2023年上海市楊浦區(qū)高考英語二模試卷含詳解

2023年上海市楊浦區(qū)高考英語二模試卷

I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections：InSectionA9youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwo

speakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthe

questionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossible

answersonyourpaper>anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.

?.A.Teacherandstudent.

B.Motherandson.

C.Brotherandsister.

D.Bossandemployee.

2.A.Predictable.

B.Boring.

C.Tense.

D.One-sided.

3.A.Takethesubwaytogettotheshow.

B.Grababiteonthewaytothetheater.

C.Havedinnerafterthe7：30show.

D.Eatnothingandwalktothetheater.

4.A.Hedesperatelyneedsanexplanation.

B.HeknowswhySamisinabadmood.

C.HewillmakeSamfeelbetter.

D.HewillkeephisdistancefromSam.

5.A.Attheconstructionsite.

B.Atthecamerashop.

C.Atthecellphonestore.

D.Attheconsultingoffice.

6.A.Themanlikesthenewwallpaper.

B.Themanissensitivetobrightcolors.

C.Thewomanhaschangedthefurniture.

D.Thewomanhasjustmovedintoanewbuilding.

7.A.Twomanagerswillonlymessuptheproject.

B.Twomanagersshouldtakechargeoftheproject.

C.Themuddywatertakestimetobecleaned.

D.Thewaterprojectisshortofworkers.

8.A.Theykeepaskingformoretoimprovetheirstandardofliving.

B.Theybothpreferlivinginthecountrysidetolivinginthecity.

C.Neitherofthemhasgotusedtotheslow-pacedlifestyle.

D.Neitherofthemhaseverlivedclosetolakesandgreenhills.

9.A.Thewomanhadtosellthecompanyat￡10,000.

B.Thewomanplannedtosellthecarat￡1,000.

C.Themanfailedtoclosethedealforthecompany.

D.Themanputthewrongpriceonthecar.

10.A.Themanhadbetterstoresomepaperandpens.

B.Themanhadbetterwriteaboutsomethingelse.

C.Themanshouldactnowwithoutanydelay.

D.Themanshouldthinktwicebeforetakingaction.

SectionBDirections：?nSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,

11.(1)A.5.

B.16.

C.42.

D.21.

(2)A.Seehischampionshipbelt.

B.Appearinhissuperherofilms.

C.Learnthewrestlingskillsfromhim.

D.Exchangephotoswithhim.

(3)A.Ittreatschildrenwhosufferfromseriousillnesses.

B.Ithelpssickchildrentoseetheirfavoritecelebrities.

C.ItkeepstrackofGuinnessWorldRecordholders.

D.Itprotectschildrenfromviolenceandcrimes.

12.(1)A.Theywouldbegivenagoodbeating.

B.Theywouldhavetoclosethebusiness.

C.Theywouldmakeapublicapology.

D.Theywouldbethrowntoprison.

(2)A.Toprovetheywerenotbadatcountingnumbers.

B.Toavoidhavingaircontentintheirbread.

C.lbensuretheirbakedproductswerenotshortofweight.

D.Tomakethebakedproductslookmoreattractive.

(3)A.Themeaningofdozenindifferentplaces.

B.Thefirstlawaboutthebakingindustry.

C.Thedevelopmentoftheword"dozen',.

D.Theoriginoftheterm,,abaker'sdozen".

13.(1)A.Toomuchtraffic.

B.Toomanypeople.

C.Coldtemperatureoutdoors.

D.Nofoodordrinksavailable.

(2)A.Watchafootballgame.

B.Watchadisplayoffireworks.

C.Goforapicnicinthepark.

D.Gotothegymforaworkout.

(3)A.Shesneezeswhenexposedtograss.

B.Sheisquietwhenwatchingagame.

C.Sheisahugefootballfan.

D.Shelovesclassicalmusic.

(4)A.Archieisgoodatarguingwithothers.

B.Archiealwayshashiswayintheend.

C.Sophieisconsiderateofothers*feelings.

D.Sophieisgoodatmakingupexcuses.

!!.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections：Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethe

passagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproper

formofthegivenword；fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

14.

6QUESTOINSFORVANESSANAKATE

VanessaNakateisaclimateactivistfromUganda,andagoodwillambassadorforUNICEF,theUnitedNations

Children'sFund.

Ql：Whatdoesitmean(1)(be)aUNICEFgoodwillambassador?

?gettomeetpeopleonthefrontlinesoftheclimatecrisis.!seemyroleas(2)(make)theirvoices

louder.Iwanttoshinealightontheissueofclimatechangeand(3)it,saffectingpeople,especiallychildren.

Q2：You'vegivenspeechesabouttheimpact(4)climatechange.Whichhasbeenyourmostpowerful?

OnethathasbeenverypowerfulformewaswhenIspokeatthe26thUnitedNationsClimateChangeConference,

inGlasgow,Scotland.1(5)(present)theopportunitytoaskgovernmentleaders,andalso

businessleaders,todotherightthingtoensurethatourplanetisprotected.

Q3：What,sthehardestpartofbeinganactivist?

Oneofthehardestthingsishavingtoseetheconsequencesofclimatechange.Forexample,thedroughtintheHorn

ofAfrica,thefloodinginPakistan,ortherecenthurricanesintheUnitedStatesJfsverysadtoseeallthoseevents(6)

(happen).

Q4：Whatkeepsyoumotivatedtofightclimatechange?

You'reinterviewingme,andIthinkthat,sso(7)(inspire).Itgivesmetheenergyforwhat

1,11dotomorrow.Mymotivationcomesfromyoungpeoplewhoaredoing(8)(thing)forourplanet.

Q5：What,sthemostrecentclimate-relatedprojectyou,veworkedon?

In2019,Ilaunchedaproject,(9)wegavesolarpanelstoschoolsinUganda.Thesolarpanelshave

helpedbringlightingtotheschools,whichmakeseducationmucheasierforthechildren.

Q6：Climatechangecanfeelfrustratingandscaryforsomekids.Whatadvicedoyouhaveforthem?

Toaddressthisbigissue,justfindonethingyoucando,(10)youarenotsureaboutthe

outcome.Afteralbnopersonistoosmalltomakeadifferenceandnoactionistoosmalltotransformtheworld.

SectionBDirections：Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonly

once.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

15.

A.replacingB.tolerateC.extremesDxxperiencingE.average

EestimatesG.impactH.reserved!.assessJ.coverK.continued

UrbanTreesAreThreatenedbyClimateChange

By2050,aboutthree-quartersofthespecieswillbeatriskasaresultofclimatechange,astudyhasfound.Critics

aroundtheworldmayneedtostartplantingdifferenttypesoftreesandshrubsthatcan(1)warmeranddrier

conditions.

"By,atrisk*,Wemeanthesespeciesmightbe(2)stressfulclimaticconditions"saysManuelEsperon-

RodriguezatWesternSydneyUniversityinAustralia."Thosetreesarelikelytodie."

Citytreeshavemanybenefits,frommakingurbanspaceslookbeautifulandprovidingarefugeforwildlifeto

keepingplacesupto12oCcoolerthantheywouldotherwisebeinsummer.Losingtree(3)wouldleadtocities

becomingevenhotterastheplanetheatsup.

To(4)thethreat,EsperonRodriguezandhiscolleaguesuseddatabasecalledtheGlobalUrbanTree

Inventorytoworkouttheconditionsrequiredby3100treeandshrubspeciescurrentlygrownin164cities

worldwide.Theresearchersthenlookedathowtheseconditionswouldbeaffectedbyclimatechangeundermedium-

emissionsscenarioknownasRCP6.0.

By2050,76percentofthesespecieswillbeatriskfromrising(5)temperaturesand70percentfrom

decreasingrainfall,theteamconcludes.

Thestudydoesn'ttakeaccountof(6)urbangrowth,whichcouldwarmcitiesevenfaster.Nordoesittake

accountofgreaterweather(7)causedbyclimatechange,ortheeffectsofpestsanddiseases.Warmerconditions

areallowingmorepests,suchasbarkbeetles,tosurvivewintersaswellastoreproducefasterinsummer,greatly

increasingtheir(8)

,,Our(9)havescientificbasis,,'saysEsperon-Rodriguez.Therearesomethingsthatcanbedonetohelp

treessurvive.Thebeststrategyistochoosetoughspecieswhen(10)treesorplantingnewones,theteam

concludes.

III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections：Foreachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsor

phrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

16.

InconvenientTruths

Ifdoctorslie,itissurelyinexcusable.Oneofthebasic(1)thepublichaveofdoctorsishonesty.Butwhat

wouldyouthinkifItoldyouthatresearchhasshownthat70percentofdoctors(2)tolyingtotheirpatients?

IfIamhonest,Ihavetoldliestomypatients.

MrsWaltonwasinhereightiesand(3)toseeherhusband.Shewouldtrytogetuptofindhim,despite

beingatriskoffalling.πHe,sonhisway,don'tworry,thenurseswouldsaythistocalmherdown.Isaidthesamethingto

her.Butitwasalie.Hediedtwoyearsago.Thetruth,ifIcanusethatword,isthatitisa(4)toliesometimes.

MrsWaltonisoneofthedementia(癡呆)sufferers,wholosetheirshort-termmemoryandthememoryof(5)

events,butholdmemoriesfromthedistantpast.Sufferersaretrappedforeverinaconfusingpastthatmanyrealizebears

little(6)tothepresent,butareatalosstoexplain.Thosewithdementiaoftenfeelupset,scaredandconfused

thattheyareinastrangeplace,(7)bystrangepeople,evenwhentheyareintheirownhomeswiththeirfamily,

becausetheyhavegonebacktodecadesago.

Theylookattheiradultchildren(8)andwonderwhotheycouldbebecausetheythinktheirchildrenare

stilllittlekids.Ihavehadcountlessfamiliesbreakdownintears,notknowinghowtoreactastheirlovedonemoves

furtherawayfromthembackintotheirdistantpastandtheyare(9)inthepresent.Andhow,asthedoctoror

nursecaringforthesepatients,doesonemanagetheangerandoutburstsofdistressthatcomeswithhavingno(10)

ofyourlifeforthepasttenor20years?Theliesthatdoctors,nursesandfamiliestellthesepatientsarenotbig,

elaboratelies-theyare(11)comfortsintendedtocalmandallowthesubjecttobeswiftlychanged.

(12)withthemaboutthisfalserealityisnotheartlessorunprofessional-itisactuallykind.That,snot

tosaythatlyingtopatientswithdementia(13)isrightordefensible.Butwhatkind-heartedpersonwouldput

anotherhumanbeingthroughtheunimaginablepainoflearning,(14)againandagainthattheyhavelosttheir

belovedones.ltwouldbeanunthinkablecruelness.

Sometimeshonestyis(15)notthebestpolicy.

(1)A.expressionsB.expectationsC.reputations□.regulations

(2)A.objectedBxontributedC.admitted□.appealed

(3)A.ashamedB.delightedC.nervousD.desperate

(4)A.crueltyB.kindnessC.pain□.pleasure

(5)A.recentB.popularC.distantD.major

(6)A.oppositionBxonnectionC.attention□.similarity

(7)A.attackedB.isolatedC.surrounded□.attracted

(8)A.puzzledB.satisfiedC.amused□.motivated

(9)A.cutoffB.thrownawayC.putdownD.leftbehind

(IO)1A.knowledgeB.controlCJmaginationD.record

(11)A.briefBxonstantC.permanentD.secret

(⑵1A.CompetingB.PlottingC-MatchingD.Mixing

(13)1A.unnecessarilyBJnaccuratelyCJmpatientlyDJmpoIitely

(14)1A.aheadoftimeB.innotimeC.forthelasttimeD.forthefirsttime

(15)1A.mostlyBjnfoimallyC.simplyD.finally

SectionBDirections：Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B.CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingto

theinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

17.Mysister,Lynn,taughtmemyfirstword：Kirakira.!pronounceditka-a-ahhh,butsheknewwhatImeant.Kira

-kirameans"glittering"inJapanese.LynntoldmethatwhenIwasababy,sheusedtotakemeontoouremptyroadat

night,wherewewouldlieonourbacksandlookatthestarswhileshesaidoverandover,"Katie,say,kira-kira,

kira-kira!'u?lovedthatword!WhenIgrewolder,IusedKirakiratodescribeeverythingIliked：thebeautifulbluesky,

puppies,kittens,butterflies,coloredtissues.

Mymothersaidweweremisusingtheword；youcouldnotcallcoloredtissueskira-kira.Shewasdismayedover

howun-JapanesewewereandsworetosendUStoJapanoneday.Ididn'tcarewhereshesentme,solongasLynncame

along.

Whenshewasn'tinschool,shestayedwithmeconstantly.Bothourparentsworked.Officially,Istayedaildaywith

aladyfromdowntheroad,butunofficially,Lynnwastheonewhotookcareofme.

Mysisterusedtokeepadiary.TodayIkeepherdiaryinadrawernexttomybed.Iliketoseehowhermemories

werethesameasmine,butalsodifferent.Forinstance,oneofmyearliestmemoriesisofthedayLynnsavedmylife.I

wasalmostfive,andshewasalmostnine.Wewereplayingontheemptyroadnearourhouse.Fieldsoftallcornstretched

intothedistancewhereveryoulooked.Adirtygraydogranoutofthefieldnearus,andthenheranbackin.Lynnloved

animals.Herlongblackhairdisappearedintothecornasshechasedthedog.Thesummerskywasclearandblue.!felta

brieffearasLynndisappearedintothecornstalks.AfterLynnranintothefield,Icouldn'tseeanythingbutcorn.

"Lynnie!uIshouted.Weweren'tthatfarfromourhouse,butIfeltscared.Iburstintotears.

Somehoworother,Lynngotbehindmeandsaid,"Boo!"and1criedsomemore.Shejustlaughedandhuggedme

andsaid,πYou,rethebestlittlesisterintheworld!"Ilikeditwhenshesaidthat,soIstoppedcrying.

(1)WhatcanbelearnedaboutKatieasalittlechildfromthefirstparagraph?

A.SheonlylistenedtoLynn,sadvice.

B.Shedidn'tliketolearntheJapaneselanguage.

C.Shemispronouncedkira-kiraonpurpose.

D.Sheassociatedkira-kirawithnicethings.

(2)Theunderlinedworddismayedinthesecondparagraphprobablymeans.

A.discouraged

B.amused

C.relieved

□.unconvinced

(3)WhichofthefollowinglinesisprobablyinLynn'sdiarydescriptionoftheevent?

A.IwassurethatthedogwouldhurtKatie....

B.Myheartmeltedatthesightofthelovelydog....

C.IkeptchasingthedoguntilKatieappeared....

D.IregrettedtakingKatieoutwhenIsawthedog....

(4)Theauthorwritesaboutherchildhoodto.

A.singpraiseofherJapaneseroots

B.shareanadventurousexperience

C.recalluniquestyleoflanguagelearning

D.showthesisterlyaffection

Scholarshipsdesignedtoextendtheeducationandtrainingoftheapplicantsandtoadvancetheirresearchcareers

areavailabletoneworrecentdoctoralgraduatesindiverseareasofresearch.

Applicationswillbeacceptedfromdoctoralrecipientswithresearchinterestsassociatedwiththefollowing

Departments：

?APPLIEDOCEANPHYSICS&ENGINEERING

?MARINECHEMISTRYANDGEOCHEMISTRY

?PHYSICALOCEANOGRAPHY

?GEOLOGY&GEOPHYSICS

?BIOLOGY

Interdepartmentalresearch,includingwiththeMarinePolicyCenter,isalsoencouraged.

Applicationswillalsobeacceptedfromthosewithresearchinterestsonthefollowing：

?USGS/WHOI-areasofcommoninterestbetweenUSGSandWHOIScientificStafETheindividualwillinteract

withbothUSGSandWHOIbasedadvisorsontheirresearch.

Criteriaforawardsincludedemonstratedresearchindependence,productivityandnovelty,andcommunityservice

includingcontributionstomakingoceansciencesandengineeringmorediverseandWelcoming.Scholarshipsare

awardedfor18-monthappointments($68,500annually,plusahealthandwelfareallowance；atravelallowance；

andaresearchbudget).Recipientsareencouragedtopursuetheirownresearchinterestsupervisedbyresident

Staff.CommunicationwithpotentialWHOIadvisorspriortosubmittinganapplicationisencouraged.COMPLETED

APPLICATIONSMUSTBERECEIVEDBYOCTOBER15,2023,tostartanytimeafterJanuary1,2024andbefore

December1,2024.AwardswillbeannouncedinDecember.

FurtherinformationabouttheScholarshipsandapplicationformsaswellaslinkstotheindividualDepartmentsand

theirresearchthemesmaybeobtainedat：https：///pdscholarship

AgoalofthePostdoctoralScholarProgramisthelong-termbroadeningofparticipationinoceanscienceand

engineering：women,minorities,veterans.thosewithdisabilities,andotherunderrepresentedgroupsareencouragedto

apply.

(1)WhatcanbelearnedaboutthePostdoctoralScholarProgram?

A.Womenapplicantsaremorelikelytobeconsideredthanmenapplicants.

B.Applicantswhoseresearchisindependentandoriginalwillbegivenpriority.

C.AllapplicantsmustagreetoworkwiththeMarinePolicyCenter.

□.Applicantswithoutadegreeinengineeringwillberejected.

(2)Theearliesttimeforthescholarshiprecipienttostarttheresearchworkis.

A.October15,2023

BJanuary1,2024

C-December1,2024

□.December12,2023

(3)Thescholarshiprecipientwillbeableto.

A.getahealthandwelfareallowanceof$70,000ayear

B.usethedatabaseathttp：///pdscholarship

C.appointanyWHOIadvisorashis/herresearchpartner

D.doresearchundertheguidanceofresidentstaffatWHOI

WOODSHOL￡

OCKANOGHA*HK

心-INSTITUTION

19.Smallbatteriesarebigproblems,butnobodyreallypaysattentiontowheretheyendup.ResearchersattheCellulose&

WoodMaterialsLaboratoryareworkingtoaddressthisproblem.Theirnewresearchpaperdescribesawater-activated

paperbatterydevelopedfromenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialsthatcouldeventuallypresentasustainablealternative

tothemoreharmfulbatteriescommoninlow-powerdevices.

Thepaperbatteryhasthesamekeycomponentsasstandardbatteriesbutpackagesthemdifferently.Likeatypical

chemicalbattery,ithasapositivelychargedsidecalledacathode,anegativelychargedsidecalledananode,anda

conductivematerialcalledanelectrolyte(電品窣質(zhì))betweenthetwo.Atraditionalbattery'scomponentsareencasedin

plasticandmetal；inthenewbattery,theanodeandcathodeareinksprintedontothefrontandbackofapieceof

paper.Thatpaperisfilledwithsalt,whichdissolves容解)whenthepaperisdampenedwithwater.Theresulting

saltwatersolutionactsastheelectrolyte.

Sustainablematerialswereapreconditionfortheresearchers,whoconsideredonlysafeandplentifulingredientsto

createtheirdevice.,'WewerefairlyconfidentthatWewouldhavesomethingthatwouldworkintheend,butdeveloping

thesematerialsandinksystemsischallenging,πsaysGustavNystrom,seniorauthorofthestudy.

Aftertryinghundredsofformulationsforthebatterycomponents,theresearcherssettledonagraphiteinktomake

thecathode,azincinkfortheanode,andsalt-filledpapertocreatetheelectrolyte.

Whenthepaperisdry,thebatteryisshelf-stable.Addjustacoupleofdropsofwater,however,andthesalt

dissolves,allowingelectronstoflow.Oncethepaperisdampened,thebatteryactivateswithin20seconds.Thenew

battery'soperatingperformancedeclinesasthepaperdries.Whenthescientistsre-wetthepaperduringtesting,the

batteryregainedfunctionalityandlastedanhourbeforebeginningtodryoutagain.

AIthoughtheresearchersdemonstratedthattheirbatterycouldpoweranalarmclock,thepaperbatteriesare

unlikelytoreplacestandardonesonstoreshelves.Nystromenvisionsafuturewherethesepaperbatteriescouldmake

theirwayintoproductswithinthenexttwotofiveyears."Theperformancethatyouseeonthisdevice,Ithink,is

sufficientforalotofotherapplicationsalready,"hesays.Itismostlyamatterofscalingupproductionandintegrating

thebatteriesintosystemssuchasdiagnostictestsandenvironmentalsensors.u

(1)Howisthepaperbatterysimilartothestandardbattery?

A.Theybothhavetwochargedsidesandanelectrolyte.

B.Theyarebothpackagedinplasticandmetal.

C.Thekeycomponentsareenvironmentallyfriendly.

D.Bothbatteriescanoperateforonlyanhour.

(2)istheconditionforthepaperbatterytowork.

A.Heatingthesalt

B.Wettingthepaper

C.Dryingoutthebattery

D.Chargingtheelectrons

(3)Nystromwillmostlikelyagreewiththepredictionthat.

A.majortechnologicalbreakthroughwillbemadeinthenearfuture

B.allhomeapplianceswillbepoweredbypaperbatteries

C.paperbatterieswillhavelongershelflifethantraditionalones

D.thefutureforawideapplicationofpaperbatteriesisnotfaroff

(4)Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthesignificanceofpaperbattery?

A.Itadvancesthebatterymanufacturingindustry.

B.Itisalow-costalternativetotraditionalbattery.

C.Itisacreativewaytoreducepotentiale-waste.

D.ltturnsdangerouse-wasteintousefulproducts.

SectionCDirections：Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Each

sentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

20.

A.Asthatreduceseffortoverasustainedperiod,itcouldresultinevenmoresignificantnegative

effects.

B.Beforereceivingthetext,halftheparticipantswereaskedtothinkaboutthedifferentwaysthey

couldobtainfreefood,shouldtheyfailtoearnthesnack.

C.Butparticipantsaskedtobrainstormotherthingsbeforeunscramblingsentencesdidjustfine.

D.However,thecostsofmakingbackupplanshaven,tpreviouslybeenexamined.

E.Ifyouprepareforfailure,youmaybemorelikelytofail.

ETheymightnothavebeenawareofthisshiftintheirmindsetwhileworking,buttheywereless

motivated.

MakingaBackupPlanWeakensPerformance

Therearecertainlyimportantbenefitstomakingbackupplans.Oneisthepsychologicalcomfortitbrings：People

think,πI'mgoingtobeOkay,evenifIfailbecauseIcanthendoXorY."Anotherbenefitisthatifyoufail,youwon,t

keepthinkingaboutit；youcanquicklyimplementyourbackupplan.(1)JihaeShinOfWisconsinSchoolof

Businessbelievesthatacknowledgingthecostsandbenefitscanleadtobetterandmoreinformeddecisionmaking.

Shegave160universitystudentsasentence-unscrambling(理清句子)taskandpromisedanenergybartothose

whoperformeditwell.(2)Peopleencouragedtothinkaboutthosebackupplansunscrambledsignificantly

fewersentencesonaveragethanpeoplewhohadn,tbeenaskedtoformulateaplanB.

Inthefollow-upexperiment,Shintookthesameapproachbutofferedpeopledifferentrewards-anextradollar.',We

thinkthatwhenachievingagoalrequireswork,notluck,makingabackupplancanhurtperformancebyreducingthe

desireforthegoal."saidprofessorShin.uInthethirdstudyingwhichparticipantswereaskedabouthowmuchthey

wantedthepromisedrewardofonedollar,thosewhohadbeenaskedtothinkthroughbackupplansreportedthatthey

wantedthecashlessthanothers.(3)Sotheyputinlesseffortwhichhurttheirresults.

Theparticipantsinthelabstudiesspentlessthan10minutes,thinkingabouttheirbackupplans--atiny

investmentoftheirattention--yetitsignificantlyaffectedtheirmotivationandperformanceongoalpursuit.Inreal

lifewhenthestakesarehigher,peoplewouldbeexpectedtodevotemoretimeandenergytomappingoutthedetailed

backupplans.(4)

Thepracticaladvicefromtheresearchersis：Holdoffonmakingbackupplansuntilyou'veputasmucheffortas

possibleintoyourprimarygoal.

IV.SummaryWritingDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)of

thepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

21.

HumansEvolvedtoBeLonely

Lonelinesshurtsand,overtime,itcanputthebodyintoastatethatincreasesourriskofeverythingfromheart

attacktodiabetesandcancer.So,evolutionarilyspeaking,whydoweexperienceit?StephanieCacioppo,a

neuroscientist,saysthatcountlessstudieshavehelpedresearchersformulateaholistic（全面的）purposeforloneliness.

Beingsocialhaditsdownsidesevenbackthen-competitionforfood,forexample,orcontributiontothespreadof

pathogens（病原體）.Butscientiststhinkweevolvedtofeellonelinessbecauseitwasmoreimportanttoworkwithone

anothertoaccomplishtasksandprotecteveryone."Thepainoflonelinessdroveustorenewthesocialstructuresowe

couldsurviveandpromotekeyfeaturesliketrust,cooperationandcollectiveaction,uexplainsCacioppo.

Shesaysthat,foryears,researchersthoughtoflonelinessasa''diseasewithnocompensatoryfeatures."Butnow,

they'rerealizingthatit,smoreofabiologicalhungersignalthatremindsuswhenit,stimetoreconnectwiththosearound

ustopromoteourshort-termsurvival.Iftheoutcomesoflonelinesswereentirelynegative,itwouldnolongerbeapart

ofourDNA."Hungerandthirstprotectourphysicalbodywhilelonelinessprotectsoursocialbody,,'saysCacioppo.

Interestingly,whilelonelinesssendsasignaltothebrainthatit'stimeforconnection,atthesametimeit,salso

lookingfordanger.This"contradictorysignal