2024屆新高考英語高頻考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：專題十二 考點(diǎn)17 說明文

2024屆新高考英語高頻考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：專題十二考點(diǎn)17說明文

1.Whensomeonedamagestheirbackbone,theinjurycanleavethemparalyzed（癱瘓的）.

Now,scientistshavegiventhreeparalyzedmentheabilitytowalkagain,thankstoan

implanteddevice.

Thehumanbackbone,orthespine,doesn'tjusthelpusstandupstraight.Insideisthe

spinalcord,whichcarriesimportantinformationbetweentheheadandthelowerpartofthe

body.Thisinformationmovesaroundasburstsofelectricitytravelsbetweenthebrainand

theotherpartsofthebody.Whenthespinalcordishurt,thispathwaygetsdamagedandthe

patientscan*tmovetheirlegs.

NowscientistsinSwitzerlandhavegiventhreeparalyzedmentheabilitytowalkagain.To

walkagain,themenhadsurgery.Aspecialdevicewasplaceddirectlyonthelowerpartof

theirspinalcord,belowtheirinjury.This"implantncontainssixteenelectrodes,whichare

smallobjectsthatelectricitycanpassthrough.Theresearchersmadesuretheelectrodeswere

linedupwithnervesthatcontrolthelegmuscles.Thescientistscontrolledtheimplantfroma

tabletcomputer.

Thepatients*brainsaren*tsending“walking“messagestotheirlegs.Instead,thetablettells

theimplanttosendthewalkingmessages.Theresearchersusedcomputerstogenerate

patternsofmovement,liketakingastep.Thepatientthenusedthetablettochoosethepattern

andthemusclesmoveinthechosenway.Overtime,themenwereabletowalkusinga

specialwalkerwithbuttonstocontroleachleg.

Thesolutionisn*tperfect.It'sveryexpensive,itrequiresdifficultsurgery,andthepatients

can'twalkwithoutthesystem.Butthescientistsarehopefulthatinthefuture,thissortof

technologywillallowmanyparalyzedpeopletobegintowalkagaininjusthours.

1.What*sthemainfunctionofthespinalcord?

A.Itservesasamessagecarrier.B.Ithelpspeoplestandupstraight.

C.Ittakescontrolofthemuscles.D.Itproducessignalsformovements.

2.Whatistheimplanteddeviceexpectedtodo?

A.Activatethedamagednerves.B.Identifythepositionoftheinjury.

C.Testthedegreeofthedamage.D.Bridgethenervegapmadebytheinjury.

3.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?

A.Howthesurgeryisperformed.B.Howthedeviceworksonpatients.

C.Howthepatientswalkwithoutaid.D.Howmovementpatternsaredesigned.

4.Whichcanbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.Damagednervesrecoveraftersurgery

B.Tabletsareusedinamedicaltreatment

C.Theimplanthelpstheparalyzedwalkagain

□.Scientistsmadeadiscoveryonthebackbone

2.Dozensofhoneybees,whichusuallyfeedonwildflowersafterleavingtheirhives（蜂房）

inthecampusgardens,weretrickedintothecottagetofeedfromanartificialflower.Only

onebeewasallowedinatatime,andtheirvisitstoartificialflowerswerevideoedandtimed

underdifferentfanspeeds,whichmimicked（模擬）calmandwindydays.

Buttheresearchersaretryingtohelpthem:itisacontrolledexperimentthatrevealshow

highwindspeedssignificantlyreducetheefficiencyoftheirfeeding.

Withnowind,thebeesonaveragetooknectar（花蜜）from5.45flowersduringtheir90-

secondtimetrial.Whenwindspeedswereincreased,thisfelltoanaverageof3.73flowers.

Researchersalsoexaminedtheindirectimpactofhigherwindsbymovingtheflowers.

Thefindingsrevealthat,whileflowermovementsdidnotappeartohaveaneffectonthe

bees,themovementofairfromthefansmadethemmuchmorehesitanttotakeofffroma

flower,withtimetakenrangingfromaninitial0.05secondsto54seconds.

GeorgiaHennessy,leadauthoroftheresearch,saidthatonepossiblereasonforthewind

causinghesitancywasthatsmallincreasesinwindspeedsreducedthebees*bodytemperature,

sotheyrequiredlongertimetowarmuptheflightmusclesrequiredtotakeoff.

"Withwindspeedspredictedtoincreaseintheyearsahead,understandinghowwecan

helpbeesinachangingclimateisbecomingevermorepressing.Althoughwecan'tdomuch

tocontrolorstopthewind,wecantakestepstoreduceitsimpactonbees,suchasplacing

hivesinshelteredlocations,0saidHennessy.

TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUNwarnedthatthedeclineinglobalbee

populationswasa"threattoglobalfoodsecurityanddiversity".

DaveGoulson,professorofbiologyattheUniversityofSussex,said,"Beesalreadyface

manypressuresinthemodernworld,suchaslossofhabitatsandexposuretopesticides（殺蟲

齊ll）,andagreatmanyareindecline.Copingwithincreasinglywindyweatherunderclimate

changemaybethefinalstraw.11

1.Whattaskdidtheresearcherssetforthebees?

A.Identifyingthenewroute.B.Survivinginextremeconditions.

C.Feedingunderdifferentwindspeeds.D.Distinguishingvariouskindsofflowers.

2.Whatprobablymakesabeehesitanttotakeofffromaflower?

A.Afullstomach.B.Lossofbalance.

C.Changedflowerpositions.D.Reducedbodytemperature.

3.Whatcanwedotoreducetheimpactofhighwindsonbees?

A.Stopthewind.B.Restoretheirhabitats.

C.Addressclimatechange.D.Prohibittheuseofpesticides.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Lossofbeescausesfailureoffoodcrops

B.Beesareonthedeclineasglobalwarmingworsens

C.Beesmaystruggleinwindscausedbyglobalwarming

0.Artificialflowersareusedforthreatenedbeepopulations

3.Itcanbeincrediblydifficulttoencourageourselvestogoforarunduringwinter,

particularlywhenifswetandwindyoutside.Butnewresearchhasfoundthatevenasuper-

quickruncouldhavegreathealthbenefits.Infact,itseemsjusta10-minutesessionwillnot

onlymakeusfeelbetter,butcouldactuallyimprovebrainhealth,too.Now,weallknowthat

exercisecanimprovementalandphysicalhealthinmanyways.

Butwhenitcomestomentalwellbeing,there'sbeenrelativelylittleresearchdoneonthe

specificbenefitsofrunning,comparedwithotherphysicalactivities,suchascycling.Sothis

wassomethingputtothetestduringarecentstudy.ResearchersfromUniversityofTsukuba

inJapanaskedparticipantstorunonatreadmill（跑步機(jī)L）forjust10minutes.Theythenhad

totakeaStroopColorandWordTestwhichisusedtomeasurereactiontimesinbrain

processing.Resultsshowedtherewasahighestpointinself-reportedpleasureandanincrease

indegreeofactivityofthebrain.

Inotherwords,runnerswerefoundtohaveanincreaseinbloodflowinthepartofthe

brainthat'sassociatedwithdealingwithfunctionsandcontrollingmood（'IW緒）.Researchers

thencomparedtheseresultstoasimilarstudyoncycling,whichalsoshowedimproved

cognition（認(rèn)知），butnomoodimprovement.Therefore,itseemsvarioustypesofexercisecan

makeusfeeldifferently.

Theauthorsnoted,"Givenexerciseismedicine,theeffectsofdrugsdifferdependingon

thetypeofdrug,differenttypesofexercisesuchasrunningandcyclingshouldbeobserved

tohavedifferenteffectsonmentalhealthandbrainfunctionsaswell."

Sopushingourselvestogetoutsideforarunreallywillmakeusfeelbetter,potentially

morethanotherfitnessactivities.Andthesefindingsshowthatwedon'tnecessarilyneedto

doalotofexercisetofeelthebenefitofit.

1.Whatdidthenewresearchfind?

A.Runningfastbenefitsallofus.B.Runningisthebestexercise.

C.Ashorttimeruncanbebeneficial.D.Ahealthymindencouragesustorun.

2.Howdidtheresearchersgettheresult?

A.Byusingdifferentdrugs.B.Bytakingsomewordtests.

C.Bycollectingtheformerinformation.D.Bydoingexperimentsandcomparisons.

3.Whichisrelatedtoourhappiness?

A.Cycling.B.Medicine.C.Bloodflow.D.Colors.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Weshouldgoforaruninwinter.

B.Runningbenefitsusphysicallyandmentally.

C.Wedon'tneedalotofexercise.

D.Runningonatreadmillisbetterthanrunningoutside.

4.Decadesofresearchhasshownthattheabilitytoforgiveisalifeskillthathelpsthe

youngbuildresilience（恢復(fù)力）.Asenseofpurposehelpsthemrealizeschoolworkismore

meaningfulandmorepowerful.Beingthankfulchangestheverynatureoftheirlives,

enablingthemtogathertheirmotivationtolearnandfindlifelongsuccess.Humble（謙卑的）

kidslovelearning.Learningrequirescuriosity,andcuriosityrequiresthemtoexplorewhat

theydon*tknow.

Allofthisresearchsuggestshowcharactercanoftenbeapowerfulcatalyst（催化齊（J）for

learning.Whenchildrencanfeelthankfulnessfortheirteachers,humility（謙卑）intheface

ofnewknowledge,purposeinconnectingsmalltaskstobiggoals,andforgivenesswhen

losingattentionbecauseofbeinghurt,theycanbetteropenthemselvestothetiringprocessof

learningabouttheworld.Butaschildrenlearn,thiscanalsohelpthemtogoalongtheway

forfurthercharacterdevelopment.

Inourprogramaboutlove,wespoketoAmyWarren,aresearcheratTuftUniversity's

InstituteforAppliedResearchandYouthDevelopment,whostudied"greatloveand

sympathy",theabilityfbrpeopletowidentheircircleofcaretothewholehumanbeings.

Afterin-depthinterviewswith100teenagers,shediscoveredthatthebottomlinethat

influencedyoungpeople'sabilityforgreatloveandsympathywasnotmoralinstructionora

religiouseducation,butexposuretodifferentexperiencesandknowledge-everythingfrom

playingsportsandconversationswithpeoplefromdifferentcommunitiestoknowinga

secondlanguageandscientificknowledge.Inotherwords,learning.

SheendedherdiscoverieswithasentencefromthepoetOrtegaYGasset:"Somanythings

failtointerestus,simplybecausetheydon'tfindinusenoughsurfacesonwhichtolive,and

whatwehavetodoistoincreasethenumberofideasinourmind,sothatamuchlarger

numberofthemescanfindaplaceinitatthesametime."So,it'seasytoseeparents

supportingtheirchild*scharactersandlearningasoneandthesame.

1.Whatcanthefourcharactersgivetheyoung?

A.Feelingnotiredness.B.Avoidinghurt.

C.Findingsomethingbad.D.Gettingsomethingunknown.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thebottomline"inParagraph3mean?

A.Thekeyfactor.B.Themainmistake.

C.Theuselessmethod.D.Thepossibletheory.

3.Whoisimportanttohelpkidsaccordingtothetext?

A.Poets.B.Parents.C.Teachers.D.Researchers.

4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.PourGreatCharactersInspireKidsToLearn

B.TheImportanceOfForgiveness

C.WhatShouldKidsLearnAfterSchool

D.TheMostImportantCharactersForKids

5.InMelbourneliesan87-square-meter,three-story,two-bedroomandone-bathroom

house.Thatmaysoundlikearealpropertyadvertisement,butitcouldbethehomeofthe

future.

Madefromorganicmaterialsandrunonsustainable（可持續(xù)的）energy,thebuilding,

knownas"TheGreenhouse'1,iscompletelyzerowaste.Itwasdesignedbyzerowaste

advocateBakker,aspartofhisFutureFoodSystemhousingexperiment."Thegreenhouseis

inspiredbynature—it'sanecosystemwherenothingiswasted/Bakkersays.

Organicwasteisfedintoabio-digesterwhereitferments（發(fā)酵）andturnedintogasfor

cookingorfertilizerforproduce;rainwaterisharvestedandusedfbrirrigationandaspecific

system,whereplantsgrowusingwastefromfish;andhotsteamfromtheshowerenablesa

wallofmushroomstoboost.Thehouseisdesigned,saysBakker,withtheroofasthe

foundation,loadedwith35tonsofsoil,whichprovidesfertile（月巴沃的）groundfor

produce-morethan200plantspeciesgrowontheroof,aswellasinsects,snails,fishand

chickens.

Thesiteismorethanjustamodelhome;it*sbeenarealonefbrJoBarrettandMattStone,

whowerechefsalthesmallin-houserestaurant."Tobeabletogrowandproducefoodona

tinyfootprintinthecityandturnitintoexcitingdishesiscompletelyunique,"saysStone.

Throughtheproject,Bakkerwantedtodemonstratehecouldfeedafamilywithhisdesign.

"Ithinkwe'veprovedthatit'sactuallymoreproductivethanevenIimagined/hesays.

"We'veharvested35kilosofpotatoesfromasquaremeter.M

Hehopestheexamplewillofferablueprinttofuturehomesandanalternativetocurrent

foodsystem,whichistoblamefbroverathirdoftheworld'sgreenhousegasemissions.

Creatingacircularsystemcouldalsogreatlyreducefoodwaste.

"WeYetheonlyspeciesthatgenerateswaste.Innature,thereisnowaste;everything

becomesafoodsourceforsomethingelse,"saysBakker."Ifwetransformtoacircular

system,wehavesomuchpotentialtostopthedestructionofwildernessandforest."

1.Whatisthemainideaofthe3rdparagraph?

A.Thefunctionofthegreenhousebuilding.

B.Thewaythegreenhousebuildingworks.

C.Theadvantagesofthegreenhousebuilding.

D.Thereasonfbrdesigningthegreenhousebuilding.

2.Whatdowelearnaboutthegreenhousehome?

A.Itcanprovideagoodsupplyofproduce.

B.Waterisrecycledforuseinthehouse.

C.ItispossessedbythedesignerBakker.

D.Plantgrowingisfreeofsoilinthehouse.

3.Whyarethechefsmentionedinthe4thparagraph?

A.Tointroducethetopic.

B.Toinformpeopleofthelatestrestaurant.

C.Todemonstratethefuturemodernhome.

D.Toillustratetheadvantageofthehouse.

4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?

A.Peoplehavetoexplorenaturemore.

B.Humanreliesheavilyontheenvironment.

C.Thegreenhouseisawaytoreducewaste.

D.Thegreenhousehelpsreducerelianceonnature.

6.Blooddonationssavelives.Butbloodcanonlybestoredunderfridgeforuptosixweeks.

Afterthat,it*snolongerusablefortransfusions.ButKopechek'steamhasdevelopeda

methodofpreservingbloodsoitcanbestoredinadehydrated（脫水的）stateatroom

temperature.Todoso,theyturnedtoasugarcalledtrehalose（海藻糖），whichisacommon

materialinafriedcake...

*'Tohelpmakethemlookfreshevenwhentheymightbemonthsold,andyouwouldn't

knowthedifference."Theresearcherschosetrehalosebecauseinnature,it'smadebytough

animalslikeseamonkeys—alsoknownasbrineshrimp（蝦）一famousfortheirabilityto

survivedehydration."Sotheseanimalscandryoutcompletelyforalongperiodoftimeand

thenberehydratedandrestartnormalfunction.Sowewantedtousethetrehalosethat's

producedbythesecreaturesandapplythattopreservingbloodcellsinadriedstate,justlike

thosecreaturesare.”

Butfirst,theresearchershadtogettrehaloseintobloodcells.Theythenusedspecial

equipmenttodrillholesinthecelltissuelayers—whichletsometrehalosegetin.Andthey

needtohavesufficientleveloftrehaloseonboththeinsideandtheoutsideofthecellinorder

tosurvivethedehydrationandrehydrationprocess.Atthatpoint,thebloodcouldbedried

andmadeintoapowder.Andthentheycanrehydratethebloodandhaveitreturnbackto

normal.

Theteamisstilltryingtoimproveproductionbutthinksthedriedbloodcouldbestoredat

roomtemperatureforyears.Kopecheksaysthetechniquecouldbereadyforclinicaltrialsin

threetofiveyears.Ifsuccessful,itcouldbeusedtocreatestoresofdriedbloodincaseof

futurediseasesornaturaldisastersandfbrhumanitarianaidwork,militaryoperationsoreven

missionstoMars.MaybefirstaidkitsontheRedPlanetwillincludedriedredbloodcells.

l.Whyareseamonkeysmentionedinthesecondparagraph?

A.Theirborndehydrationisworthstudying.

B.Theyareaswell-knownasonespeciesofshrimp.

C.Theycanproducemuchtrehalosetolengthentheirlife.

D.Theirabilitytosurvivedehydrationmayinspiretheresearchers.

2.What*sthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Themethodofdehydratingplants.

B.Theprocessofproducingdriedblood.

C.Theworkingsystemoftakingintrehalose.

D.Thewayofstoringsparefreshblood.

3.What*sKopechek'sattitudetothetechniqueofpreservingblood?

A.Subjective.B.Supportive.C.Doubtful.D.Ambiguous.

4.Whereisthepassageprobablyfrom?

A.Abiologytextbook.B.Atravelbrochure.

C.Apopularnovel.D.Asciencemagazine.

7.Anewstudyhasfoundthatbravingthecoldmaybeagoodwaytohelpburnoffsomeof

thatChristmasdesserts.

TheresearchwascarriedoutbyscientistsatCanada*sLaurentianUniversityandfocused

onhigh-intensityintervaltraining(HUT).Thisformathasgrowninpopularityoflatedueto

thefat-burningbenefitsitbrings,andtheteamsetouttoexplorehowtemperaturemight

influenceitseffects.

Thestudyinvolved11overweightadultswhotookpartintwoHIITsessionsaweekapart.

Oneofthesewascarriedoutina"thermoneutral”environmentwithtemperaturesofaround

70°F（21℃）,andtheotheratacold32°F（0℃）.Thesessionsconsistedof10separatecycling

raceat90percenteffortlastingoneminute,followedby90-second"recovery"periodsof

cyclingat30percentintensity.

Aftereachsession,theparticipantscooleddownbygentlycyclingorwalking,atea

nutritionbarbeforegoingtosleepandenjoyedahigh-fatbreakfastthemorningafter.During

thesesessions,thescientistsmonitoredskintemperature,corebodytemperature,heartrate

andtheamountofoxygen.Bloodsampleswerealsodrawntohelpcalculatefatburningrates

followingthebreakfastthenextday.

"Thepresentstudyfoundthathigh-intensityexerciseinthecoldincreasedlipid

oxidation（月旨質(zhì)氧化）by358percentincomparisontohigh-intensityexerciseina

thermoneutralenvironment,'*theteamwrites.

Theauthorsalsonotethattheideathatcoldtemperatureshelpusburnmorefatduring

exercisewillneedfurtherinvestigation（調(diào)查），thoughthefirst-of-a-kindstudydoesindicate

it'sapossibilityworthpursuing.

1.Whatisgoodforburningofffataccordingtothestudy?

A.Coldfood.B.Lowtemperature.

C.Hardworkout.D.Cyclingrace.

2.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Introductiontothestudy.B.Somedatainthestudy.

C.Theparticipantsinthestudy.D.Theprocessofthestudy.

3.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A.Furtherstudyneedstobedone.B.Doingexerciseburnsmorefat.

C.Theeffortsofscientistsareinvain.D.Thestudyresultisunreasonable.

4.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.High-intensityWorkoutsHelpBumoffExtraCalories

B.CyclingintheColdIsaGreatWaytoBuildupYourBody

C.StudyShowsFat-burningPotentialofExercisingintheCold

D.ResearchersHaveFoundMoreFat-burningWorkouts

8.Humanbeingsarenotaloneinhavinginventedvaccination（接種疫苗）,whilehoneybees

gottherefirstandtheycanrunwhatlooklikevaccinationprogrammes,whichhasbeen

confirmedbyGyanHarwoodoftheUniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign.

Queenbeesvaccinatetheireggsbeforetheyarelaid.Butthequestionishowthequeen

receivesherantigensupplyofdefensivematter,fbrshelivespurelyonroyaljelly（蜂王漿）,a

liquidproducedbynursebeeswhentheyareinthelifestageoffeedingtheyoung.Dr.

Harwoodwonderedifthenursescombinedtheroyaljellytheyproducedwithpiecesfrom

pathogens（病原體碎片）theyhadconsumedwhileeatingsomethingbroughtinfromoutside.

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