2024年高考英語押題卷01（全國通用）（解析版）

2024年高考英語押題卷01（全國通用）注意事項(xiàng)：1.答卷前，考生務(wù)必用黑色字跡鋼筆或簽字筆將自己的姓名、考生號、考場號和座位號填寫在答題卡上。用2B鉛筆將試卷類型(A)填涂在答題卡相應(yīng)位置上。將條形碼橫貼在答題卡右上角“條形碼粘貼處”。2.作答選擇題時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目選項(xiàng)的答案信息點(diǎn)涂黑;如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案，答案不能答在試卷上。3.非選擇題必須用黑色字跡鋼筆或簽字筆作答，答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區(qū)域內(nèi)相應(yīng)位置上;如需改動，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案;不準(zhǔn)使用鉛筆和涂改液，不按以上要求作答的答案無效。4.考生必須保持答題卡的整潔：考試結(jié)束后，將試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1.5分，滿分1.5分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15. B.￡9.18. C.￡9.15.答案是C。1．（2024·陜西漢中·統(tǒng)考一模）Whatistoblameaccordingtotheman?A．Uncomfortableseats. B．Thetrafficnoise. C．MissLee’sweakvoice.【答案】B【原文】W:MissLee’svoiceissosoftthatIcanhardlyhearclearlywhatsheissaying.M:Don’tblameher.It’sthetrafficoutside.Nexttimeit’sbettertositatthefront.2．（2024·河南新鄉(xiāng)·統(tǒng)考一模）Whatdoesthewomanwanttodo?A．Havearest. B．Dancewiththeman. C．Practicedancingforanotherhour.【答案】A【原文】M:Howdidyourdancinglessongotoday?W:Exciting,butitwashardwork.Ireallyneedarestnow.M:Yeah,Icanseethat.Goandgetrelaxed.3．（2024·四川樂山·統(tǒng)考一模）Whatistheoccupationofthewoman?A．Areceptionist. B．Asaleswoman. C．Awaitress.【答案】A【原文】W:Goodevening,Mister.IsthereanythingIcanhelpyou?M:Yes,I’dliketomakeareservationforJune24.Isthereastandardroomavailable?W:Pleaseholdon.I’llcheckitforyou.4．（2024·四川樂山·統(tǒng)考一模）Whenwastheshowduetostart?A．At8:00pm. B．At9:00pm. C．At11:00pm.【答案】A【原文】W:Lookatthetime—9:00pm.Theconcertwassupposedtobeginanhourago.M:Relax.Thesethingsneverstartontime.There’salwayssomedelaybeforeashowreallystarts.W:Butmylastbusisat11:00pm.ThatmeansI’llmisssomeoftheshow.5．（2024·四川樂山·統(tǒng)考一模）HowwillthewomanprobablygotoNewYork?A．Bycar. B．Bytrain. C．Bybus.【答案】B【原文】W:WhatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytogettoNewYork?M:Well,asithasbeenrainingheavilythesedays,takingabusordrivingyourowncarcanbedangerous.So,takingthetrainmaybeyourbestchoice.第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分)聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間，每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對話，回答第6、7題。（2024·四川樂山·統(tǒng)考一模）6．Whydoesthemanfeeldiscouraged?A．Becausehehasputonsomeweight.B．Becausehedidn’tmakeittotheteam.C．Becausehecouldn’tresistthedishesandsnacks.7．Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshoulddo?A．Joinafitnessprogramme.B．Keephimselfhealthy.C．Stopeatingdishesandsnacks.【答案】6．B7．A【原文】M:Hi,Tiffany.W:Hi,Mark.Youlookverysadtoday.M:Youknow,Iscored15goalslastyear,butIwasstillnotselectedfortheteam.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.W:Well,Ibelieveyou’veputonsomepoundsright?Sinceyourcomingbackafterthespringbreak,you’renottheplayeryouusedtobe.M:Yeah,IadmitIjustcouldn’tresistthedishesandsnacksmymummadeeveryday.W:Howaboutussettingupafitnessprogrammeforyoutoloseweight?M:OK.Howlongwillittake?W:Togetyoubackinshape,atleastamonth.M:Amonth?Icannotdoamonth!W:Ifyouwanttobebackintheteam,that’swhatyouneedtodo.聽第7段對話，回答第8、9題。（2024·四川瀘州·?？家荒＃?．Whatwillthewomandointheclub?A．Cookalunch. B．Dothewashing-up. C．Workasadriver.9．WhenwillMrs.Claragotothehospital?A．NextTuesday. B．NextWednesday. C．NextFriday.【答案】8．C9．A【原文】W:Hello,I’dliketodosomevolunteerservicetohelpothersinmyfreetime.WhatcanIdo?M:Wesetupalunchclubfortheelderly.Somepeopleinneedarefromneighboringvillages,soweneedmoredrivers.W:I’mwillingtohelpwiththat.SowhatexactlydoIneedtohelpelderresidents?M:Well,infact,there’sMrs.Clara.SheneedsalifttothehospitalnextTuesday.Doesthatsuityou?W:Yes.Noproblem.I’llalsobefreenextFriday.聽第8段對話，回答第10至12題。（2024·河南新鄉(xiāng)·統(tǒng)考一模）10．Whoisthewomanprobably?A．Abankmanager. B．Arestaurantowner. C．Alandagent.11．Whydoesthemantalktothewoman?A．Tosave$40,000. B．Toanswerquestions. C．Toborrowsomemoney.12．Wheredoesthemanintendtosetuphisbusiness?A．InLincolnRoad. B．Nexttothebank. C．Inhisgrandmother’shouse.13．Whatdoesthewomanthinkisamustforthemantosetuphisbusiness?A．Thelocation. B．Hisfutureplans. C．Enoughcustomers.【答案】10．A11．C12．A13．B【原文】W:Comein,sir.Pleasesitdown.M:Thankyou.Thanksverymuchforfittingmein.Iknowyoumustbeverybusy.W:Notatall.Wedotrytobeavailableasmuchaspossible.M:Well,asyouknow,I’vecometoseeifthereisanychanceofthebanklendingmesomemoneytohelpmesetupasmallrestaurantinthecenteroftown.W:Well...Ineedtoaskyouoneortwoquestionstostartwith.Doyouhaveanycapitalofyourown?M:Er,infact,I’vejustcomeintosomemoney.Yousee,mygrandmotherrecentlydiedandleftme$40,000whichIwantedtouseforthebusiness.ButIstillneedmoremoneytostartmybusiness.W:Isee.Andhaveyouactuallypickedoutasuitablelocationfortherestaurant?M:Yes,Ithinkso.InLincolnRoad.It’sonthegroundfloor.W:Fine.Andhowaboutfutureplans?It’samust.Haveyoubroughtyourbusinessproposal?M:Sure.I’vepreparedallforit.Hereyouare.W:You’resocareful,sir.Andwe’llinformyouabouttheloanwithinthreedays.M:Thankyou.Lookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.聽第9段對話，回答第13至16題。（2023·江西宜春·校聯(lián)考二模）14．WhatshouldthewomanhandinnextMonday?A．Afilmreview. B．Apassage. C．Asummary.15．Howmanywordsdoesthewomanneedtowritefortheassignment?A．About150. B．About120. C．About100.16．Whatdoesthemanaskthewomantodo?A．Rememberthenewwords.B．Recitethetexttotheclass.C．Copytheidiomsthreetimes.【答案】14．C15．A16．A【原文】M:Now,Iwillassignafewafter-classexercisesforyou.Pleaseopenyourbooksandturntopage167.Haveyougotit,Mary?W:Yes,Igotit.It’stheshortpassage,“Grandpa’sGift”,right?M:Yes.That’swhatI’dlikeyoutoreadafterclassandthenwriteasummary,whichwillneedtobehandedinnextMonday.Anyquestions?W:Yes.Mr.Smith,doyouhaveanyrequirementsaboutthelengthofthesummary?M:Oh,asitisasummary,Idon’twantyoutomakeitverycomplicated,sokeepitshort,about150words.W:OK,Iunderstand.Iwilltrytousewhatwe’velearnedtodayinthesummary.Arethereanyotherassignments?M:Readthetextandmakesurethatyouunderstandthemeaningofthetext.Isuggestyoucopythetextthreetimes,butyouneedn’tmemorizeit.Justtrytorememberallthenewwords.Besurethatyouknowtheirspelling,pronunciationandmeaning.W:OK,andIwillreviewtoday’slessonandlearnallthenewwordsbyheart.聽第10段對話，回答第17至20題。（2023·江西撫州·金溪一中校聯(lián)考一模）17．Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Oldflatmates. B．Schoolmates. C．Newclassmates.18．WhydidthewomanchooseWestVillageUniversity?A．Itwasfairlyclosetoherhouse.B．Itprovidedherwithascholarship.C．Itwasrecommendedbyherparents.19．Whatdidtheman’sbrothermajorinatcollege?A．Psychology. B．Engineering. C．Business.20．Whatarethespeakersgoingtodotonight?A．Eatout. B．Meetprofessors. C．Sharelivingfees.【答案】17．B18．B19．C20．A【原文】W:Hello,mynameisJoanneandIwillbeyournewflatmate.M:Nicetomeetyou,Joanne.I’mCarl.So,Ihearyou’reacollegestudentatWestVillageUniversity.Isthatright?W:Yes.I’mstudyingpsychologyatWestVillageandI’llstartmyfirstyearthere.M:That’sgreat.I’malsoastudentatWestVillageandI’mstudyingengineeringinmysecondyear.WhatmadeyouwanttogotoWestVillageUniversity?W:Well,Iwasinbetweentwoschoolsatfirst—WestVillageUniversityandSacredHeartUniversity.IendedupchoosingWestVillagebecausetheyofferedmeagenerousscholarship,whilemyparentsthoughtthatSacredHeartUniversitywasnearmyhouse.Howaboutyou,Carl?M:IchoseWestVillageUniversitybecauseitwasfairlyclosetomyhomeandmybrotherhadattendedtheschoolbeforeme.Hesaidhehadagreattimeinlearningbusiness.Hegavemeallthetipsandtricksaboutwhichprofessorstofollowandwhattoavoid.W:Todayisourfirstmeeting.Howabouthavingdinnertogether?Wecanhaveachataboutourhobbiesandlivinghabits.M:Soundslovely.It’smytreattoday.第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié),滿分40分)第一節(jié)(共15小題:每小題2分，滿分30分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A（2023·江西贛州·統(tǒng)考二模）FouroftheTop10FastestBulletTrainsintheWorld2023FUXINGHAOCR400AF/BF-CHINA,249MPHTheworld’sfastestlong-distancestandardtrainistheFuxingHaoCR400.ItrunsbetweenShanghaiandBeijinginjustfivehours,withacapacityofover550passengers.Knownas“DolphinBlue”and“GoldenPhoenix”arethetwoversionsAFandBF,slightlydifferentfromeachother.FuxingHaodebuted(首秀)in2016andlowereditssiblingHarmony380by13mphtosecondplace.EUROSTARE320-THEUNITEDKINGDOM,200MPHIn2015,SiemenslaunchedtheEurostarE320,whoseinteriorsweredesignedbyfamousPininfarinaItalianstylists.Thetrainwilleasilyaccommodate900people,20morethanEurostarE300.Eurostarisremarkablyenvironmentallysustainable,with90percentfeweremissionsperpassengerthanLondon’sflighttoParis.TALGO350-SPAIN,217MPHBuiltbyPatentesTalgo,theSpanishTalgo350runsbetweenMadridandBarcelona.InSpanish,thetrainhasanickname,‘Pato,’meaningduck.Thisisbecauseoftheraisednosecone(圓錐形)similartoaduckbill.Therearemultipleclassesforseats:Club(with14-26seats),First(with26seats)andCoach(with36seats).Eachseatcomeswithlampsforreadingandlaptopandmobilephonechargingpowerpoints.AGVITALO-ITALY,223MPHIthasthedistinctionofbeingthefastesttraininEuropeat223mph.Nicknamed“Ferrariofthetracks,’theplumredtrainsareoperatedbyNuovoTrasportoViaggiatori,acompanyledbyLucaCorderodiMontezemolo,theformerpresidentofFerrari.Thecompartmentsinitare9feettall,makingiteasiertonavigatewithbaggage,andthereareluxuriousleatherseatsalsointhegeneralcompartments.21．Whichofthefollowingisthefastesttrain?A．FuxingHaoCR400. B．EurostarE320.C．Talgo350. D．AgvItalo.22．HowmanypeoplecanEurostarE300hold?A．750. B．880.C．900. D．920.23．WhatdoTalgo350andAgvItalohaveincommon?A．Theirownnickname. B．Strangeshapes.C．Politicalbackgrounds. D．Largeseats.【答案】21．A22．B23．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹了2023年世界十大最快子彈頭列車中的四輛列車得基本信息。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)FUXINGHAOCR400AF/BF-CHINA,249MPH標(biāo)題下“Theworld’sfastestlong-distancestandardtrainistheFuxingHaoCR400.（復(fù)世界上最快的長途標(biāo)準(zhǔn)列車是復(fù)興號CR400。）可知，最快的火車是復(fù)興號CR400。故選A項(xiàng)。22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)EUROSTARE320-THEUNITEDKINGDOM,200MPH標(biāo)題下“Thetrainwilleasilyaccommodate900people,20morethanEurostarE300.”（這列火車將輕松容納900人，比歐洲之星E300多20人。）可知，歐洲之星E320可容納900人比歐洲之星E300多20人，推斷出歐洲之星E300可容納880人。故選B項(xiàng)。23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)TALGO350-SPAIN,217MPH標(biāo)題下“InSpanish,thetrainhasanickname,‘Pato,’meaningduck.”（西班牙語中，火車有一個(gè)昵稱，“Pato”，意思是鴨子。）和AGVITALO-ITALY,223MPH標(biāo)題下“Nicknamed“Ferrariofthetracks,’theplumredtrainsareoperatedbyNuovoTrasportoViaggiatori,acompanyledbyLucaCorderodiMontezemolo,theformerpresidentofFerrari.”（綽號“賽道上的法拉利”的梅紅色列車由NuovoTrasportoViaggiatori運(yùn)營，該公司由法拉利前總裁LucaCorderodiMontezemolo領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。）可知，Talgo350和AgvItalo的共同點(diǎn)是他們都有自己的昵稱。故選A項(xiàng)。B（2023河南·高三校聯(lián)考開學(xué)考試）WhenhurricanesleftapathofdestructioninPuertoRico,PennsylvaniaCollegeofTechnologystudentNataschaG.Santaellafeltavarietyofpainfulemotions.“IspentaroundsixdaysstressingandhavingaveryhardtimewithmehavingalltheluxuriesIcurrentlydoandmyfamilynothavingany,”theGuaynabo,PuertoRico,residentsaid.Santaellasaidthatherhometowniswithoutpowerandwater,andpeopletherearescaredofwhatistocome.Toreduceherstress,Santaella,whoisstudyingforanassociatedegreeinbakingandpastryarts,immersed(沉浸)herselfinwhatsheknowsbest:baking.“Itstartedoutasjustbakingbreadandshippingittotheislandtothenbedispersedtothepeople,butIfoundthatwasveryexpensiveformetodoalone,soIspokewithChefCharlesNiedermyer,ourinstructorofbakingandpastryartsaboutasaleofbakedgoodsinthecollege’sBushCampusCenter.”“Nataschaisabright,energeticyoungladywithabigheart,”Niedermyersaid.“Iwasnotsurprisedtofindherinmyoffice,lookingforwaystohelpthepeopleofPuertoRico.”Toprepare,SantaellahadmultiplemeetingswithNiedermyer,spenthoursfinalizingrecipes,designedsignage(標(biāo)志)anddecorations,andgotfriendstostaffthesaletablewithher.Andthentherewasthebaking:Santaellaandtwofriendsinthebakingandpastryartsmajorspentsixhoursbaking90loavesofbread,24dozendinnerrollsand30cheesecakesinavarietyofflavors.Duringthesix-hoursale,Santaellaandherfriendsraisedmorethan$1,000forUnitedforPuertoRico,aninitiativedesignedtoprovideaidandsupporttothoseaffectedinPuertoRicobythepassageofHurricaneIrmaandHurricaneMaria.“Ihopetomainlyincreaseawarenessofwhathashappened,andtoshowpeoplethattherearePuertoRicanstudentsatthisschool,”Santaellasaid.“IhopethatothershadthegreatexperienceIhadwithallmyteachersandhowunderstandingtheywerewithme.”24．WhydidSantaellafeelverystressed?A．Becauseabighurricanewasapproaching.B．Becauseshewasleftwithoutpowerandwater.C．Becauseherfolksweresufferingduetohurricanes.D．Becauseshelostallherbelongingsinthehurricane.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dispersed”probablymeaninParagraph3?A．Exposed. B．Connected. C．Distributed. D．Contributed.26．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．PuertoRicomightbestrickenbyhurricanesfrequently.B．NiedermyerrespondedtoSantaella’sideascoldly.C．Santaellaorganizedthesaleathercollegeallalone.D．PennsylvaniaCollegehasfewstudentsfromPuertoRico.27．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．HurricaneCausesHugeLossestoPuertoRicoB．StudentPutsSkillstoUsetoHelpHerHometownC．CollegeStudentShowsBakingSkillsThroughSalesD．TeacherandStudentsWorkTogetherinFundRaising【答案】24．C25．C26．A27．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了得知自己的家鄉(xiāng)遭受颶風(fēng)襲擊，人們生活無著落時(shí)，正在大學(xué)校園里學(xué)習(xí)的Santaella決定利用自己學(xué)到的一技之長，來幫助家鄉(xiāng)。24．推理判斷題。由第一段“WhenhurricanesleftapathofdestructioninPuertoRico,PennsylvaniaCollegeofTechnologystudentNataschaG.Santaellafeltavarietyofpainfulemotions.(當(dāng)颶風(fēng)在波多黎各造成破壞時(shí)，賓夕法尼亞理工學(xué)院的學(xué)生娜塔莎·G·桑塔拉感受到了各種痛苦的情緒)”和第二段中“Santaellasaidthatherhometowniswithoutpowerandwater,andpeopletherearescaredofwhatistocome.(Santatella說，她的家鄉(xiāng)沒有電和水，那里的人們害怕即將發(fā)生的事情)”可知，Santaella得知颶風(fēng)襲擊自己的家鄉(xiāng)，家人們損失慘重，不能像自己一樣在大學(xué)里衣食無憂，因此她的內(nèi)心非常著急。故選C項(xiàng)。25．詞句猜測題。由第三段中“Itstartedoutasjustbakingbreadandshippingittotheislandtothenbedispersedtothepeople,butIfoundthatwasveryexpensiveformetodoalone(一開始只是烤面包，然后運(yùn)到島上，然后dispersed給人們，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)這對我來說非常昂貴)”可知，Santaella最初認(rèn)為，只要把面包烘焙好，運(yùn)送到島嶼上，然后分發(fā)給災(zāi)民就可以了，dispersed意為“分發(fā)（Distributed）”。故選C項(xiàng)。26．推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段“Duringthesix-hoursale,Santaellaandherfriendsraisedmorethan$1,000forUnitedforPuertoRico,aninitiativedesignedtoprovideaidandsupporttothoseaffectedinPuertoRicobythepassageofHurricaneIrmaandHurricaneMaria.(在六個(gè)小時(shí)的銷售中，Santaella和她的朋友們?yōu)閁nitedforPuertoRico籌集了1000多美元，這是一項(xiàng)旨在為波多黎各受颶風(fēng)Irma和颶風(fēng)Maria影響的人提供援助和支持的舉措)”可知，波多黎各人們已經(jīng)受颶風(fēng)Irma和颶風(fēng)Maria的影響，可得出波多黎各可能經(jīng)常遭受颶風(fēng)襲擊。故選A項(xiàng)。27．主旨大意題。文章主要講述了得知自己的家鄉(xiāng)遭受颶風(fēng)襲擊，人們生活無著落時(shí)，正在大學(xué)校園里學(xué)習(xí)的Santaella決定利用自己學(xué)到的一技之長，來幫助被颶風(fēng)襲擊的家鄉(xiāng)的故事，B項(xiàng)“學(xué)生運(yùn)用技能幫助家鄉(xiāng)”符合此意。故選B項(xiàng)。C（2024·江西萍鄉(xiāng)·萍鄉(xiāng)中學(xué)?？家荒＃㊣magineyou’reoutforaneveningstrollinaforeigncity,lookingtofindarestaurantfordinner.Ifyou’relikemostpeople,youwilllookforthebusiestrestaurantwiththemostdinersbecauseitspopularityisboundtoreflectonthequalityoffoodandservice.Butisthistrue?Naturallycopyingotherpeople’sthoughtsorchoicesorsimplygoingwiththecrowdisoftenreferredtoas“herdbehaviour”.Itisafrequentoccurrenceamonghumansaswellasmanyotheranimals,acommonexamplebeingsheep.Herdingcanappeartomakealotofsense.Afterall,there’s“safetyinnumbers”.Psychologyresearchsuggeststhatthephenomenonreliesontheexistenceofsocialconnectionsorpatternsbetweenindividualsaswellasspecificmechanismsofpassingoninformation.Akeyprerequisite(前提)isthehumanabilityto“mentalise”,whichmeansbeingabletoreadandinterpretsomeoneelse’smentalstateandusingtheinformationtoexplaintheirchoices.Contrarytotheso-called“wisdomofcrowds”,whichemergeswhenthejudgementofindividualgroupmembersareindependentlycollectedtoproduceanaverageopinion,herdbehaviortypicallyrelyonso-called“informationcascades(信息瀑布)”,wherepeopletakeonothers’beliefsorcopytheirchoiceswithoutcriticallyassessingtheunderlyingreasons.Thisfrequentlyleadstotheimitationofirrational(不理性的)orsimplystupidbehaviors.Consequently,herdingcanhavemanyundesirableoutcomes,includingunfavorableinfluencesonconsumerchoices,?likeintherestaurantexampleabove.However,itseemsthereisnoquickandeasyfixtoresistthelureofherdbehaviour.Instead,long-termattitudechangesmaybenecessary,whichcouldinvolveindividualsadoptingmorecriticalapproachestowardstheirpeers’opinion,andquestioningothers’behaviorasopposedtoblindlyfollowingthem.28．Whichofthefollowingcanbecalled“herdbehaviour”?A．Choosingthemostcrowdedrestauranttodinein.B．Askingfriendsforsuggestionswheninconfusion.C．Runningoutimmediatelywhenthefirebellrings.D．Analyzingaproductcarefullybeforebuyingit.29．Animportantconditionforherdbehaviourliesin_______.A．explaininglifepatternsB．understandingsocialconnectionsC．comprehendingothers’mentalstateD．sharinginformationamongindividuals30．Whatleadstotheherdbehaviour?A．Wisdomofcrowds. B．Uncertainoutcomes.C．Lackofrationalanalyses. D．Enoughindividualopinions.31．Howcanpeopleavoidthetheherdbehaviour?A．Neverfollowthetrend. B．Keepaquestioningmind.C．Saynotoanypopularevents. D．Standoppositeagainstthepublic.【答案】28．A29．C30．C31．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章討論了跟隨他人行為的問題，包括在選擇餐館時(shí)隨意跟隨人群的不良影響并解釋了“羊群行為”的概念。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)了跟隨他人行為的危險(xiǎn)性，因?yàn)檫@種行為往往不需要批判性思考，可能會導(dǎo)致模仿不合理或愚蠢的行為。因此建議要謹(jǐn)慎對待跟隨他人行為，并要保持批判性思維。28．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Naturallycopyingotherpeople’sthoughtsorchoicesorsimplygoingwiththecrowdisoftenreferredtoas“herdbehaviour”.(自然地模仿他人的想法或選擇或隨大流通常被稱為“從眾行為”)”可知，選擇最擁擠的餐廳用餐被稱為“羊群行為”。故選A。29．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Akeyprerequisite(前提)isthehumanabilityto“mentalise”,whichmeansbeingabletoreadandinterpretsomeoneelse’smentalstateandusingtheinformationtoexplaintheirchoices.(一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的先決條件是人類“心理化”的能力，這意味著能夠閱讀和解讀他人的心理狀態(tài)，并利用這些信息來解釋他們的選擇)”可知，“羊群行為”的一個(gè)重要條件是理解他人的心理狀態(tài)。故選C。30．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Contrarytotheso-called“wisdomofcrowds”,whichemergeswhenthejudgementofindividualgroupmembersareindependentlycollectedtoproduceanaverageopinion,herdbehaviortypicallyrelyonso-called“informationcascades(信息瀑布)”,wherepeopletakeonothers’beliefsorcopytheirchoiceswithoutcriticallyassessingtheunderlyingreasons.Thisfrequentlyleadstotheimitationofirrational(不理性的)orsimplystupidbehaviors.(與所謂的“群體智慧”相反，當(dāng)個(gè)體群體成員的判斷被獨(dú)立收集以產(chǎn)生平均意見時(shí)，“羊群行為”通常依賴于所謂的“信息瀑布”，人們在沒有批判性地評估潛在原因的情況下接受他人的信念或復(fù)制他們的選擇。這經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致模仿不合理的行為或愚蠢的行為。)”可知，缺乏理性的分析導(dǎo)致了“羊群行為”。故選C。31．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“However,itseemsthereisnoquickandeasyfixtoresistthelureofherdbehaviour.Instead,long-termattitudechangesmaybenecessary,whichcouldinvolveindividualsadoptingmorecriticalapproachestowardstheirpeers’opinion,andquestioningothers’behaviorasopposedtoblindlyfollowingthem.(然而，似乎沒有快速和簡單的解決辦法來抵制群體行為的誘惑。相反，長期的態(tài)度改變可能是必要的，這可能涉及個(gè)人對同齡人的觀點(diǎn)采取更批判的態(tài)度，質(zhì)疑他人的行為，而不是盲目地追隨他們)”可知，保持質(zhì)疑的心態(tài)可以避免從眾行為。故選B。D（2024·江西景德鎮(zhèn)·統(tǒng)考一模）Itturnsoutourplantsarejustlikeusinsomeways.Weturntomedicinestorelieveaminorfluorheadache,andplantstoohavetheirwaysofself-medicating.Theyprotectthemselvesfromenvironmentalhazardslikeinsects,droughtandheatbyproducingsalicylicacid(水楊酸).Itisresponsiblefortheanti-inflammatoryactionofaspirin,adrugwhichhasbeenusedbyhumansforcenturiestocounterpainandinflammation.Researchershavefoundthatplants’salicylicacid,whichisproducedinchloroplasts(葉綠體),isusuallygeneratedinresponsetothestresscausedbyclimatechange.“It’slikeplantsuseapainkillerforachesandpains,justlikewedo,”saidplantbiologistWilhelminavandevenfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,River-side(U.C．R)“We’dliketobeabletousethefindingtoimprovecropresistance(作物抗性),”saidU.C．R.plantgeneticistJin-ZhengWang.“Thatwillbecrucialforthefoodsupplyinourincreasinglyhot,brightworld.”HumanskinproducesROS(Reactiveoxygenspecies)(活性氧)intheabsenceofsunscreen.Thiscausesfrecklesandburns.Similarly,environmentalstressesresultintheformationofROSinplantswhich,athighlevels,cancausedeath.Atlowlevels,however,ROSservesanessentialfunctioninplantcells.“ROSisadouble-edgedsword,”saidWang.“Atnon-lethallevels,ROSarelikeanemergencycalltoaction,enablingtheproductionofprotectivehormones(激素)suchassalicylicacid.”Theacidthenactstoprotecttheplants’chloroplasts,knowntobethesiteofphotosynthesis.“Withclimatechange,thingslikesalicylicacid:

helpingplantsstanduptostresseshavebecomemorecommon.So,beingabletoincreaseplants’abilitytoproduceitrepresentsastepforwardinchallengingtheimpactsofclimatechangeoneverydaylife,”saidKatayoonDehesh,UCRprofessorofmolecularbiochemistry.“Thoseimpactsgobeyondourfood.Plantsbeingintroubleareasignofwhatthefutureholdsforus,”

shecontinued.“Plantscleanourairbyremovingthecarbondioxidefromitwhilealsoofferingusshade,andprovidinghabitatsfornumerousanimals.Forhumankind,

thebenefitsofboostingplants’abilitytosurvivearebecomingincreasinglyessential.”32．Whatisthemainfunctionofsalicylicacidinplants?A．Tosecureplants. B．Toproducechloroplasts.C．Torelievepainandinflammation. D．Togeneratehormones.33．WhatisthemaincauseofROSformationinplants?A．Lackofsunscreen. B．Chloroplasticacid.C．Environmentalstresses. D．UseofPhotosynthesis.34．WhatisthemaingoaloftheresearchersatUCR?A．Toexplorethehistoryandsignificanceofaspirininhumanmedicine.B．Toinventadevicethatcanmakeplantsdoself-medicating.C．Tocomparethedifferencesbetweenplantsandhumansinself-medicating.D．Toimprovecropresistancebyincreasingplants’abilitytoproducesalicylicacid.35．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Plantscanbeimprovedtoresistenvironmentalhazards.B．Plantsproducetheirownaspirintocopewithstress.C．Plantsandhumanssharesomecommonfeaturesandneeds.D．Plantscontributetothewell-beingofhumansandanimals.【答案】32．A33．C34．D35．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是植物通過產(chǎn)生水楊酸來保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲、干旱和高溫等環(huán)境危害。32．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Theyprotectthemselvesfromenvironmentalhazardslikeinsects,droughtandheatbyproducingsalicylicacid(水楊酸).(它們通過產(chǎn)生水楊酸來保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲、干旱和高溫等環(huán)境危害。)”可知，水楊酸在植物中的主要作用是保護(hù)植物，故選A。33．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Similarly,environmentalstressesresultintheformationofROSinplantswhich,athighlevels,cancausedeath.(同樣，環(huán)境壓力會導(dǎo)致植物體內(nèi)ROS的形成，而這種ROS在高水平時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致死亡。)”可知，植物中ROS形成的主要原因是環(huán)境壓力。故選C。34．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段““We’dliketobeabletousethefindingtoimprovecropresistance(作物抗性),”saidU.C.R.plantgeneticistJin-ZhengWang.(“我們希望能夠利用這一發(fā)現(xiàn)來提高作物的抗性，”加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校植物遺傳學(xué)家Jin-ZhengWang說。)”和倒數(shù)第二段“Withclimatechange,thingslikesalicylicacid:helpingplantsstanduptostresseshavebecomemorecommon.So,beingabletoincreaseplants’abilitytoproduceitrepresentsastepforwardinchallengingtheimpactsofclimatechangeoneverydaylife(隨著氣候變化，像水楊酸這樣幫助植物抵抗壓力的物質(zhì)變得越來越普遍。因此，能夠提高植物生產(chǎn)它的能力，代表著在挑戰(zhàn)氣候變化對日常生活的影響方面邁出了一步)”可知，UCR研究人員的主要目標(biāo)是通過增加植物產(chǎn)生水楊酸的能力來提高作物的抗性，故選D。35．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段“Theyprotectthemselvesfromenvironmentalhazardslikeinsects,droughtandheatbyproducingsalicylicacid(水楊酸).Itisresponsiblefortheanti-inflammatoryactionofaspirin,adrugwhichhasbeenusedbyhumansforcenturiestocounterpainandinflammation.(它們通過產(chǎn)生水楊酸來保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲、干旱和高溫等環(huán)境危害。它負(fù)責(zé)阿司匹林的抗炎作用，阿司匹林是一種被人類使用了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的藥物，用于對抗疼痛和炎癥。)”和第二段“Researchershavefoundthatplants’salicylicacid,whichisproducedinchloroplasts(葉綠體),isusuallygeneratedinresponsetothestresscausedbyclimatechange.(研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，植物葉綠體中產(chǎn)生的水楊酸通常是在應(yīng)對氣候變化造成的壓力時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。)”可知，本文主要講的是植物通過產(chǎn)生水楊酸來保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲、干旱和高溫等環(huán)境危害，因此主旨大意是B選項(xiàng)“Plantsproducetheirownaspirintocopewithstress.(植物會分泌自己阿司匹林來應(yīng)對壓力)”。故選B。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，滿分10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。（2023河北承德·高三）NewrulesandbehaviorstandardsformiddleschoolstudentscameoutinMarch．2017．Middleschoolsaregoingtouseanewwaytodecidewhothetopstudentsare，36Thefollowingaresomeofthenewrules．Tellthetruth．Haveyouevercopiedsomeoneelse'sworkinanexam？37That'snothonest．Ifyouhaveplayedcomputergamesfortwohoursinyourroom，don'ttellyourparentsthatyouhavedonehomework．Domoreatschool．Goodstudentsloveanimalsandcareforotherpeople．AprilisBird-LovingMonthinourcountry．Isyourschooldoinganythingtocelebrateit？Youshouldjoin!38Haveyoueverquarreledwithyourteammateswhenyourbasketballteamlost？Onlyworkingtogethercanmakeyourteamstronger．Befriendlytothepeopleyouarewith．Trytothinkofothers，notonlyyourself．Beopentonewideas．Haveyoueverthoughtthatpeoplecouldliveonthemoon？Perhapsyou'lldiscoverEarthIIsomeday．Don'tlookdownatanyone．39Youshouldwelcomethem，becausenewideasmakelifebetterforeveryone．Protectyourself．Hassomeoneevertakenmoneyfromoneofyourclassmates？Don'tletithappentoyou．Ifyouhavetogohomelate，youshouldletyourparentsknow．UsetheInternetcarefully．TheInternetcanbeveryusefulforyourstudies．ButsomethingsontheInternetaren'tforkids，sotrytolookatWebPagesthataregoodforyou．40A．Don'tdoitagain!B．Everyone'sideasareimportant．C．Studentsmustonlyworkandplayalone．D．Youcanusethewebforfunorhomework．E．Thebeststudentswon'tonlyhavehighmarks．F．Studentsshouldnotdisagreewiththeteachers．G．Inthatway，youcanlearnmoreaboutanimalsandhowtoprotectthem．【答案】36．E37．A38．G39．B40．D【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了中學(xué)生新的行為規(guī)范，要想成為優(yōu)等生，不僅僅是成績好就可以，而且也要遵守這些行為規(guī)范。36．根據(jù)后句Theywillalsobekidswhodon'tdyetheirhair，smokeordrink．可知他們也會是不染發(fā)、不抽煙或不喝酒的孩子．E項(xiàng)：Thebeststudentswon'tonlyhavehighmarks．最好的學(xué)生不僅有高分。最好的學(xué)生不僅分?jǐn)?shù)高，還不能染發(fā)，抽煙和喝酒，這樣前后句搭配符合語義和語境，尤其從notonly和also可以判斷兩句關(guān)系緊密。故選E項(xiàng)。37．根據(jù)下句That'snothonest.那樣不誠實(shí)。A項(xiàng)：Don'tdoitagain!別在那樣了！不能抄別人的試