文獻(xiàn)翻譯-鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展

外文翻譯外文原稿ThesteelstructuredevelopmentSteelstructureinnationaleconomyconstructionapplicationscopeverybroad,maysayspreadseachprofession,steelstructurearchitecturalengineeringisinourcountryconstructionprofessionavigorousdevelopmentitembothisancientandthebrand-newprofession,isthegreenenvironmentalprotectionproduct,isimpelsthetraditionalarchitectureindustrytothehigh-techdevelopmentimportantplatoonguide.Nowwemustdiscussarethebuildingironstructureinthehousingindustrycenterapplicationandthedevelopmentaswellasthelightsteelhousingprospectsfordevelopment,butfirstweshouldunderstandthebuildingironstructuredevelopmentseveraltimesandthesteelstructureotherseveralmainbranches.First、Aftertheliberationthesteelstructuredevelopmentfourhistoricalperiods1、20centuries50、60atthebeginningofagestheabundanttimerestoresthetimeinthenationaleconomy,constructs156itemsbySovietUnionnewlybuiltandintheextensionproject,hastheverybigpartofsteelstructuresworkshopmainlyisnearbythesingle-layerfactory.Simultaneouslyhasestablishedlargequantitiesofdesigninstitutes,hasestablishedonebatchofsteelstructuresfactoriesandinstallsthecompany,alsotrainsonegroupofsteelstructurestechnologiestalentedperson.Incivilconstructionaspect,alsocompletesonebatchofsteelstructureshouses,completed57metersspanstwoarticulationsfrom1954toarch52metersspansroundcylinderassociationFangWangkeTianjinstadiumwhichthestructuretheBeijingstadium,in1956completed,whichtocompleteto1959GreatHallofthePeoplepartialsteelstructuresandsoon.The50'sintermediatestages,starttostudythepre-stressedsteelstructure.2、In20centuries60'slaterperiodand70'sebbtidetime.Inthistime,becausethesteelproductiontotalquantityarefew,thecountryproposedsavesthesteelproductsinthearchitectureindustrythepolicy.Inadditioncarriesout,understoodappearsthedeviation,certainpeoplethoughtsavesthesteelproductsonnottousethesteelproducts.Thesteelstructureprojecthasbeenshort,thedesign,themanufacture,installsthetroopalsograduallytowither,butorcompletesseveralsignificantthelarge-scaleconstructionandthebridge.Inthistime,butalsostudieddevelopsthelightsteelroomwhichwascomposedbytheroundsteelandthesmallanglesteeltocover,touseinthesmallspanworkshop.3、After20centuries80'sandthe90'sdevelopmenttimes1979,alongwiththereformandopenpolicypolicyimplementation,straightenedouttaketheeconomicdevelopmentasthecentralwork,thesteelstructureapplicationgraduallygrew.4、After1996,ourcountrybuildingironstructuredevelopmentspring.Surpasses100milliontonsafterthesteeloutput,ourcountrygovernmentpromptlyproposedinthearchitectureindustryadvocatedusesthesteelstructure,hastakensomemeasuresintheorganization,andhasadjustedthepolicy,hasappearedaseriesofpositivedevelopmentpolicy,alsohasestablishedsomecorrespondingstandards,theregulationsandcomputationsoftware.Second、Underonbuildingironstructureseveralmainbranchessummaryasfollows:1、Thewiretablestructureplatesteelframeobtainsthewidespreadapplicationin6070ages,inrecentyearsbutalreadyhastenedslow,graduallyhadinthisprojectdomainbythelightsteelstructureisreplacedthetendency.Andinthe80'sinitialperiod,hasformulated"thewiretablestructuraldesignandtheconstructionregulations"JGJ7-91,hasestablishedthewiretablestructurestandardization,theserializedindustrializationproductionThecompleteblueprint,hasformedthematuretechnology,promotesitsrapiddevelopment,thedevelopmentquick,itsscalebig,forinternationalisrare.Thewiretablestructureissuitableforthetowerstructure,(forexampleDaliantelevisiontower)smalldecorationtower,castskeleton(forexampleJiuhauaimageofBuddha,height99.9meters)andsoon2、Highlevelbuildingironstructure(1)、Afterreformandopenpolicy,theourcountryhigh-riseconstructionobtainsthefastdevelopment.The80'sinitialperiod,inthistimedomesticstructuralengineerthroughtheparticipationdozensofhighlevelbuildingironstructuresdesign,theinstallment,themanufacture,havealreadyobtainedthecertainexperience.Throughandtheoverseasenterprise'scooperation,theintroduction,hasabsorbedtheoverseastechnology,andcarriesonaseriesofsignificantscientificresearchitemaccordingtoourcountrynationalconditiontheresearch,thedomestichighlevelbuildingironstructuretechnologyalreadydevelopedtoahigherlevel.(2)、Steelstructuresuperiorityandsynthesiseconomicefficiencyregardlessofisthestructureperformance,theusefunctionorintheeconomicefficiency,thesteelstructureallhasthecertainsuperiority.①、Steelproductsanti-pull,resistanttocompression,theshearingstrengthontheotherhandhigher,thesteelstructurecomponentstructurecrosssectionissmall,isself-possessedlightly.Intheordinarycircumstances,thehighlevelreinforcedconcretebuildingdeadweightabout1.5-2.0ton/m2,thehighlevelbuildingironstructureisself-possessedmostlybelow1ton/m2,evensomeofficebuildingsonlyhave0.5-0.6ton/m2.②、Thesteelstructurehasabetterductility,theearthquakeresistanceperformancegood,especiallyinthehighintensityseismicregion,usesthesteelstructureadvantageously,thereinforcedconcretestructureductilityguaranteeliesinthestructurethestressnottootobehigh,butthesteelstructureductilityliesincausesthepartialcomponentstoentertheplasticity.③、Structureholdsthearea(oriscalledstructureplanedensity)tobesmall,infactincreasedtheuseablearea.Thehighlevelbuildingironstructurestructureholdstheareaonlyisthesimilarreinforcedconcretefloorspace28%.Usesthesteelstructuretobeallowedtoincreasetheuseablearea4%-8%.Thisisinfactincreasesthebuildingtheusevalue,theincreaseeconomicefficiency.④、Constructionsspeedsarequick.Usesthesteelstructuretobepossibletoprovideabiggerspacefortheconstructionandthemorespaciousconstructionworksurface.Thesteelstructureprojectpillargenerallytakes3-4isexecutestheconstructionsection,inascenehoisting.Moreoverthepillarhoisting,thesteelframeinstallment,thereinforcedconcretecoretubeconstructs,thecombinationceilingconstructionandsoon,mayimplementtheseparategradecrossingwork.Sometimesinstallsthecolumn,framewhileupside,lowerpartmaycarryontheinteriordecoration,therepairproject.Therefore,inaspectundertheandsoonguaranteetechnology,supply,managementcondition,mayputintotheuseaheadoftime⑤、Steelstructurequalityiseasytoguarantee.Thesteelstructurecomponentgenerallyallmakes,theprocessing,theprecisioninthefactoryishigh.⑥、Steelstructureconstructioniseasyintheuseprocesstotransform,likethereinforcement,meetshigh,expandsthefloorandsooninternaldivision,thechangequiteiseasy,tobenimble.Somedevelopedcountriesbelievedthat,thesteelstructureconstructionistheenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,maythereuse,reducethemineralresourcemining.⑦、Steelstructuremaymakethegreatspan,thebigspace.Theopeingwide-likebigplaneoffice,afterthe60'sobtainsabiggerdevelopment,somecountriescallit"thebotanicalgardenoffice".Thiskindofofficerequestgreatersizecolumnnetarrangement,andthepillarcrosssectionsmallerismoreappropriate.Used12-15mthecolumnnetalreadyverytobecommon.Thesteelstructuresuitthiskindofrequest,becauseitmayformthemorespaciousnon-columnspace,isadvantageousforinternalnimblearrangement.⑧、Pipelinearrangementisconvenient.Insteelstructurestructurespace,somemanyholesandcavity,moreoverthesteelgirderwebplatealsoallowstopassthroughissmallerthanthecertaindiameterpipeline,likethiscausesthepipelinethearrangementconveniently,alsoincreasedtheconstructiononlyhigh,moreoverthepipelinereplacement,therepairforisallconvenient.(3)、Thesteelstructureconstructionconstructioncostisnotcertainlyhigh.Steelstructureconstructioncostandmanyfactorsrelated,likesteelandironproductivity,processinglevel,steelproductsvariety,specification,designtechnicallevel,computationconstructioncostmethodandsoon.Dataandmaterialgraspswhichaccordingtoatpresent,regardingthemultilayeredconstruction,includingthemultilayeredhousingconstruction,thesteelstructureconstructioncost,slightlyishigherthanthebricktomixthestructure,butisimpartialwiththereinforced-concretestructure,cannotbehigherthanlattertheconstructioncost,iflookedfromthecomprehensivebenefit,thencompletelyislowerthantraditionaltheconstruction.3、Hangstheropeandslantingpullsstructureourcountrytoapplyhangstheropestructurecomparisonearly,butaftercompletestheBeijingworkerstadiumandtheZhejiangstadium,nearlystopsgetsdown,startstothe90'stouse.IfShandongZibo54meterscrossmonolayersparallelropesstadium.4、Netshellnetshellstructurewhengreatspanandultragreatspanhastheverybigmerit,startsfromthe50'stouseinthestadiumandthepublicmeetinghall.5、Membraneandropemembranestructuremembraneandropemembranestructurebecauseitsserviceabilityquiteisbroad,thereforemassivelyusesinthesportsconstruction、displayconstruction、entertainmentconstructionandfacility、performanceconstruction、airportconstructionandeachkindofseashoreentertainmentleisureconstructionandfacility.ThebiggestmembranestructureistheShanghai80,000personofstadiumsselectsloosely.6、Sincesingle-layerworkshopportalframeconstructionreformandopenpolicy,alsothenewlybuiltonebatchofheavyindustriesworkshop,themajorpartallusesisthesteelstructureframeload-bearingsystem.TheShanghaiPaoshanironandsteelplant1、2issueofsteelstructuresconstructionsareaamountsto1.05millionsquaremeters.Theworkshopstructurebasicallyisthesingle-layerframeortheshelvingbodystrip.AnissueofprojectmainlydesignsthemanufacturebyJapan,secondphasedprojectsmainlybydomesticdesignconstruction.Itscharacteristicliesintheworkshoptobehighlybig,somecolumnheight50meters,thecraneliftingcapacityhasamountsto450tons.Theworkshopcircleprotectsthestructure,usesthelightcoloredcoatingsteelplateorthealuminumalloysectionsteelplate.Thesteelstructuresaysalsowellfromtheworldscope,fromourChinasaidalsogood,shouldbeonekindoftendency,istheconstructiondevelopmentdirection.Becausethesteelstructurehasthemeritwhichtheverymanyreinforcedconcretestructureisunabletocompare,hasbeenrecognizedasthegreenenvironmentalprotectionproduct,conformstothesustainabledevelopmentpolicy.Thesteelstructureisself-possessedlightly,theconstructioncycleshort,theearthquakeresistance,thetenaciousperformanceisgood,mayapplytothegreatspan,standstallanderect,theheavyloadproject,likethegreatspanbridge,theexhibitionhall,thesportcenterandsoon,hasdevelopedtheapplicationscope.Intherecent23years,thehousingsteelstructuredevelopmenthasalsobecomeindustryinhotspottopic.TheLaisteel,thehorsesteelhotrollingHsectionproductionlineintroduction,hasbroughtthebrightprospectforthehousingsteelstructuredevelopment.JapaneseandtheEuropeanandAmericancountriescivilengineering,thecivilhousing,thesteelstructureproportionhasachievedabout50%,butourcountryabove90%orreinforcedconcretestructure.Atpresent,ourcountrysteelstructuremanufacturingindustryannualoutputachieved6million~700tenthousandtons,onlyaccountfortheentiresteeloutputabout3%,butthedevelopedcountryaccountsfor10%.Accordingtothisproportioncomputation,byourcountrylastyearthesteelproductstableviewconsumptionquantityachievedmorethan200milliontonsaretheexample,thesteelstructureannualoutputshouldachieveabout20milliontons,nowdisparityalsoverybig,obviouslythesteelstructuredevelopmentspaceisextremelyhuge.Isunceasinglythinalongwiththesocialdivisionoflabor,thesteelstructuredesignalsowillcertainlytomovetowardsthespecializeddevelopmentthepath.SpecializedsteelstructuredesignMaymakeupasaresultofnotthefamiliarsteelstructureformisunabletooptimizethestructuraldesignplanthequestion.Inordertospeedupthearchitectureindustrythedevelopment,wehopethesocietyfromallwalksoflife,inparticulargeneralpropertydeveloper,designingdepartment'sconstructing.Architecttotaketheleadtousethesteelstructurethiskindofstructurepattern,thusfundamentallypromotesthestructuralsteel.Bybuildingironstructureimpetusmetallurgyandcorrelationprofessiondevelopment,thusisadvantageoustomaintainsthenationaleconomytocontinuestablytogrow.Webelieved,solongasstrengthenstheleadership,gathers.Theprincipleplan,thepositiveorganization,thegovernment,theprofession,theenterprisejointeffort,produces,study,grindsincloseintegrationwithcooperation,thesteelstructureindustry中文翻譯鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的應(yīng)用范圍很廣，可以說遍及各個行業(yè)，其中鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑工程是我國建筑行業(yè)中蓬勃發(fā)展的一項既古老又嶄新的行業(yè)，是綠色環(huán)保產(chǎn)品，是推動傳統(tǒng)建筑業(yè)向高新技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要排頭兵?，F(xiàn)在我們要談的是建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在住宅產(chǎn)業(yè)化中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展以及輕鋼住宅的發(fā)展前景，我們應(yīng)了解建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的幾個時期和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的其它幾個主要分支。一、解放后鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的四個歷史時期1、20世紀(jì)50、60年代初盛時期在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)時期，由蘇聯(lián)援建的156項新建和擴(kuò)建項目中，有很大一部分鋼結(jié)構(gòu)廠房。同時成立了一大批設(shè)計院，建立了一批鋼結(jié)構(gòu)制造廠和安裝公司，也培養(yǎng)出一批鋼結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)人才。在民用建筑方面，也建成一批鋼結(jié)構(gòu)房屋，從1954年建成的57米跨度兩鉸拱結(jié)構(gòu)的北京體育館、1956年建成的52米跨度的圓柱面聯(lián)方網(wǎng)殼的天津體育館、到1959年建成的北京人民大會堂部分鋼結(jié)構(gòu)等等。50年代中期，開始研究預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。2、20世紀(jì)60年代中后期和70年代的低潮時期。在這個時期，因為鋼的生產(chǎn)總量少，國家提出在建筑業(yè)節(jié)約鋼材的政策。再加上執(zhí)行中、理解上出現(xiàn)的偏差，某些人認(rèn)為節(jié)約鋼材就是不用鋼材。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程少了，設(shè)計、制造、安裝隊伍也逐步萎縮，但還是建成幾幢有意義的大型建筑和橋梁。在此時期，還研究開發(fā)了由圓鋼和小角鋼組成的輕鋼屋蓋、用于小跨度的廠房。3、20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代的發(fā)展時期1979年后，隨著改革開放政策的實施，以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心的工作步入正軌，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用逐漸增長。4、一九九六年后，我國建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的春天。在鋼產(chǎn)量超過一億噸后，我國政府及時提出在建筑業(yè)中提倡使用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，在組織上采取了一些措施，并且調(diào)整了政策，出臺了一系列的積極發(fā)展的方針，也編制了一些相應(yīng)的規(guī)范、規(guī)程及計算軟件。二、下面就建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的幾個主要分支簡述如下：1、網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)平板鋼架在6070年代得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但近年來已經(jīng)趨緩，在此工程領(lǐng)域逐漸有被輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)代替之趨勢。并在80年代初期，就制定了的“網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與施工規(guī)程”JGJ7-91，編制了網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，系列化工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的成套圖紙，形成了成熟的技術(shù)，促進(jìn)其迅速發(fā)展，發(fā)展之快、其規(guī)模之大，為國際少見。網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)適用于塔架結(jié)構(gòu)，(如大連電視塔)小型裝飾塔、塑像骨架(如九華山佛像、高99.9米)等。2、高層建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)(1)、改革開放以后，我國的高層建筑得到快速發(fā)展。80年代初期，在這個時期國內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師通過參與數(shù)十棟高層建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計、安裝、制造，已經(jīng)取得了一定的經(jīng)驗。通過和國外企業(yè)的合作，引進(jìn)、吸收了國外的技術(shù)，并根據(jù)我國國情進(jìn)行一系列的重大科研項目的研究，國內(nèi)高層建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的技術(shù)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到一個較高的水平。(2)、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)越性及綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益無論是結(jié)構(gòu)性能、使用功能還是經(jīng)濟(jì)效益上，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)都具有一定的優(yōu)越性。①、鋼材的抗拉、抗壓、抗剪強(qiáng)度相對來說較高，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件結(jié)構(gòu)斷面小、自重輕。一般情況下，高層鋼筋混凝土建筑物的自重在1.5-2.0噸／m2左右，高層建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)自重大都在1噸／m2以下，甚至有的辦公樓只有0.5-0.6噸／m2。②、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)有較好的延性，抗震性能好，尤其在高烈度震區(qū)，使用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)就更為有利，鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)延性的保證在于結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力不太高，而鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的延性在于使部分構(gòu)件進(jìn)入塑性。③、結(jié)構(gòu)占有面積(或稱為結(jié)構(gòu)平面密度)小，實際上是增加了使用面積。高層建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)占有面積只是同類鋼筋混凝土建筑面積的28%。采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可以增加使用面積4%-8%。這實際上是增加建筑物的使用價值，增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。④、施工速度快。采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可為施工提供較大的空間和較寬敞的施工作業(yè)面。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程的柱子一般取3-4層為一個施工段，在現(xiàn)場一次