees’reportsStep3:PaperacceptancePageproofFinalpublicationPaperwriting-PrerequisitesYouhavedonegoodresearchWhatisgoodresearch?HypothesisistestableExperimentaldesignissoundMaterialsareappropriateMethodsarevalidResultsarerepeatableStructureofapaperTitleAbstractIntroductionMethodsandmaterialsResults(anddiscussion)Discussion(Conclusions)AcknowledgmentsReferencesMethodsandmaterialsM&MisalwaysthebeststartingpointM&MisjusttorecordwhatyouhavedoneAknowledgeablecolleaguecouldrepeatyourexperimentbyreadingthedescriptionMethodsandmaterialssectionStatisticalanalysisTodescribehowdataareanalysedWhatmodelisusede.g.splitplotdesign,repeatedmeasures,linearmixedmodel,etc.Whatsoftwareisused,SPSS,SASorRwithappropriatecitationResultssectionConvertallyourdataintotablesANDfiguresinallpossiblewaysTryallpossiblecorrelationwithyourdataWrite2or3keypointsundereachtableandfigure,toexplainwhatthistableorfiguretellsyouResultssectionNointerpretationinResultssectionNoresultsshouldappearforthefirsttimeinDiscussion(orinAbstract)UnlessyouwriteresultsanddiscussiontogetherResultssectionIfyouhavealotofmaterialsthatisunrelatedtoyourhypothesis,youshouldthinkaboutwritinganotherpaperAlternatively,youmayneedtore-thinkaboutyourpaperandpresentthematerialunderdifferenthypothesesRememberreadersarenotinterestedinyourcapacitytoworkDiscussionsectionTrytodrawanoverallpicturefromyourresultsRe-readyourhypothesisbeforedecidingwhattoputinDiscussionHaveyouachievedtheobjectives?Doyouhaveenoughevidencetoacceptorrejectyourhypothesis?DiscussionsectionWhatisthemostimportantfindingNotalldiscussedpointsareequallyimportantStartwiththemostimportantfindingOften2-3gooddiscussionpointsareenoughHowtocitereferencesCommonknowledgeChicoryisaperennialherb.StatementthatmostofpeoplewouldagreeChicoryiscapableofproducinglargequantitiesofherbage(Lancashire,1978)withhighfeedquality(Clarketal.,1990)andrichinmineralcontent(Foster,1988).

NewfindingsfromindividualresearchKusmartonoetal.(1996)reportedthattheliveweightgainfordeergrazedonchicorywashigherthanonperennialryegrass/whitecloverpasture.Onthecontrary,Hoskinetal.(1999)foundthatdeerperformancewaspooreronchicorythanperennialryegrasspastureatsamelocation,butindifferentyear.HowtocitereferencesMoreexamplesfromDavidLindsay’sBookAllaerobicbacteriaaresensitivetoumptomycin(Bloggs1994).Theimplicationhereisthatthisisanacceptedconcept.Bloggswasfirsttopresent,andyouagreeHowtocitereferencesMoreexamplesBloggs(1994)found(showed)thatallaerobicbacteriaaresensitivetoumptomycin.Thisimpliesthatthisisalesswell-knownconcept.BloggsdeduceditandyouagreewithhimHowtocitereferencesMoreexamplesBloggs(1994)claimedthatallaerobicbacteriaaresensitivetoumptomycin.InthiscaseyouimplythatBloggswentagainstgeneralopinion,andyouare,forthetimebeing,intendingtoagreehimwithanopeningmindonthesubjectConclusionssectionSummaryofkeyfindingsfromyourresearchDon’trepeatsentencesinDiscussionIfyouwritetheResultsandDiscussionseparately,thenthissectioncanbeomittedButyoudoneedaconcludingsentenceattheendofeachdiscussingpointIntroductionsectionWhatisthescientificproblem?ThatiswhyyoudothisresearchBriefoverviewofliteratureWhathasbeendone?MoreimportantlywhatneedstobedoneWhatisyourhypothesis(objective)ObviouslyyourpurposeistodoresearchthatisnewinyourareaTitleTheprimaryaimofwritingpaperistohaveitreadTitlemust:Beinformative,shortandconciseBeunambiguousStandoutfromthemassofothertitlesBedescriptiveenoughtobecitedbyonlinedatabasesTitleAtypicaltitle“TheinfluenceoftimeoflambingontheperformanceofMerinoewes”Whatsortofinfluence?Goodorbad?Whatperformance?Running,jumping,producingwoolormilkproduction?Abettertitle“Merinoewesproducemorewooliftheylambinspringinsteadofautumn”AbstractAbstractshould:ExpandthetitleCondensethepaperAgoodabstractshouldanswer:Whydidyoudotheexperiment?Howdidyoudotheexperiment?Whatareyourmainresults?Whatarethekeyfindings?AcknowledgmentsTechnicalsupportWorthwhileadvisefromcolleaguesorreviewersFinancialsupportTotheresearchTotheauthorReferencesFollowthecitationandreferencingstyleofthejournalCross-checkthecitedreferenceinthetextandintheactuallistConsistency-UseEndnoteAuthorshipCriteriatobequalifiedasanauthorInitiatetheproject,seekfundingandemploystaffConducttheexperiment,collectdataandmangeprojectInterpretresultsWriteupmanuscriptPresentresults,defendthepaperandanswerquestionssatisfactorilyTobequalifiedasanauthor,youmustcontributiontoatleasttwoofthefirst4criteriaplusthelastonePlagiarismNever

copywholesentencesorparagraphsRe-writesentenceinyourownwordswiththesamemeaning,andcitethereferencePlagiarismisserious‘crime’inscience.ItmayruinyourscientificcareerSomethingyoumustnever

doPeerreviewprocessBefore