考研長難句閱讀能力提高part3

長難句閱讀能力提高課程

——考研篇新浪微博：@管衛(wèi)東GWD管衛(wèi)東微信：guanweidong_1970管衛(wèi)東簡介：第一代新東方名師應(yīng)試類培訓專家新東方高級學術(shù)顧問第三部分：精選文章練習示例1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,

andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaal's;study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers)Sowhenonemonkeywashandedaagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedto;acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions,inthewild,theyareaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby[A]posingacontrast.[B]justifyinganassumption.[C]makingacomparison.[D]explainingaphenomenon.22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraphl)impliesthat[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.[B]attentivetoresearchers'instructions.[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys[A]prefergrapestocucumbers.[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings.[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.示例2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth'satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'sreport“ScienceneverhasalltheanswersButsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisplete,thatit'sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearchButresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,CongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasuresAbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstartManyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.[D]anti-smokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas[A]aprotector.[B]ajudge.[C]acritic.[D]aguide.28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]prudentplanninghinders.[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoabout[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'snegligence.[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.[C]theeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.示例3

Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It'syourdream”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon'tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.CartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreamsAssoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead,thenexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there'sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingof“wewakeuinapanic,”CartwrightsaysTerrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople'sanxiety.ThosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapistFortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou'llfeelbetterinthemorning.31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses.[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.[D]arearandomeofneuralrepairs.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow[A]itsfunctioninourdreams.[B]themechanismofREMsleep.[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions.[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind.[B]developintohappydreams.[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep.[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight.34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroll.[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?[A]leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.[D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.示例4

Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbebepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideasHeisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.37.Theword“talking”(Linge6,paragraph3)denotes[A]modesty.[B]personality.[C]liveliness.[D]informality.38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.39.ThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor's[A]interestintheirlanguage.[B]appreciationoftheirefforts.[C]admirationfortheirmemory.[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as[A]“temporary”isto“permanent”.[B]“radical”isto“conservative”.[C]“functional”isto“artistic”.[D]“humble”isto“noble”.示例5

Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference,"Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference"characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite"thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofthepopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat"amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa"graveyard"forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet"someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower."AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword"homogenizing"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans[A]identifying. [B]associating. [C]assimilating. [D]monopolizing.22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.[A]areresistanttohomogenization.[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis[A]rewarding. [B]successful. [C]fruitless. [D]harmful.示例6

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow.hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)-lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms.[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers.[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.28.Bysaying"Stratfordcriespoortraditionally"(Lines2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties.[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise.30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor[A]issupportiveofbothsides. [B]favorsthetownsfolk'sview.[C]takesadetachedattitude. [D]issympathetictotheRSC.示例7

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline".ThenotionisthatpeoplehavetailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepastThatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat[A]largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.[D]thenumberoflargepredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.33.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation.35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries'[A]managementefficiency. [B]biomasslevel.[C]catch-sizelimits. [D]technologicalapplication.示例8

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseen