選擇性Unit5LaunchingYourCareer基礎(chǔ)知識單元語法（長難句分析）（教師版）

【人教版2019】選擇性必修第四冊Unit5LaunchingYourCareer基礎(chǔ)知識+單元語法（長難句分析）【課前檢查】一、單句語法填空1.LiZhangyu,bornwith___________(disable),becamethechampionoftheParalympics,whichwasveryhonourable.2.Iresigned___________theforeignpanyinordertotakeamorechallengingjob.3.Derartuisanoutstandingathleteanddeserved___________(win)inthelastgame.4.Thereisnodoubt___________intheInternetera,onemustgetagoodmandofputerskillstobesuccessfulingettingagoodjob.5.Whilethereareeconomiclimits,ourdreamis___________(find)acureforHIVinfection.6.Sometimes,Iregretnot___________(make)betteruseoftimethathasgoneby.7.Whiletherearemanyadvantagesofhavingapet,somepeoplemaybeallergic___________pets.8.Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,from___________kiteflyingspreadtoJapan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.9.Educationshouldbeauniversalrightandnot___________privilege.10.The_________(shade)areasoftheplansshowwherethehouseswillbebuilt.Keys:1.disabilities2.from3.towin4.that5.tofind6.making7.tobeallergicto...意為“對……過敏”,故填to。8.where9.aprivilege意為“特殊利益”,是可數(shù)名詞,且此處是泛指。10.shaded二、語法填空Oneday,Iwasfortablywaitingformyflightwithagoodbooktoreadwhen1.________elderlyladywaswheeledtoourwaitingarea.Inoticedthetroubleshewashaving2.________(try)toopenapacketofnutswithhershakinghands.Nooneelsewaswillingtomeethergaze(目光),soI3.________(offer)tohelp.Theladywasverygrateful.Wesatandchatted.Thetimecametoboardtheplane.Shecouldwalkbutneededsome4.________(assist),soIvolunteeredtohelpherandcarryherbag.AsIhelpedherget5.________(settle),Inoticedher“seatmate”,abusinessman,lookedabithorrifiedathavingtomaketheflightwithher.Heofferedtochange6.________(seat)withme—andIagreed.Wehadalongchat.Aswewereenteringanothercountryweneededtofilloutforms.Iofferedtofill7.________(her)outbecauseofhershakinghands.WelandedandIneededtochangeplanes,butIhelpedherfirst.Thewheelchairsheorderedwasnowheretobeseensoweslowlywalkedtothegate8.________herdaughterwaswaiting.Asaresult,Ihadtoruntocatchmyconnectionbut,asIthoughtabouttheexperience,Isawher9.________myairportangel,achanceformetohopethatinthefuturewhenI'minmyeightiesandtraveling,someonewilltakethetime10.________(connect)withme.Keys:1.an2.trying3.offered4.assistance5.settled6.seats7.hers8.where9.as10.toconnect【問題查找】單句語法填空1.Icanspy________myneighboursthroughthiswindowwithoutbeingseen.2.The________(law)claimsthattheaccusedwasnotguilty.3.Atthattimehisfatherwasheavily________debt.4.They________(accuse)ofgivingoutstatesecretsandweresentencedtojail.5.Fromwhatissaidabove，wecandrawa________(conclude).6.Shewasnotusedto________(mix)withpeopleofhighsocialrank.7.Thereceptionistattended________thesickaccountantwithcare.Keys:1.on2.lawyer3.in4.wereaccused5.conclusion6.mixing7.to【要點(diǎn)精講】【重點(diǎn)單詞】1.bouncev.(使)彈起；反射；試探地透露(主意)；蹦；顛動n.彈跳；跳動；彈性；反彈力；活力；精力【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Somepeopleknowwhattheywanttodofromayoungage，butmanyothersjusthaveafewideasbouncingaroundintheirheads.有些人年輕時就清楚自己想做什么，但更多的人往往是只有一些想法在腦子里晃來晃去。[一詞多義]寫出下列句子中bounce的漢語意思(1)Theballbouncedtwicebeforehecouldreachit._______________(2)Hebouncedhisideasoffcolleagueseverywherehewent._______________(3)Yourarmsandlegsneedprotectionfromlightbouncingoffglass._______________(4)Patsyhadpickedupthebabyandwasbouncinghimonherknee._______________Keys:(1)彈跳，彈起(2)試探地透露(主意)3.反射4.顛動【歸納拓展】bouncearound蹦來蹦去；彈來彈去bounceback恢復(fù)健康(或信心等)；重整旗鼓bouncesb.intosth.追逼(或催逼)別人做某事bouncesth.offsb.向某人透露某事【即學(xué)即練】(1)He’shadalotofproblems，buthealwaysseemstobounce_______________prettyquickly.他遭遇過很多挫折，但他似乎總能很快地振作起來。(2)Theproblemoftrafficjambouncedthecityadministration_______________correspondingmeasures.交通堵塞問題迫使城市管理部門作出相應(yīng)的措施。Keys:(1)back(2)into2.lawyern.律師【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Othersfocusmoreonaskingyoutoratedifferentkindsofworkscenarios,likeworkingasalibrarianoralawyer.其他人更多地關(guān)注于要求你對不同類型的工作場景進(jìn)行評分,比如擔(dān)任圖書管理員或律師?！練w納拓展】Lawn.法律break/obeythelaw違法/守法bylaw依據(jù)法律、依法beagainstthelaw違法withinthelaw在法律范圍內(nèi)【即學(xué)即練】用law相關(guān)短語填空1.______________,youareachilduntilyouare18.2.He_________________________,andthereforehewasputintoprison.3.Idon'tthinkitrighttousephotocopiedmaterialsevenintheclassroombecauseit's__________________.Keys:1.Bylaw2.brokethelaw3.againstthelaw3.debtn.債務(wù)；欠款【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Helpandadvisepeopleinseriousdebt.幫助和提供建議給負(fù)債累累的人?！練w納拓展】indebt負(fù)債outofdebt不欠債payoffdebts還清債務(wù)owesb.adebt欠某人一個人情【即學(xué)即練】單句語法填空1.Sincehismotherhasbeenillforalongtime,heisheavily________debt.2.IttookCharlietenyearstopay________hisdebt.3.Businessisdownthisyear,andthepanywillrun_________debtbytheendoftheyear.Keys:1.in2.off3.into4.participantn.參與者；參加者【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Onepopulartestaskstheparticipantstogradetheirpreferencesforavarietyofworktasks.一項(xiàng)流行的測試要求參與者對各種工作任務(wù)的偏好進(jìn)行打分?！練w納拓展】participatevi.參與；參加participationn.參與；參加participatewithsb.insth.與某人分擔(dān)某事；同某人參與某事participatein(doing)sth.參加(做)某事【即學(xué)即練】(1)Allthe__________________areopponentsandthereforeyoushouldwinthetournamentonyourown.所有的參與者都是對手，你應(yīng)該獨(dú)立自主去贏得錦標(biāo)賽。(2)Theactivityweparticipated__________________wasmeaningful,whichgavemeagreatdealofinspiration.我們參加的活動很有意義，給了我很大的啟發(fā)。(3)Isuggestthatyoushouldparticipate__________________yourfriendinhissufferings.我建議你應(yīng)當(dāng)分擔(dān)朋友的苦惱。(4)Thingswillturnforthebetterifwecanworkoutsome__________________(participate)rulesforpeopletoobey.如果我們能制定一些讓人們遵守的參與規(guī)則，事情就會好轉(zhuǎn)。Keys:(1)participants(2)in(3)with(4)participation5.accusevt.控告;控訴;譴責(zé)spyn.密探；間諜vi.從事間諜活動；監(jiān)視vt.突然看見；認(rèn)出【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Therewasahugedebateaboutwhetherthereportershouldbeaccusedofspyingonthestarcouple.關(guān)于這位記者是否應(yīng)該被指控暗中監(jiān)視著這對明星夫婦的罪名爭論激烈?！練w納拓展1】accusesb.of(doing)sth.控訴某人（做）某事chargesb.with(doing)sth.指控某人（做）某事theaccused被告【易混辨析】accuse，charge，blame※accuse控告，指控；指責(zé)，譴責(zé)。常用于accusesb.of(doing)sth.指控某人(做了)某事。※charge控告；譴責(zé)。常用于chargesb.with(doing)sth.指控某人(做了)某事?！鵥lame責(zé)備，譴責(zé)；歸咎于，歸罪于。常用于blamesb.forsth.因某事指責(zé)某人；blamesth.onsb.把某事歸咎于某人?！炯磳W(xué)即練1】單句語法填空1.Theywereaccusedof_________(give)outstatesecretsandweresentencedtojail.2.Hewascharged_________murderyesterday,whichmadeusallsurprised.3._________(accuse)ofstealingmoney,themanwasbroughttothecourt.4.Theformerfootballchampion_________(accuse)ofsellingherointoanumberofdrugusers.Keys:1.giving2.with3.Accused4.wasaccused【歸納拓展2】spyoutsth.查清楚/搞明白某事spyonsb./sth.暗中監(jiān)視某人/某事；偵查某人/某事spyfor為......刺探情報(bào)【練習(xí)2】單句語法填空1.Hehasbeeninprisonforfiveyearsafterbeingaccusedofworkingas_________spy.2.Tohishorror,hesawamanspying_________himfrombehindatree.Keys:1.a2.on6.dedicatevt.把……奉獻(xiàn)給【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】ZhongYang;1964－2017;botanist，professoratFudanUniversity;dedicatedhislifetoresearchonseeds;鐘揚(yáng)，1964－2017;復(fù)旦大學(xué)植物學(xué)家、教授，畢生致力于種子研究；【歸納拓展】dedicateoneself/one’slifeto...獻(xiàn)身于……dedicate...tosb.把……奉獻(xiàn)給某人dedicatedadj.獻(xiàn)身的；專心致志的bededicatedto獻(xiàn)身于；專心致志于【即學(xué)即練】(1)Hehas____________________hisworkandbeejustawritingmachine.他忘我地投入工作，就像是一臺寫作機(jī)器。(2)Heistotally____________________(dedicate)andbringsoutthebestinhispupils.他全身心地投入，最大限度地激發(fā)學(xué)生的潛能。(3)ItisadmirablethatBessiehasdedicatedherlife____________________participatinginpublicwelfareprograms.令人敬佩的是，貝茜一生都致力于參與公益事業(yè)。Keys:(1)dedicatedhimselfto(2)dedicated(3)to7.supervisevt.&vi.主管；指導(dǎo)；監(jiān)督【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Youwillberequiredtosuperviseand/orhelpoutinavarietyoftasksandrecreationalactivities.你將被要求監(jiān)督和/或幫助完成各種任務(wù)和娛樂活動?！練w納拓展】supervisionn.監(jiān)督；管理undersupervision在監(jiān)督之下表示“超，超級”。例如：superheron.超級英雄supermann.超人supermarketn.超市【即學(xué)即練】(1)Thegovernmentshould_______________(supervise)whattheseaccountantssaidanddid.政府應(yīng)該監(jiān)督這些會計(jì)師的言行。(2)Atoddlerrequiresclose_______________(supervise)andfirmcontrolatalltimes.剛學(xué)步的孩子時刻需要寸步不離的照看，并要牢牢看緊。(3)Newstaffinthisprofessionaresupposedtowork_______________supervisionforthefirstthreemonths.這個行業(yè)的新職員前三個月應(yīng)該在指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行工作。Keys:(1)supervise(2)supervision(3)under8.priorityn.優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)；首要的事；優(yōu)先【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Ihavebeencaptainofmyschooltabletennisteamfortwoyears，soIknowhowtoleadanddecideonpriorities.我在學(xué)校乒乓球隊(duì)當(dāng)了兩年隊(duì)長，所以我知道如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和決定事情的輕重緩急。【歸納拓展】havepriorityover優(yōu)先于......；比......重要givepriorityto給......優(yōu)先權(quán)inorderofpriority按照優(yōu)先順序prioradj.先前的；優(yōu)先的；較重要的；在前面的priorto在前，居先【即學(xué)即練】(1)Itiswidelyacknowledgedthatstabilityisthefirst_______________(prior)forusingsuchproducts.人們普遍認(rèn)為，穩(wěn)定性是使用此類產(chǎn)品的第一要務(wù)。(2)Accordingtothe_______________(priority)negotiation，thefleetsofthetwocountrieswithdrawfromtherelevantwatersatthesametime.根據(jù)先前談判，兩國艦隊(duì)同時撤離相關(guān)海域。(3)Indevelopingcountries,citiesoften________________________ruralareasforenergysupply.(4)Weshould________________________thedevelopmentofthebasicindustries.Keys:(1)priority(2)prior(3)havepriorityover(4)givepriorityto9.employern.雇主；老板【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Ifyouweretheemployer,wouldyouhireyourpartner?如果你是雇主，你會雇用你的同伴嗎?【歸納拓展】employeen.受雇者；雇工；雇員employmentn.職業(yè)；工作；使用employvt.雇用；利用(時間、精力等)employsb.as...雇用某人作……employsb.todosth.雇用某人做某事beemployedindoingsth./employoneselfindoingsth.從事于/忙于(做)某事【即學(xué)即練】(1)Allthe________________resignbecausethe________________istoounreasonable.因?yàn)槔习逄恢v理，雇員全體辭職。(2)Thelawforbidsthe________________(employ)ofteenagersundereighteeninthecottonmills.法律禁止紡織廠雇用十八歲以下的青少年。(3)Adozenmorepeople________________(employ)bythebakerytoexpanditsbusiness.這家面包店又雇用了十幾個人來擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)。(4)He________________(employ)himselfinbarbecuingonthegrillintheopenairnow.他現(xiàn)在正在露天燒烤。Keys:(1)employees;employer(2)employment(3)wereemployed(4)isemploying10.acquirevt.獲得；購得【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Remember,theknowledgeyouacquireandthediligentattitudeyoudevelopinhighschoolwillbeinvaluableintherealworld.記住,你在高中獲得的知識和你養(yǎng)成的勤奮態(tài)度在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中將是無價的。【歸納拓展】acquire:指經(jīng)過不懈努力才獲得的技術(shù)、知識等抽象的東西,也指養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣等achieve:強(qiáng)調(diào)由于極大的努力,克服困難后達(dá)到目標(biāo)attain:正式用語,指經(jīng)過艱苦努力才使人達(dá)到完美境地obtain:指經(jīng)過努力或付出代價或經(jīng)過很長時間才得到所需要的東西【即學(xué)即練】單句語法填空1.Infectiousdiseasescan___________(acquire)inseveralways.2.Thisinformationwillbeamalgamated（合并）withinformation___________(obtain)earlier.3.Jimishalfwayto___________(attain)hispilot'slicence.Keys:1.beacquired2.obtained3.attaining【重點(diǎn)短語】1.inconclusion總而言之；最后【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Inconclusion，careeraptitudetestsareclearlyaveryusefultool.總之，職業(yè)能力測試顯然是一個非常有用的工具?！練w納拓展】draw/reach/eto/arriveataconclusion得出結(jié)論concludev.斷定；推斷出；得出結(jié)論；(使)結(jié)束，終止conclude...from...從……中推斷出……conclude...with...以……結(jié)束……[溫馨提示]除inconclusion外，寫作時還常常用到下面短語作為全文總結(jié)語。①inshort②inaword③inbrief④allinall⑤tosumup⑥briefly(speaking)⑦onthewhole【即學(xué)即練】(1)__________________________,heisyoungenoughtobouncebackfromthisdisappointment.總之，他還年輕，會很快從失望沮喪中恢復(fù)過來的。(2)Icametoaconclusion__________________________myownexperiencesthatwherethereisawillthereisaway.我從親身經(jīng)歷中得出結(jié)論：有志者，事竟成。(3)Whentheprimeministerisabouttofinishhisspeech，healwaysconcludesit____________________importantpoints.當(dāng)首相即將結(jié)束他的演講時，他總是以幾個要點(diǎn)來結(jié)束(演講)。Keys:(1)Inconclusion(2)from(3)with2.attendto關(guān)懷；照料；處理【原句復(fù)現(xiàn)】Wearebuildingateamofkeenyoungpeopletohelpusattendtohundredsofstudentsfromallovertheworld.我們正在組建一支由熱心的年輕人組成的團(tuán)隊(duì)，來幫助我們照料來自世界各地的數(shù)百名學(xué)生?！練w納拓展】attendvt.照顧；護(hù)理；出席；參加attend(to)sb.照料/關(guān)懷某人attendancen.出席；參加attendantn.服務(wù)員；隨員；陪從[聯(lián)想]“照看/照顧某人”的多種表達(dá)：attend(to)sb.careforsb.takecareofsb.lookaftersb.【即學(xué)即練】(1)Hisjobisto______________(attend)thosewhosufferfromcardiacattackcarefully.他的工作是細(xì)心照料那些心臟病發(fā)作的人。(2)InFerghana,he______________(attend)amountainfuneralfollowedbyastrangedrinkingparty.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)在費(fèi)爾干納，他參加了一個山區(qū)葬禮，隨后是一個奇怪的飲酒派對。(3)Hetoldmethathewouldhaveanimportantparty______________(attend)thatnight.他告訴我他那天晚上要參加一個重要的聚會。(4)Thescientist’s______________(attend)atthepressconferencegotaroundofapplausefromthereporters.這位科學(xué)家出席記者招待會得到了記者們的熱烈掌聲。(5)Unlikewesterncustoms,itisgoodmannerstobepunctualifyouareinvited______________(attend)adinnerparty.與西方風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣不同,如果你被邀請去參加晚宴,準(zhǔn)時是有禮貌的。Keys:(1)attendto(2)attends(4)toattend(5)attendance(6)toattend【重點(diǎn)語法】長難句分析【問題定位】一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句，并找出每個句子的謂語動詞。1BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.2TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.4Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.5Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?6Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.7Havingneveroperatedaputer,MrJohnsonmetwithalotofdifficultiesatfirst.8WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Keys:1.簡單句;enjoy2.復(fù)合句——定語從句;offered,iscalled3.復(fù)合句——狀語從句;was,was4.并列句;haschanged,willdo5.復(fù)合句——主語從句;siad,is6.并列句;is&work7.簡單句;met8.并列復(fù)合句;grow,is,grow二、感知以下課文原句，補(bǔ)全方框下的小題1.This,however,isnotalwayseasy.2.Sotryafewtestsonlineandstartthinkingaboutyourfuturecareerrightnow!3.Thisisbecauseyourcareerisaveryimportantpartofwhoyouare.4.Thetopthreescoresareusedtomakeacodethatindicatestheparticipant'soverallworkpersonality.5.Thebesttimetostartthinkingaboutpossiblecareersiswhileyouarestillatschool,beforeyoumakeanychoicesaboutyourfurthereducation.6.Thecareeryouhavedefinesyourlife,andsotakingtimetothinkaboutitisanessentialexerciseforyoungpeople.1.以上句子中，句1為___________句。2.句2為由and連接的___________句。3.句3、句4和句5為___________句；在句3中，because引導(dǎo)的是___________從句，who引導(dǎo)的是___________從句，都是___________從句；在句4中，that引導(dǎo)的是___________從句，修飾先行詞code；句5中while引導(dǎo)的是___________從句，而before引導(dǎo)的是___________從句。4.句6為___________句，and連接的是___________，而youhave是___________從句，修飾先行詞thecareer，引導(dǎo)詞為關(guān)系代詞___________，在從句中作賓語，被省略。Keys:1.以上句子中，句1為簡單句。2.句2為由and連接的并列句。3.句3、句4和句5為主從復(fù)合句；在句3中，because引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，who引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，都是名詞性從句；在句4中，that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾先行詞code；句5中while引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，而before引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句。4.句6為并列復(fù)合句，and連接的是并列句，而youhave是定語從句，修飾先行詞thecareer，引導(dǎo)詞為關(guān)系代詞that/which，在從句中作賓語，被省略。精析1：句子分類句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。一、簡單句(SimpleSentences)簡單句是只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)構(gòu)成的句子。例如：?HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.他經(jīng)常在早上讀英語。?TomandMikeareAmericanboys.湯姆和邁克是美國男孩。(加黑部分為并列主語，只有一個謂語，仍為簡單句)?Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.她喜歡畫畫，經(jīng)常為墻報(bào)畫畫。(加黑部分為并列謂語，只有一個主語，仍為簡單句)二、并列句(poundSentences)(一)并列句的構(gòu)成包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如：?Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很好，但他卻沒什么胃口。?Oneoftheclock'shandsisshort;theothertwoarelong.鐘的一根指針短，另兩根指針長。(二)并列句的分類1.并列關(guān)系and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor,both...and,not...but。?NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.湯姆和杰克都沒有完成家庭作業(yè)。?Notcouldn’ttheypletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.不是他們完不成任務(wù)，而是任務(wù)太難了。2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but，yet，whereas，nevertheless(但是；然而)。?Johnlikesplayingbasketball,buthedidn’tplayityesterday.約翰喜歡打籃球，但他昨天沒打。?Janesaidthatshewasill,yet/but/whereasIsawherinthestreetjustnow.簡說她病了，但我剛才還在街上看見她了。3.選擇關(guān)系or，otherwise，orelse，either...or。?Wemusthurry,orwe’llmissthetrain.我們必須快點(diǎn)，否則會趕不上火車。?EitheryouetomyplaceorIgotoyours.或者你到我這兒來，或者我到你那兒去。4.因果關(guān)系for，so。?Wehadbetterstayathome,foritwasraining.我們最好待在家里，因?yàn)樘煺谙掠辍?Hedidn'tworkhard,sohefailedintheexamination.他學(xué)習(xí)不努力，因此這次考試不及格。5.對比關(guān)系while。?IdoeverysinglebitofhouseworkwhilemyhusbandTomjustwashesdishesnowandthen.我做所有的家務(wù)，而我的丈夫湯姆只是偶爾洗洗盤子。6.祈使句＋and/or＋簡單句，祈使句表示一個條件，and引導(dǎo)的簡單句表示一個承接的結(jié)果，or引導(dǎo)的簡單句表示一個相反的結(jié)果，簡單句使用一般將來時態(tài)。?Readthisstory，andyouwillrealizethatnoteverythingcanbeboughtwithmoney.閱讀這個故事，你會意識到并不是所有的東西都可以用錢買到。?Taketheflowersintoawarmroom，ortheywilldiequickly.把這些花拿到暖和的房間里去，否則它們會很快死去。三、復(fù)合句(plexSentences)(一)主從復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。在復(fù)合句中主句是全句的主體，從句是全句的一個成分，不能獨(dú)立。主句與從句之間用關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接起來。此時關(guān)聯(lián)詞也叫從屬連詞，它在主語與從句之間起連接作用。例如：Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.我們到達(dá)電影院的時候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。(二)主從復(fù)合句的分類根據(jù)從句對主句的修飾、限定和補(bǔ)充作用，主從復(fù)合句主要分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。1.名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：從屬連詞：that，whether，if(不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)連接代詞：what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which，whichever連接副詞：when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever例如：?JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。?Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚，整個計(jì)劃注定要失敗。?Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.他們何時結(jié)婚依然不明。?Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherheistrustworthy.他們正在調(diào)查他是否值得信賴。2.定語從句定語從句在句中作定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who，whom，whose，that，which，as等。關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。關(guān)系副詞有：when，where，why等。關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作時間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。例如：?Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)?Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人車壞了，他們都跑過去幫忙。(whose在此用來指人，在從句中作car的定語)?Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在從句中作主語)?I’llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記與你共事的日子。(when在從句中作狀語，可替換成介詞in＋which)?Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.正如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。(as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可位于主句前面)3.狀語從句狀語從句指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引導(dǎo)。按意義可以分為時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等狀語從句。例如：?Ididn’tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后，我才會做。(時間狀語從句)?Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.由于天氣那么糟，我們不得不推遲我們的旅程。(原因狀語從句)?Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必須大點(diǎn)聲，這樣別人就都能聽見了。(目的狀語從句)?Heissuchayoungboythathecan’tgotoschool.這男孩年齡太小，不能上學(xué)。(結(jié)果狀語從句)?Aslongaswedon’tloseheart，we’llturnourdreamsintorealities.只要我們不灰心，我們就會把夢想變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。(條件狀語從句)?Althoughit’sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefields.雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?讓步狀語從句)四、并列復(fù)合句（poundplexSentences）并列復(fù)合句指并列句、復(fù)合句混合在一個句子里，或者說，一個句子里包含著多種關(guān)系：既有并列關(guān)系，又有復(fù)合關(guān)系。例如：?IadmireTim,buthedoesn’tadmireme,althoughItryhardtoimpresshim.我欽佩蒂姆，但他并不欽佩我，盡管我努力想給他留下深刻印象。前1、2分句是并列關(guān)系，而第1、2分句與第3分句之間又是主從復(fù)合關(guān)系。?Evenifyoufail，atleastyoutry，andyouareabetterpersonforit.即使你失敗了，至少你努力了，而且你是做這個事情的理想人選。前1、2分句是主從復(fù)合關(guān)系，而第1、2分句與第3分句之間又是并列關(guān)系。精析2：長難句分析方法1.找謂語,定主語一般情況下,一個句子不管有多長多復(fù)雜,它只由兩部分構(gòu)成,即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個句子的骨架,主要指主謂。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用,它既可以是單詞,也可以是短語,更常見的則是從句,尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。遇到這樣的句子,考生首先要找出主句的謂語,然后根據(jù)謂語的位置來判定句子的主語,層層剝繭,細(xì)致分析,找出定語、狀語和其他修飾成分。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰了,理解的障礙也就消除了?！纠洹縏herefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimpliedisthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.【分析】本句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,我們首先找出句子的謂語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,句子的謂語是is,其主語是whatmaybeimplied...,也就是主語從句。確定了主語和謂語,下一步我們要找出句子的其他成分。when引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句,其中isspeaking和stops是并列謂語;thattheperson...其后面的內(nèi)容作連系動詞is的表語從句;whathasbeensaid是consider的賓語從句;beforecontinuing是省略句,作時間狀語。【譯文】因此,當(dāng)這些文化的人說著話突然停下時,這可能暗示了說話的人想讓聽者在他繼續(xù)說話之前考慮一下他的話。2.去枝葉，提主干英語中，為了增加補(bǔ)充信息或平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。高考試題中出現(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象，只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。含有插入成分的句子，由于插入成分分割了原本通暢的句子，考生在閱讀時可能會出現(xiàn)所謂的“斷片”，這樣就無法弄懂整個句子的意思，影響了對文章的整體理解。因此，閱讀時要暫時去掉插入成分，有時也可把較長的定語(從句)去掉，簡化句子結(jié)構(gòu)，提取句子的主干，這樣有助于對長難句的理解?！纠洹縏opeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalain__supermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.【分析】該句比較長,去掉who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,兩個suchas...短語,以及which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,句子的主干為:Topeople,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence.【譯文】對于那些習(xí)慣于在超市僅有的金冠蘋果和皇家嘎啦中挑選的人來說,看到像Decio等羅馬人種的經(jīng)典蘋果仍然大范圍存在,真是大開眼界。3.看主句，巧補(bǔ)全在英語句子中，省略是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。但是，省略的出現(xiàn)使句子完整的成分出現(xiàn)了缺失，因而造成考生的閱讀障礙，影響了對句子的正確理解。省略成分往往和從句相結(jié)合，常見的有狀語從句的省略、定語從句的省略、動詞不定式的省略等。因此，閱讀時要仔細(xì)觀察主句的人稱和時態(tài)，然后根據(jù)省略句的語法規(guī)則嘗試補(bǔ)全省略句。句子補(bǔ)全了，句意也就很容易理解了?！纠洹縏hosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.【分析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,該句的主句是Those...werelessactiveand...thanthose...。which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句,than引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句。given和fedwith是過去分詞作定語,可擴(kuò)展為定語從句:Thosewhoweregiven...和thosewhowerefedwith...。10timestheamountofmelatonin后面省略了ofthemilkcollectedduringdaytime。【譯文】根據(jù)刊登在《藥用食品雜志》的一篇研究報(bào)道,喂了夜晚采集的奶的老鼠,含有10倍的褪黑激素,和喂了白天采集的奶的老鼠相比,不活躍,也不那么焦慮。【練習(xí)】句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.Ouroutdooractivitywilllastthreehours.We’llebackatabout11o’clock.(改為并列句)__________________________________________________________________________________________2.Thesituationisdangerous.Thereisstillonepossiblewaytokeepawayfromthedanger.(改為含狀語從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________3.We’llorganizeallkindsofactivitiesinourEnglishclub.WecannotonlypracticebutalsolearnmoreEnglishintheactivities.(改為含定語從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Hemissedthefirstbus.Hewaslateforschool.(改為含狀語從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whendidyouentertheroom?Thepolicewantstoknowit.(改為含名詞性從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________6.Severalweekshadpassed.Iknewthepaintingwaslost.(改為含狀語從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________7.Howcanpeoplesolveallkindsofsocialproblems?Itisnotclear.(改為含名詞性從句的復(fù)合句)__________________________________________________________________________________________Keys:1.Ouroutdooractivitywilllastthreehoursandwe’llebackatabout11o’clock.2.Althoughthesituationisdangerous，thereisstillonepossiblewaytokeepawayfromthedanger.3.We’llorganizeallkindsofactivitiesinourEnglishclubinwhichwecannotonlypracticebutalsolearnmoreEnglish.4.Becausehemissedthefirstbus，hewaslateforschool.5.Thepolicewantstoknowwhenyouenteredtheroom.6.SeveralweekshadpassedbeforeIknewthepaintingwaslost.7.Howpeoplecansolveallkindsofsocialproblemsisnotclear.【梳理優(yōu)化】I.重點(diǎn)單詞1.drawern.抽屜2.breastn.乳房；胸部3.debtn.債務(wù)；欠款4.profilen.簡介；概述；側(cè)面輪廓vt.扼要介紹；概述；寫簡介5.spyn.密探；間諜vi.從事間諜活動vt.突然看見；發(fā)現(xiàn)6.justicen.公平；公正；合理7.accusevt.控告；控訴；譴責(zé)8.greedyadj.貪婪的；貪心的9.handwritingn.書法；書寫；筆跡10.parkingn.停車位；停車11.cameln.駱駝12.fryn.油煎的食物vt.&vi.油炸；油炒；油煎13.pursen.錢包；皮夾子(尤指女用)14.sewvi.&vt.(sewed，sewn/sewed)縫制；縫；做針線活15.cagen.籠子vt.關(guān)在籠子里16.collarn.(動物)頸圈；衣領(lǐng)17.certificaten.合格證書；證明18.desertn.沙漠；荒漠19.acquirevt.獲得；購得20.receiptn.收據(jù)；接收II.拓展單詞1.lawyern.律師→lawn.法律2.detectiven.偵探；警探→detectvt.偵察出；發(fā)現(xiàn)3.participantn.參與者；參加者→participatevi.參加；參與→participationn.參加；參與4.receptionistn.接待員→receptionn.接待；歡迎；招待會→receivevt.收到；接納5.socialistadj.社會主義的n.社會主義者→socialadj.社會的；社交的→societyn.社會；協(xié)會6.wooln.毛；毛線；毛料→woolen(＝woollen)adj.羊毛制的；毛線的7.priorityn.優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)；首要的事；優(yōu)先→prioradj.先前的；優(yōu)先的8.financen.資金；財(cái)政；金融vt.提供資金→financialadj.財(cái)政的；金融的→financiallyadv.財(cái)政上；金融上9.employern.雇主；老板→employvt.雇用；利用→employeen.受雇者；雇員→employmentn.雇用；聘用III.核心短語1.bouncearound蹦來蹦去；彈來彈去2.headstart起步前的優(yōu)勢3.achestofdrawers抽屜柜4.etoaconclusion得出結(jié)論5.attendto關(guān)懷；照料；處理6.avarietyof各種各樣的7.bepassionateabout=haveapassionfor對……熱愛8.belocatedin坐落于……9.bekeentodosth.熱衷于做某事10.bemeantfor為……而準(zhǔn)備11.besuitedtodosth.適合做某事IV.重點(diǎn)語法【強(qiáng)化鞏固】一、單句語法填空1.Mybrotherwantedtobeea____________(law),buthewasadvisedtobeateacher.2.AsMrsBrownisheavily____________debt,shehastoworkdayandnighttopayoffit.3.SomeofthecountriesinAfricahavenoaccessto____________(finance)aid.4.Itisawisechoiceforyoutoprepareyourself____________goodeducation.5.Itdoesn’tmatter____________youtackleeventhesmallestpartoftheproblem:justgetstartednow.6.Marythoughtthat____________shearmedherselfwithalltheknowledgeshecouldgathershecouldhandleanything.7.Tangpoemsareverynice.That’s____________moreandmorepeopleareinterestedintheTangDynasty.8.Theyhelpstudentsprepareforcollegemathematics____________overetheiranxietyaboutthisamazingfieldofstudy.Keys:1.lawyer2.in3.financial4.for5.whether6.if7.why8.and二、短語填空beaccusedof,(be)suitedto,beusefulfor,focuson,providewith,divideup,inconclusion,attendto,ofgreatimportance,avarietyof(1)Thekeytobeinganeffectiveleaderisnotto____________makingotherpeoplefollow,butonmakingyourselfthekindofpersontheywanttofollow.(2)Students____________learningmaterialsthroughouttheircourseandtherewillneverbemorethan15participantsineachclass.(3)Thispany____________usingmisleadingadvertisementsinitspromotionofthedietpills.(4)____________,theenvironmentissovaluablebecauseitcan’tbereplaced,keepsusalive,andservesasagreateducationaltool.(5)Theirshowsareabitmorematureforyoungerkidsandbetter____________kidsaged5andup.(6)Nowthattheworkhasbeen____________,leteachonegetonwithhisownjob.(7)ProfessorSmithhasalargeamountofinformationthat____________ourresearch.(8)Weallhopetomaketheacquaintanceofmorepeople,whichis____________tous.(9)Mostpeoplelearnbestusing____________methods,buttraditionalclassesareanidealstartformanypeople.(10)Thereweresomanycustomersthattheshopassistantscouldn't____________themall.Keys:(1)focuson;(2)areprovidedwith;(3)wasaccusedof;(4)Inconclusion;(5)suitedto;(6)dividedup;(7)isusefulfor;(8)ofgreatimportance;(9)avarietyof;(10)attendto三、寫出畫線部分的句子成分并翻譯下列長句1.Thisbookcangiveyoutheanswerstothequestionsmostoftenaskedbyparents,teachersandstudentsthemselves.2.Walkingtogether,myfatherandIusedtohavealotofconversationsthroughwhichIlearnedlessonsfromhisexperiences.3.Theengineersaresobusythattheyhavezerotimeforoutdoorsportsactivities,eveniftheyhavetheinterest.4.Theschoolrulesstatethatnochildshallbeallowedoutoftheschoolduringtheday,unlesstheyareacpaniedbyanadult.5.Weshouldrespectf