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UNIT4HISTORYANDTRADITIONS英國(guó)倫敦LONDON,England.Acapitalcityfullofartandhistory.Animportantpoliticalcentre.Ahugefinancialmarketplace.WhateveryouthinkaboutLondon,visitingasatouristisverydifferentfromlivingthere.EachpartofLondonhasitsowncharacter.Somepartsarericherthanothers,ormoreindustrial,orhavebetterhousing.Let'sstartwiththecentre,the“SquareMile”.ThisistheoldestpartofLondon.Inthepast,thisiswhereallfinancialbusinesswasdone.Notmanypeoplelivehere,but300,000peopleworkhereeveryday.Movingwest,weetotheWestEnd.Thisbusyshoppingandentertainmentdistrictisburstingwiththingstodo.TakeawalkdownOxfordStreet,pastbigdepartmentstoreslikeSelfridgesandHarrods.Rentshereareveryhigh,aone-bedroomapartmentmaycostaround1,000pounds(14,845yuan)aweek.TheEastEndcontainsthePortofLondon,whichhistoricallyiswheremanyimmigrantsfirstarrived.SinceLondonwonthebidtoholdtheOlympicsin2012,manyLondonershopethathousing,educationandemploymentformanypeopleinthisareawillimprove.ItisdifficulttobegeneralaboutLondon.Thecityismadeupofa“collectionofvillages”,eachareawithitsowncharacterandmunity.Putthemalltogether,andyouhaveLondon,acosmopolitancapital.開(kāi)啟快樂(lè)學(xué)習(xí)之旅英國(guó)倫敦,一座藝術(shù)氣息和歷史氛圍濃郁的都城,一個(gè)重要的政治中心,一個(gè)巨大的金融市場(chǎng)。不管你眼中的倫敦是什么樣子,以游客的身份去參觀旅游和居住在此有很大的不同。倫敦每個(gè)地方都各有千秋。有的地方富裕,有的地方偏工業(yè)化,有的地方則更適合居住。我們先從金融廣場(chǎng)啟程吧。這里是倫敦最古老的地方。以前,所有的金融交易都在這里進(jìn)行。居住在這里的人不是很多,但是,每天卻有30萬(wàn)人工作在此。繼續(xù)西行,我們就來(lái)到了倫敦西區(qū)。這里是日益繁忙的購(gòu)物和娛樂(lè)區(qū)。沿牛津大街步行,會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)大的百貨商店,其中就有塞弗吉商店和哈羅德商店。這里的房子租金特別貴,一居室的公寓可能每周的租金大約有1000英鎊(折合人民幣14845元)左右。倫敦東區(qū)有倫敦港,在歷史上,它曾經(jīng)是移民最先到達(dá)的地方。由于倫敦成功申請(qǐng)到了2012年奧運(yùn)會(huì)的舉辦權(quán),很多倫敦人希望這個(gè)區(qū)的住房、教育和工作機(jī)會(huì)能夠得到改善。要全面描述倫敦是很困難的。這個(gè)城市是一個(gè)“鄉(xiāng)村集散地”,每個(gè)地方都有自己的特色和自己的社區(qū)。所有這一切,組成了倫敦,一個(gè)國(guó)際化大都市。模塊核心素養(yǎng)導(dǎo)航SectionⅠListeningandSpeaking,ReadingandThinkingⅠ.重點(diǎn)單詞1.philosophyn.哲學(xué)2.individualadj.單獨(dú)的;個(gè)別的n.個(gè)人→individuallyadv.分別地;單獨(dú)地;個(gè)別地3.heeln.足跟;(腳、襪子、鞋等的)后跟4.kingdomn.王國(guó);領(lǐng)域5.chiefadj.最重要的;最高級(jí)別的n.(公司或機(jī)構(gòu)的)首領(lǐng);酋長(zhǎng)→chieflyadv.主要地;首要地6.puzzlen.謎;智力游戲;疑問(wèn)vt.迷惑;使困惑→puzzledadj.迷惑的→puzzlingadj.令人迷惑的7.nearbyadj.附近的;鄰近的adv.在附近8.belongvi.應(yīng)在(某處);適應(yīng)→belongingsn.財(cái)產(chǎn),所有物;行李9.militaryadj.軍事的;軍用的10.defencen.防御;保衛(wèi)→defendvt.防護(hù);防衛(wèi)11.legaladj.法律的;合法的→legallyadv.合法地→illegallyadv.違法地;非法地→illegaladj.非法的12.surroundvt.圍繞;包圍→surroundingadj.周圍的→surroundingsn.環(huán)境13.evidencen.證據(jù);證明→evidentadj.明顯的14.a(chǎn)chievementn.成就;成績(jī);達(dá)到→achievevt.完成;達(dá)到15.locationn.地方;地點(diǎn);位置→locatedadj.位于→locatevt.使坐落于vi.定位;定居16.battlen.戰(zhàn)役;搏斗vi.&vt.搏斗;奮斗17.portn.港口(城市)18.fascinatingadj.極有吸引力的;迷人的→fascinatevt.使著迷→fascinationn.魅力Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)1.join...to...把……和……連接或聯(lián)結(jié)起來(lái)2.breakaway(fromsb./sth.)脫離;背叛;逃脫3.belongto屬于4.a(chǎn)swellas同(一樣也);和;還5.keepyoureyesopen(for)留心;留意6.leadto導(dǎo)致;造成7.besimilarto與……相似8.a(chǎn)ccordingto按照;根據(jù)……所說(shuō)9.ifany如果有的話10.a(chǎn)ddto增加;增添11.resultin導(dǎo)致;造成;引起12.referto涉及,談到,提到,引證;查閱;參考13.takeover接收;接管14.leavebehind把……丟在后面;留下;忘帶15.datebackto追溯到……16.beknownas作為……而生活;被稱作……Ⅲ.重點(diǎn)句型1.Sowhatisthedifferencebetweenthem,ifany?如果有,那么它們之間有什么區(qū)別呢?2.GettingtoknowalittlebitaboutBritishhistorywillhelpyousolvethispuzzle.了解一點(diǎn)英國(guó)歷史將有助于你解決這個(gè)難題。3.Finally,inthe20thcentury,thesouthernpartofIrelandbrokeawayfromtheUK,whichresultedinthefullnamewehavetoday:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.最后,在20世紀(jì),愛(ài)爾蘭南部脫離英國(guó),形成了今天的全稱:大不列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)。4.Theyusethesameflag,knownastheUnionJack,aswellassharethesamecurrencyandmilitarydefence.他們使用同樣的旗幟,被稱為“英國(guó)國(guó)旗”,也有相同的貨幣和軍事防御。5.TheyintroducedthebeginningsoftheEnglishlanguage,andchangedthewaypeoplebuilthouses.他們介紹了英語(yǔ)的起源,改變了人們建造房屋的方式。6.TheyhadcastlesbuiltallaroundEngland,andmadechangestothelegalsystem.他們?cè)谟?guó)各地建造了城堡,并對(duì)法律制度進(jìn)行了修改。7.ThereissomuchmoretolearnabouttheinterestinghistoryandcultureoftheUnitedKingdom.關(guān)于英國(guó)有趣的歷史和文化還有很多需要了解。8.Studyingthehistoryofthecountrywillmakeyourvisitmuchmoreenjoyable.學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史將使你的游覽更加愉快。9.ThecapitalcityLondonisagreatplacetostart,asitisanancientportcitythathasahistorydatingallthewaybacktoRomantimes.首都倫敦是一個(gè)很好的起點(diǎn),因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)古老的港口城市,它的歷史可以追溯到羅馬時(shí)代。10.Ifyoukeepyoureyesopen,youwillbesurprisedtofindthatyoucanseebothitspastanditspresent.如果你留心觀察,你會(huì)驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)你能看到它的過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在。eq\o(\s\up1(1),\s\do5())chiefadj.最重要的;最高級(jí)別的n.(公司或機(jī)構(gòu)的)首領(lǐng);酋長(zhǎng)[典型例句]Mosthealthchiefsbelievethereformshavegonetoofar.大多數(shù)衛(wèi)生部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都覺(jué)得改革搞得過(guò)火了。Thismaybethechiefreasonforhisbeingabsent.這可能是他缺席的主要原因。Hewasemployedasthechieffinancialofficerofthepany.他被聘為公司的首席財(cái)務(wù)官。注意:chief的復(fù)數(shù)形式是在其后直接加-s構(gòu)成。同樣的以f結(jié)尾但詞尾直接加-s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞還有:belief,roof,proof和gulf。TherearetoomanychiefsandnotenoughIndians.將多兵少。[思維拓展]chieflyadv.主要地;首要地[即學(xué)即練]Theteamlostthegamechiefly(chief)becausetheteamleaderhadaquarrelwiththecoach.2eq\a\vs4\al(puzzlen.謎;智力游戲;疑問(wèn)vt.迷惑;使困惑)[典型例句]Themeaningofthepoemhasalwaysbeenapuzzle.那首詩(shī)的含義始終是個(gè)謎。Sheispuzzledoverhisletteroflastweek.她對(duì)他上周的那封信感到迷惑不解。[思維拓展]puzzleoversth.對(duì)某事(物)苦苦思索,仔細(xì)琢磨puzzleout仔細(xì)考慮解決(難題等)puzzledadj.感到困惑的puzzlingadj.令人困惑的bepuzzledby被……迷惑[即學(xué)即練](1)It'squitea_puzzle_touswhyhedidthat.他為何做那樣的事,我們完全搞不懂。(2)Thissentencepuzzlesme.這個(gè)句子令我困惑。(3)Iwas_puzzledhowtosolvetheproblem.我不知道怎樣解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。(4)Thequestionispuzzlingtome.這個(gè)問(wèn)題令我困惑。3eq\a\vs4\al(nearbyadj.附近的;鄰近的adv.在附近)[典型例句]Thegirlyouwanttoseelivesnearby.你想見(jiàn)的那個(gè)姑娘就住在附近。Danfoundworkononeofthefarmsnearby.丹在附近的一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)找到了工作。[即學(xué)即練]Theelephantseizedanearbybranchandputitintohermouth.4eq\a\vs4\al(defencen.防御;保衛(wèi))[典型例句]Attackisthebestformofdefence.進(jìn)攻是最佳的防御。[思維拓展]indefence(of)保衛(wèi);保護(hù)defendvt.保護(hù);保衛(wèi)defendagainst抵御defend...from/against...保護(hù)……免遭……defendsb.by...通過(guò)……為某人辯護(hù)defendoneself自衛(wèi);為自己辯解Troopshavebeensenttodefendtheborders.部隊(duì)被派去守衛(wèi)邊疆。Theirdutyistodefendthecountryagainsttheenemy.他們的職責(zé)是保衛(wèi)國(guó)家不受敵人侵犯。[巧學(xué)妙記](méi)de-(=from,脫離)+fend(=strike,打;擊)→使某物不受打擊→保護(hù);保衛(wèi)[易混辨析]defend,protect,guarddefend指抵御或擊退外來(lái)威脅或攻擊。protect指采取保護(hù)措施,使不受傷害或損傷,常用于指防御風(fēng)雨、寒冷、烈日、疾病或保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律權(quán)益等。guard指小心謹(jǐn)慎地對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)或存在的危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行防御,以維護(hù)安全,含“警戒”之意。[即學(xué)即練]Thesoldiersdefendourcountryfrom/againstinvasion.5eq\a\vs4\al(surroundvt.圍繞;包圍)[典型例句]Heglaredatthepeoplewhosurroundedthetent.他怒視著圍住帳篷的那些人。Thelakeissurroundedbytrees.湖邊樹(shù)木環(huán)繞。[思維拓展]besurroundedbysb./sth.被某人/事包圍surroundingadj.周圍的surroundingsn.(pl.)環(huán)境inasurroundingarea在周圍地區(qū)besituated/locatedinverypleasantsurroundings位于優(yōu)美的環(huán)境中[即學(xué)即練](1)TheLosAngelesBasinis_surrounded_onthreesides洛杉磯盆地三面都是高山。(2)Thepeasantsareallowedtocultivatethe_surrounding_land.允許農(nóng)民耕種周圍的土地。(3)Animalsinazooarenotlivingintheirnaturalsurroundings.動(dòng)物園里的動(dòng)物們不是生活在自然環(huán)境之中。6eq\a\vs4\al(evidencen.證據(jù);證明)[典型例句]Wefoundfurtherscientificevidenceforthistheory.我們找到了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)這種理論的科學(xué)根據(jù)。There'ssomeevidencethatasmallamountofalcoholisgoodforyou.有證據(jù)顯示,少量飲酒有益健康。[思維拓展](be)inevidence明顯的;顯而易見(jiàn)evidence+eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(of/forsth.有某事/物的證據(jù),that...有證據(jù)……,toshow/suggest...有證據(jù)表明……))evidentadj.明顯的beevidenttosb.that...某人清楚……Itisevidentthat...顯然……[即學(xué)即練](1)Obviouslyinpetitivesocietytherearebothlosersandwinners.→It_is_evident_thatinpetitivesocietytherearebothlosersandwinners.(2)Nowwehavethemostdirectevidence(evident)yetthatheisright.7eq\a\vs4\al(battlen.戰(zhàn)役;搏斗vi.&vt.搏斗;奮斗)[典型例句]Knowtheenemyandknowyourself,andyoucanfightahundredbattleswithnodangerofdefeat.知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)不殆。Bothteamsbattledhard.兩隊(duì)拼得很厲害。[思維拓展]battleagainst/with...與……斗爭(zhēng)battlefor為……而斗爭(zhēng)battletodosth.奮力去做某事fightabattle打仗;作戰(zhàn)winabattle打贏一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)loseabattle輸?shù)粢粓?chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)behalfthebattle成功了一半[即學(xué)即練]Theywonthebattleagainstthedisease.考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)一單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Inthecartoon(卡通),thewolfcanliveinharmonywiththesheep,whichmakesthechildrenpuzzled(puzzle).2.Toexplainthepuzzling(puzzle)findings,heofferstwotheories.3.Theyhelpthebodydefenditselfagainst/fromsomekindsofinfections.4.Somepeoplemaydefendthemselvesbysayingthatsnakemeatisnutritious.5.Agoodbookcouldabsorbourattentionsopletelythatforthetimebeingweforgetoursurroundings(surround).6.ButnowanAmericanscientisthadproducedtheevidenceto_prove(prove)thatwe'renotallgoingmad.7.Ithasnowbeeevident(evidence)tousthatamistakehasbeenmade.1eq\a\vs4\al(leadto導(dǎo)致;造成)[典型例句]Eatingtoomuchsugarcanleadtohealthproblems.食用過(guò)多的糖會(huì)引起健康問(wèn)題。[思維拓展]eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(leadsb.intosth.,leadsb.sth.,leadtosb.doingsth.))導(dǎo)致/造成某人做某事[即學(xué)即練]Thisstormledtoaheavyloss.2eq\a\vs4\al(besimilarto與……相似)[典型例句]Jackissimilartohisfatherinmanyways.杰克在很多方面與他爸爸相似。[思維拓展]besimilarwith在某方面類似stickto堅(jiān)持objectto反對(duì)agreeto同意(建議、看法)seeto料理,照看devote...to致力于,獻(xiàn)身于beaccustomed/usedto習(xí)慣于payattentionto注意注意:以上短語(yǔ)后均跟名詞或v.-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。[即學(xué)即練]Neighborsdevotedtheirsparetimeto_helping(help)othersrebuildhomes.3eq\a\vs4\al(accordingto按照;根據(jù)……所說(shuō))[典型例句]Accordingtoexperts'opinions,theygaveuptheexperimentimmediately.根據(jù)專家們的意見(jiàn),他們馬上放棄了這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)。注意:accordingto用來(lái)引用出自他人或他處的消息,不能與me和myopinion等連用。[譯]依我之見(jiàn),……[誤]Accordingtome/myopinion,...[正]Inmyopinion,...[即學(xué)即練]AccordingtoGeorge,sheisagreatplayer.4eq\a\vs4\al(breakawayfromsb./sth.脫離;背叛;逃脫)[典型例句]Thegirldecidedtobreakawayfromherfamilyifherparentsdidn'tagreetohermarryingtheyoungman.如果父母不同意她和那個(gè)男青年的婚姻,這位姑娘就決定離家出走。[思維拓展]breakdown破壞,粉碎;發(fā)生故障;感情崩潰;分類;劃分;分解breakin闖入;插話breakout爆發(fā);突然發(fā)生breakthrough沖破,突破breakup分裂;分開(kāi)breakoff中止;折斷;打斷[即學(xué)即練](1)Itwaswrongforhimtobreak_away_fromallhisgoodfriends.他和他所有的好朋友決裂是錯(cuò)誤的。(2)Thestudentswereencouragedtobreak_away_fromthebadhabits.學(xué)生們被鼓勵(lì)改掉壞習(xí)慣。(3)Theelevatorsinthebuildingarealwaysbreaking_down.這幢樓里的電梯總出故障。(4)Peacetalkshavebroken_downoverthequestionofreparations.和談因戰(zhàn)后賠款問(wèn)題而中止。(5)Bacteriabreak_downtheanimalwastetoformmethane.細(xì)菌使動(dòng)物糞便分解成沼氣。(6)IfTimcarriesonworkinglikethis,he'llbreak_downsoonerorlater.如果蒂姆繼續(xù)這樣工作,身體遲早會(huì)垮掉。5eq\a\vs4\al(resultin導(dǎo)致,造成,引起)[典型例句]Actingbeforethinkingalwaysresultsinfailure.做事不先考慮常會(huì)導(dǎo)致失敗。Theaccidentresultedinthedeathoftwopeople.這場(chǎng)意外事故造成兩人死亡。[思維拓展]其近義詞(組)有cause/bringabout/leadtoasaresult因此,結(jié)果withoutresult徒勞,毫無(wú)結(jié)果resultfrom因……產(chǎn)生;起因于……asaresultof由于……,作為……的結(jié)果[即學(xué)即練]Thesepoliciesresultedinmanyelderlypeoplesufferinghardship.6referto涉及,談到,提到,引證;查閱,參考[典型例句]Heneverreferredtohissistersinhisletters.他在信里從未提到過(guò)他的姐妹們。Ifyoudon'tknowthespellingofaword,youshouldrefertoadictionary.如果你不會(huì)拼寫一個(gè)詞,你應(yīng)當(dāng)查一下詞典。[思維拓展]refer...to...問(wèn)詢,歸類,提交referto...as把……稱作,把……當(dāng)作Englishisreferredtoasauniversallanguage.英語(yǔ)被稱為世界語(yǔ)言。[即學(xué)即練]Attheroutineofficemeeting,theheadmasterinsistedthattheproblemsreferredtobepaid(pay)specialattentionto.7eq\a\vs4\al(belongto屬于)[典型例句]Thiscarbelongstome.這輛車屬于我。ThathousebelongstoMrBrown.那座房子是布朗先生的。注意:belongto無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),作定語(yǔ)時(shí)用belongingto形式。不能說(shuō)Thiscarisbelongingtome.和Thiscarisbelongedtome.。[思維拓展]belongvi.“適合待在某處,放在某處”,沒(méi)有含被動(dòng)意味的過(guò)去分詞用法。belongingsn.財(cái)產(chǎn),所有物,相關(guān)事物[即學(xué)即練](1)Thatdictionarybelongs_tothelibrary.那本詞典是圖書(shū)館的。(2)Doyoubelong_tothetradeunion?你是商會(huì)會(huì)員嗎?(3)Wheredotheseplatesbelong?這些盤子該放在哪兒?8beknownas作為……而出名;被稱作……[典型例句]Einsteinisknownasagreatscientist.愛(ài)因斯坦作為一名偉大的科學(xué)家而出名。ShanghaiisknownasthelargestcityofChina.上海作為中國(guó)最大的城市而為人們所知。[思維拓展]beknownfor=befamousfor因……而出名beknowntosb.為某人所知beknownby根據(jù)……了解[即學(xué)即練]Heisknownasawriterforhisnovels.9eq\a\vs4\al(aswellas同一樣也;和;還)[典型例句]Theywilltravelbynightaswellasbyday.他們除了白天旅行外,晚上也得趕路。Shesingsaswellasplaysthepiano.除了彈鋼琴外,她還唱歌。[思維拓展](1)aswellas用作連詞,連接兩個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑缑~、形容詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞等,通常不位于句首。此時(shí)aswellas強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在前面,不在后面。連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與前一個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。和aswellas的用法一樣,連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致的詞或短語(yǔ)還有:with,alongwith,togetherwith,but,besides,ratherthan等。如:MrBrowntogetherwithhiswifeandthreechildrenhasbeeninChinaforthreeyears.布朗先生跟他的妻子和三個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)來(lái)中國(guó)三年了。notonly...butalso...可連接各種結(jié)構(gòu),包括句子,但強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在后面,連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與后面的主語(yǔ)一致。如:Notonlyhebutalsowearefondofthesong.不僅是他,我們也喜歡這首歌。(2)aswellas作介詞,相當(dāng)于besides,inadditionto,意為“除……之外”,后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞。(3)aswellas表示比較,意為“和……一樣好”。(4)aswell相當(dāng)于too和also,用于肯定句中,表示“也,又,而且”,用于句尾。(5)may/mightaswell表示委婉的建議,一般是針對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的情況提出另外的提議。意思是“我們不妨……,我們還是……吧”。[即學(xué)即練](1)I'mgoingtoLondonandmysister'sgoingas_well.我要去倫敦,我的妹妹也要去。(2)Ifyou'regoingtothelibrary,Imight_as_wellgowithyou;Ihavetoreturnthisbook.如果你去圖書(shū)館,我不妨和你一起去,我得去還這本書(shū)。(3)Hewaskindas_well_assensible.他厚道又明白事理。(4)Heas_well_ashiswifewasinvitedtotheparty.他和他妻子都被邀請(qǐng)參加那個(gè)聚會(huì)了。(5)As_well_asbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.他除了摔斷腿之外,還傷到了胳膊。(6)Thedaughtercooksas_well_ashermotherdoes.女兒燒菜燒得跟她母親一樣好。10eq\a\vs4\al(datebackto追溯到……,始于)[典型例句]Myfamilyhasavase,whichissaidtodatebacktotheMingDynasty.我家有個(gè)花瓶,據(jù)說(shuō)是從明代傳下來(lái)的。TombSweepingDaydatesbacktotheSpringandAutumnPeriod.清明節(jié)可以追溯到春秋時(shí)代。注意:datebackto和datefrom常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),而且無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。[思維拓展]keepuptodate跟上時(shí)代uptodate最近的;跟上時(shí)代的outofdate過(guò)時(shí)的;廢棄的Justlikeyouranti-virus,youhavetokeepyourfirewalluptodate.就像你的反病毒程序,你要保持你的防火墻是最新的。Allourinformationiskeptrightuptodateontheputer.我們儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)里的所有信息都跟得上時(shí)代的發(fā)展。Thetimetableisoutofdate.這張時(shí)間表過(guò)期了。[即學(xué)即練]MyinterestinEnglishdates(date)fromthetimewhenImetagoodEnglishteacherinjuniormiddleschool.考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)二單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Wearepaidaccordingtohowmuchworkwedo.2.Helosthisjobandhismarriagebrokeup.3.Herhealthbrokedownunderthepressureofwork.4.Shouldanotherworldwarbreakout,_whatwouldbeeofhumanbeings?5.Hegavethespeechwithoutreferringtohisnotes.6.Asisknowntousall,Americaisadevelopedcountrybelonging(belong)totheFirstWorld.7.HowIwisheveryonecanenjoyahealthyhabitaswellasahealthybody.8.MyopinionsonthematteraresimilartoKay's.9.MostoftheGreatWalldatesbacktotheMingDynasty.eq\o(\s\up1(1),\s\do5())eq\a\vs4\al(Sowhatisthedifferencebetweenthem,ifany?,如果有的話,那么它們之間有什么區(qū)別呢?)(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是whatisthedifferencebetweenthem;ifany是從句。(2)ifany意為“如果有的話”,是ifthereisany的省略形式,屬于if型省略結(jié)構(gòu)。Idon'tthinktherewillbemorethanadozenleft,ifany.我認(rèn)為即使還有的話也不會(huì)超過(guò)十幾個(gè)。[思維拓展]常見(jiàn)的if型省略結(jié)構(gòu):(1)if+形容詞:ifnecessary(如果有必要的話)ifpossible(如果有可能的話)(2)if+過(guò)去分詞:即在if與分詞之間省略了主語(yǔ)和be(3)if+not:ifnot可視為一個(gè)否定的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的省略(4)if+so:如果這/那樣的話(5)if+代詞:ifanyone,ifany,ifanything等(6)if+ever:表示“若有過(guò)的話”[即學(xué)即練](1)SomeofyoumayhavefinishedUnitOne.Ifyouhavedoneso,youcangoontoUnitTwo.→SomeofyoumayhavefinishedUnitOne.If_so,youcangoontoUnitTwo.(2)Washitinwaterandpickoutthesmallparticles,ifthereareany.→Washitinwaterandpickoutthesmallparticles,if_any.eq\o(\s\up1(2),\s\do5())GettingtoknowalittlebitaboutBritishhistorywillhelpyousolvethispuzzle.了解一點(diǎn)英國(guó)歷史將有助于你解決這個(gè)難題。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。句子的主語(yǔ)是GettingtoknowalittlebitaboutBritishhistory,屬于動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。(2)v.-ing(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)的用法eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(1意義:多表示一般性的、抽象的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。,2謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù):v.-ing短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通,常用單數(shù)形式。,3位置:v.-ing短語(yǔ)可位于句首或句末,位于句末時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。))Havingabalanceddietisveryimportant.擁有均衡的飲食非常重要。Readingaloudisveryimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguage.大聲朗讀對(duì)我們學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)是非常重要的。Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水難收。[思維拓展]v.-ing(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用it作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型:eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftimedoingsth.做某,事沒(méi)有用/沒(méi)有好處/有趣/浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,Itisuseless/worth/worthwhiledoingsth.做某事沒(méi)有用/,有價(jià)值/值得))Itisawasteoftimearguingwithhim.和他爭(zhēng)辯是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。Ithinkitisnogoodreadinginbed.我認(rèn)為在床上看書(shū)沒(méi)有好處。Itisworthseeingthemovieforanothertime.這部影片值得再看一次。[即學(xué)即練](1)Understanding(understand)yourownneedsandstylesofmunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.(2)Ignoring(ignore)thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindingswillbeoneoftheworstmistakesyoumake.(3)Itisnogoodpletelybanning(ban)studentsfromsurfingtheInternet.eq\o(\s\up1(3),\s\do5())Finally,inthe20thcentury,thesouthernpartofIrelandbrokeawayfromtheUK,whichresultedinthefullnamewehavetoday:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.最后,在20世紀(jì),愛(ài)爾蘭南部脫離英國(guó),形成了今天的全稱:大不列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是thesouthernpartofIrelandbrokeawayfromtheUK,后面是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其中又包含了定語(yǔ)從句wehavetoday,修飾先行詞thefullname,因先行詞thefullname在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中作have的賓語(yǔ),所以省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which。(2)該句中,which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面的整個(gè)句子。which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于:①as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可位于句首、句中、句尾,位置靈活,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可位于句尾、句中,但不能位于句首。Asweallknow,TaiwanbelongstoChina.我們都知道,臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。(as在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),該定語(yǔ)從句也可以放到主句之后)Thesportsmeetingwasputoff,whichastonishedus.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被延期了,這令我們很震驚。(which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),該定語(yǔ)從句不能置于句首)(2)as常用于beknown(expected),announced,reported,shown等結(jié)構(gòu)中表示“正如”的意思;而which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句通常對(duì)主句內(nèi)容起消極作用,或用于否定意義的從句,或者表示從句是主句所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。Asisknowntoall,heisoftenlate.我們都知道,他經(jīng)常遲到。Theydidn'tetoschoolontime,whichmadetheirteacherveryangry.他們沒(méi)有按時(shí)到校,這讓他們的老師很生氣。Hewaslatethismorning,whichhadnotbeenexpectedbyanyofus.今早他遲到了,此事我們誰(shuí)都沒(méi)料到。Hewonthechampionship,whichexcitedeveryonepresent.他獲得了冠軍,在場(chǎng)的所有人都很激動(dòng)。[即學(xué)即練]Ashasalwaysbeenexpected,hehasfinallyachievedhisdream,whichmakeshisparentssoproud.eq\o(\s\up1(4),\s\do5())Theyusethesameflag,knownastheUnionJack,aswellassharethesamecurrencyandmilitarydefence.他們使用同樣的旗幟,被稱為“英國(guó)國(guó)旗”,也有相同的貨幣和軍事防御。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。knownastheUnionJack是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。(2)過(guò)去分詞(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)的用法:eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(①可表示被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作已完成,②單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)多前置,過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),時(shí)多后置,③過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句))Abalanceddietprovidesnutritionforyourbody.均衡的飲食為你的身體提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)。HaveyoureadthenovelswrittenbyDickens(=whichwerewrittenbyDickens)?你讀過(guò)狄更斯寫的小說(shuō)嗎?[即學(xué)即練]Youcannotacceptanopinionoffered(offer)toyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.eq\o(\s\up1(5),\s\do5())TheyintroducedthebeginningsoftheEnglishlanguage,andchangedthewaypeoplebuilthouses.他們介紹了英語(yǔ)的起源,改變了人們建造房屋的方式。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。peoplebuilthouses是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞theway。(2)way(方式,方法)后定語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)形式:eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(ofdoingsth.,從句,從句引導(dǎo)詞,todosth.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí):which/that,在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí):which/that,可省略,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí):that/inwhich,可省略))Therearemanywaysoflearningalanguage.學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的方法有很多種。Thiswaytogetthetaskdoneisnotpractical.完成該任務(wù)的這一方法不實(shí)用。Theway(which/that)youtoldmelastSundayworkedwell.上周日你告訴我的那個(gè)方法很管用。Theway(that/inwhich)youtreatyourchildrenisnotwise.你對(duì)待孩子的方法不明智。[即學(xué)即練]Iwatchedthewaythatherarmsandlegsmovedandthefunnymovementsmademelaughmyheadoff.eq\o(\s\up1(6),\s\do5())TheyhadcastlesbuiltallaroundEngland,andmadechangestothelegalsystem.他們?cè)谟?guó)各地建造了城堡,并對(duì)法律制度進(jìn)行了修改。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。句中的hadcastlesbuilt...是“have+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)(done)”結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)“have+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)(done)”結(jié)構(gòu)①表示“請(qǐng)/讓別人做某事”。I'llhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.我明天得(請(qǐng)人)修一下我的自行車。②表示“經(jīng)歷或遭遇(一些不好的事)”。Shehadherputerstolentheotherday.前幾天她的電腦被偷了。③表示“完成/解決某事”,此時(shí)主語(yǔ)也可能是過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。Whenwillyouhaveyourhomeworkhandedin?你什么時(shí)候交家庭作業(yè)?[易混辨析]havesth.done,havesb.do,havesb.doinghavesth.done讓/叫/使/請(qǐng)別人做某事。賓語(yǔ)sth.后面用過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),sth.與過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。havesb.do讓某人做某事。do與sb.是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。havesb.doing讓/叫/使某人一直做某事。doing與sb.是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。[即學(xué)即練]Hewillhavetheputerrepaired(repair)tomorrow.eq\o(\s\up1(7),\s\do5())ThereissomuchmoretolearnabouttheinterestinghistoryandcultureoftheUnitedKingdom.關(guān)于英國(guó)有趣的歷史和文化還有很多需要了解。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Thereis/are...意為“有……”。(2)在英文寫作中,要表達(dá)漢語(yǔ)意思“(在某處)有某人做某事”,常使用句型there+be...結(jié)構(gòu)??墒怯捎谟h語(yǔ)言差異,此句型使用時(shí)常容易出錯(cuò)?,F(xiàn)歸納:therebe+主語(yǔ)+doing...例如:每天放學(xué)后,有很多同學(xué)在操場(chǎng)打籃球。Therearemanystudentsplayingbasketballontheplaygroundafterschooleveryday.=Therearemanystudentswhoplaybasketballontheplaygroundafterschooleveryday.[思維拓展](1)常考的“therebe”句型的其他形式變化有:thereseemstobe/happenstobe/appearstobe/usedtobe/belikelytobe。例如:Thereseemstobesomethingwrongwithit.它好像有什么問(wèn)題。Therehappenedtobeavillagerwhomwecouldasktheway.碰巧有一個(gè)村民,我們可以向他問(wèn)路。(2)“therebe”中的be動(dòng)詞可以替換成其他的詞。如:live,remain,e,stand,lie,occur,exist,follow等。Thereoccurred/existedhumanbeingsabout4-10millionyearsago.大約400萬(wàn)-1000萬(wàn)年前就出現(xiàn)了人類。[即學(xué)即練](1)There_seems_to_bemuchhopeofourteamwinningthematch.我們隊(duì)似乎很有希望贏得比賽。(2)There_livesabigfamilyinthevillage.村里住著一個(gè)大戶人家。eq\o(\s\up1(8),\s\do5())Studyingthehistoryofthecountrywillmakeyourvisitmuchmoreenjoyable.學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史將使你的游覽更加愉快。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。主語(yǔ)是Studyingthehistoryofthecountry,makeyourvisitmuchmoreenjoyable是make的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):“make+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”。(2)“make+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種常見(jiàn)形式:①make+名詞/代詞+不帶to的不定式。當(dāng)該結(jié)構(gòu)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to要還原。如:Everydaymyparentsmakemehaveanegg.=EverydayIammadetohaveaneggbymyparents.我爸媽每天要我吃一個(gè)雞蛋。②make+名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞。過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)(名詞/代詞)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且分詞動(dòng)作已完成。值得注意的是,不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如:Hisactionsmadehimuniversallyrespected.他的行為使他廣受尊敬。③make+名詞/代詞+形容詞。表示“使某人或某物變得……”。如:Wemustmaketheroomclean.我們必須把房間打掃干凈。④make+名詞/代詞+名詞。表示“使某人或某物成為……”,如果賓補(bǔ)是表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二的職位或頭銜的名詞,則其前不用冠詞。如:Makeyourenemyyourfriend.化敵為友。WemadeTomcaptain.我們讓湯姆當(dāng)船長(zhǎng)。⑤當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式或從句時(shí),多用it作形式賓語(yǔ),把真正的賓語(yǔ)后置,即:makeit+賓補(bǔ)+真正的賓語(yǔ)。如:Theheavyrainmadeitimpossibleforustogoout.大雨使得我們無(wú)法出去。[即學(xué)即練](1)Theteacherraisedhisvoicesothathecouldmakehimselfheard(hear).(2)Peopleinthewestmakeitaruleto_buy(buy)Christmaspresentsfortheirrelativesandfriends.eq\o(\s\up1(9),\s\do5())ThecapitalcityLondonisagreatplacetostart,asitisanancientportcitythathasahistorydatingallthewaybacktoRomantimes.首都倫敦是一個(gè)很好的起點(diǎn),因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)古老的港口城市,它的歷史可以追溯到羅馬時(shí)代。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是ThecapitalcityLondonisagreatplacetostart;后面是as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,其中又包含了that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞city;datingallthewaybacktoRomantimes是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。(2)as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“因?yàn)?,由于”,此時(shí)as相當(dāng)于since,常用來(lái)表示已為人們所知或顯而易見(jiàn)的原因或理由。Ashewastired,hewenttobedatonce.因?yàn)槔哿耍运⒓淳腿ニ?。Everyonelikesyouasyouarebothkindandhonest.人人都喜歡你,因?yàn)槟慵壬屏加终\(chéng)實(shí)。[思維拓展]as還可以引導(dǎo)以下幾種狀語(yǔ)從句:WheninRomedoastheRomansdo.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。(方式狀語(yǔ)從句)AsIbeganmyownpersonalweightprogramme,IwasfilledwiththefearthatIwouldrunintothesamedifficultiesthatbeatmebefore.當(dāng)我開(kāi)始實(shí)施自己的減肥計(jì)劃時(shí),我很擔(dān)心會(huì)再次遇到之前導(dǎo)致我減肥失敗的困難。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)Happyastheywere,therewassomethingmissing.盡管他們很快樂(lè),但缺少點(diǎn)兒什么。(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)Childasheis,heknowsalot.盡管他是個(gè)孩子,但是他知道很多東西。(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,注意:Child前不用冠詞)JohncameasearlyasMary(did).約翰和瑪麗來(lái)得一樣早。(比較狀語(yǔ)從句)ThetaskisnotashardasIthought.這項(xiàng)任務(wù)沒(méi)有我想象的那么困難。(比較狀語(yǔ)從句)(3)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)用法點(diǎn)撥:Thesleepingbabyismynephew.正在睡覺(jué)的嬰兒是我的外甥。Theyarebuildingaroadleadingintothemountains.他們正在修一條通往山里的路。[即學(xué)即練](1)Wehadbetterhurry,as_the_train_is_leaving.我們最好快一點(diǎn),因?yàn)榛疖嚲鸵_(kāi)走了。(2)Tired_as_she_was,shestillcontinueddoingherwork.盡管她已經(jīng)很累了,但她仍繼續(xù)做她的工作。(3)Detailedsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientsdonottakemedicineas_(they_are)_directed.詳細(xì)的調(diào)查顯示,多達(dá)50%的病人沒(méi)有遵照指示服藥。(4)As_time_goes_by,mymother'shairhasturnedgrey.隨著時(shí)間的流逝,我母親的頭發(fā)變灰白了。(5)HespeaksEnglishas_fluently_as_you_(do).他英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得和你說(shuō)得一樣流利。eq\o(\s\up1(10),\s\do5())Ifyoukeepyoureyesopen,youwillbesurprisedtofindthatyoucanseebothitspastanditspresent.如果你留心觀察,你會(huì)驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)你能看到它的過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在。(1)句式分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。Ifyoukeepyoureyesopen是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;thatyoucanseebothitspastanditspresent是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作動(dòng)詞find的賓語(yǔ)。(2)句中不定式短語(yǔ)tofind...作原因狀語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)用法淺析:①形容詞多是表示情感、感覺(jué)或心理活動(dòng)的happy,pleased,surprised等。②不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ),若不是,則在不定式前加上其自身的主語(yǔ);如果強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作或謂語(yǔ)所表示的狀態(tài),則不定式用完成式。Weareveryhappytocooperatewithyouinthisproject.在此項(xiàng)目中與你們合作,我們非常高興。Heisverygladforhissontohavemadesuchgreatprogress.兒子取得了非常大的進(jìn)步,他高興極了。Anxioustoknowtheexamresult,Iwenttoschoolearly.由于急于知道考試結(jié)果,我早早就去了學(xué)校。[即學(xué)即練]Theoldmansatinfrontofthetelevisioneveryevening,happyto_watch(watch)anythingthathappenedtobeon.考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)三單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Itsoundslikesomethingiswrongwiththecar'sengine.Ifso,we'dbettertakeittothegarageimmediately.2.Itisuselesstelephoning(telephone)him.Heisnotwillingtoe.3.Asisknowntoall,theearthmovesaroundthesun.4.Thegardensurrounded(surround)byalongfencebelongstomyaunt.5.IfoundithardtounderstandtheEnglishspoken(speak)bythenativevillagers.6.Weareworriedaboutthewaythat/whichhesuggestedtoyouforaslimfigureandyoushouldn'tbeashamedofthewaythatyoulook.7.Shehadthesnowcleared(clear),afteritclearedup.8.Itisn'tcoldenoughforthereto_be(be)afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.9.Youneedtoapproach

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