自制的愛因斯坦幻燈片

自制的愛因斯坦幻燈片第1頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AlbertEinsteinwasconsideredthegreatestscientistofthe20thcenturyandoneofthegreatestofalltime.Hisdiscoveriesandtheorieshavegreatlyinfluencedscienceinmanyfields.

第2頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AlberteEinstein,thediscoverofthespecialandgeneraltheoriesofrelativity,wasborninUlm,Germany,in1879,butthefollowingyearthefamilymovedtoMunich,wherehisfather,andunclesetupasmallandnotverysuccessfulelectricalbusiness.Albertwasnochildprodigy,butclaimsthathedidpoorlyatschoolseemtobeanexaggeration.In1894hisfather'sbusinessfailedandthefamilymovedtoMilan.Hisparentsdecidedheshouldstaybehindtofinishschool,buthedidnotlikeitsauthoritarianism,andwithinmonthshelefttojoinhisfamilyinItaly.

第3頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HelatercompletedhiseducationinZurich,graduatingfromtheprestigiousFederalPolytechnicalSchool,knownastheETH,in1900.HisargumentativenatureanddislikeofauthoritydidnotendearhimtotheprofessorsattheETH(ETHZürich)andnoneofthemofferedhimthepositionofassistant,whichwasthenormalroutetoanacademiccareer.Twoyearslater,hefinallymanagedtogetajuniorpostattheSwisspatentofficeinBern.第4頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Itwaswhileheheldthisjobthatin1905hewrotethreepapersthatbothestablishedhimasoneoftheworld'sleadingscientistsandstartedtwoconceptualrevolutions—revolutionsthatchangedourunderstandingoftime,space,andrealityitself.第5頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Twinsparadox第6頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Einstein'spostulatethatthelawsofnatureshouldappearthesametoallfreelymovingobserverswasthefoundationofthetheoryofrelativity,socalledbecauseitimpliedthatonlyrelativemotionwasimportant.Itsbeautyandsimplicityconvincedmanythinkers,butthereremainedalotofopposition.Einsteinhadoverthrowntwooftheabsolutesofnineteenth-centuryscience:absoluterest,asrepresentedbytheether,andabsoluteoruniversaltimethatallclockswouldmeasure.Manypeoplefoundthisanunsettlingconcept.第7頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Diditimply,theyasked,thateverythingwasrelative,thattherewerenoabsolutemoralstandards?Thisuneasecontinuedthroughoutthe1920sand1930s.WhenEinsteinwasawardedtheNobelPrizein1921,thecitationwasforimportantbut(byhisstandard)comparativelyminorworkalsocarriedoutin1905.Itmadenomentionofrelativity,whichwasconsideredtoocontroversial.Nevertheless,thetheoryofrelativityisnowcompletelyacceptedbythescientificcommunity,anditspredictionshavebeenverifiedincountlessapplications.第8頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月EnergyEquation第9頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Averyimportantconsequenceofrelativityistherelationbetweenmassandenergy.Einstein'spostulatethatthespeedoflightshouldappearthesametoeveryoneimpliedthatnothingcouldbemovingfasterthanlight.Whathappensisthatasoneusesenergytoaccelerateanything,whetheraparticleoraspaceship,itsmassincreases,makingithardertoaccelerateitfurther.Toaccelerateaparticletothespeedoflightwouldbeimpossiblebecauseitwouldtakeaninfiniteamountofenergy.Massandenergyareequivalent,asissummedupinEinstein'sfamousequationE=mc2(Thisisprobablytheonlyequationinphysicstohaverecognitiononthestreet.Amongitsconsequenceswastherealizationthatifthenucleusofauraniumatomfissionsintotwonucleiwithslightlylesstotalmass,thiswillreleaseatremendousamountofenergy)第10頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HemovedtoBerlininApril1914andwasjoinedshortlyafterbyhiswifeandtwosons.Themarriagehadbeeninabadwayforsometime,however,andhisfamilysoonreturnedtoZurich.Althoughhevisitedthemoccasionally,heandhiswifewereeventuallydivorced.EinsteinlatermarriedhiscousinElsa,wholivedinBerlin.Thefactthathespentthewaryearsasabachelor,withoutdomesticcommitments,maybeonereasonwhythisperiodwassoproductiveforhimscientifically.第11頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月InDecember1932,awarethattheNazisandHitlerwereabouttocometopower,EinsteinleftGermanyandfourmonthslaterrenouncedhiscitizenship,spendingthelasttwentyyearsofhislifeattheInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton,NewJersey.InGermany,theNazislaunchedacampaignagainst"Jewishscience"andthemanyGermanscientistswhowereJews;thisispartofthereasonthatGermanywasnotabletobuildanatomicbomb.Einsteinandrelativitywereprincipaltargetsofthiscampaign.Whentoldofthepublicationofabookentitled1OOAuthorsAgainstEinstein,hereplied:"Whyonehundred?IfIwerewrong,onewouldhavebeenenough."AftertheSecondWorldWar,heurgedtheAlliestosetupaworldgovernmenttocontroltheatomicbomb.In1948,hewasofferedthepresidencyofthenewstateofIsraelbutturneditdown.Heoncesaid:"Politicsisformoment,butanequationisforeternity."TheEinsteinequationsofgeneralrelativityarehisbestepitaphandmemorial.Theyshouldlastaslongastheuniverse.第12頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第13頁，課件共18頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Theworldhaschangedfarmoreinthelasthundredyearsthaninanypreviouscentury.Thereasonhasnotbeennewpoliticaloreconomicdoctrinesbutthevastdevelopmentsintechnologymadepossiblebyadvancesinbasicscience.Whobett