2024屆中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)句型

賓語從句

1.定義：在句中充當(dāng)賓語的從句稱為賓語從句。

2.連接詞：

連接詞是否有意義是否做成分是否可以省略

在不影響句意的情

that無意義

況下，可省略

從屬連詞不作成分，從句完整

有意義，

whether,if不可省略

“是否”

who,whom,whose,

what,which,

連接代詞作成分，從句不完整

whoever,whichever;

有意義不可省略

whatever

when,where,why,

連接副詞作狀語，句子完整

how

3.that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，由于只起連接作用，本身沒有意義,所以常常省略，特別是在believe,

think,know,say等動(dòng)詞的后面。

Eg:Hebelieved(that)thatmanwasacriminal.

Thegirlknows(that)herparentswon'tlietoher.

Doyouthink(that)ourteamwillwinthegame.

Thereisnodoubt(that)it'sgoingtorainsoon.

4.if、whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

(1)if、whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，意為“是否”，不可省略

Eg:Idon/tknowif/whetherhewillcome.

Billwonderedif/whetherhecouldgetsomeadvicefromhisfriends.

(2)一般情況下，if和whether可互換使用，但在以下情況通常用whether,不用if

①當(dāng)賓語從句位于主句之前

Eg:Whethertheycanhelpyou,Kmnotsure.

②與。r連用時(shí)

Eg:Iwonderwhetherhewillpickmeupornot.

③與動(dòng)詞不定式連用時(shí)

Eg:Theydon/tdecidewhethertovisittheirteachers.

④作介詞的賓語時(shí)

Eg:Itdependsonwhetherwecangetthepermission.

5.連接代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whichever,whatever具有意義，除了連

接主從句外，還在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。

①在賓語從句中作主語

Eg:Achildknowswholoveshimtruly.

Thepolicemenfoundoutwhatcausedtheaccident.

②在賓語從句中作賓語

Eg:Theywanttoknowwhichhelikesbest.

Hebelievedwhateverhisbrothersaid.

③在賓語從句中作表語

Eg:Doyouknowwhoheis?

Idon'tcarewhoseitis.

④在賓語從句中作定語

Eg:Idon'tknowwhichbookisLily/s.

Thelittlegirlwanderedwhosecandyitwas.

6.連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

連接副詞when,where,why,how具有意義，除了連接主從句外，還在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)、

時(shí)間、原因、方式方法、程度等狀語。

Eg:Hisparentsdidn/tdecidewhentheyweregoingtoleave.

Herealizedwherehelefthiswallet.

Iwonderedwhymywatchdidn/twork.

Shewantstoknowhowwegetthere.

Mostvillagersknowhowdeeptheriveris.

7.賓語從句的語序

賓語從句的連接詞位于從句句首，從句用陳述語序。

Eg:Thereportertoldmewherethescientistlived.

ForeignersarealwaysaskedwhatChinesefoodtheylikebest.

Allthestudentswanttoknowiftheartfestivalwillbeheld.

8.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞要保持時(shí)態(tài)一致，一般遵循以下原則：

(1)當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可用任何所需要的的時(shí)態(tài)，不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制和影響

Eg:Hethinkshissisterisverysmart.

Manypeopleguessthisregulationwilltakeeffectsoon.

Shedoesn'tbelieveherhusbandliedtoher.

(2)當(dāng)主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句需使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)

①當(dāng)主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生

Eg:Ionlyknewhewasstudyinginawesterncountry,butIdidn'tknowwhichcountryhe

wasin.

②當(dāng)主句動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，從句動(dòng)作后發(fā)生

Eg:Hepromisedhewouldgotothemovieswithus

③當(dāng)主句動(dòng)作后發(fā)生，從句動(dòng)作先發(fā)生

Eg:Bensaidhehadfinishedreadingthebook.

④當(dāng)從句表示客觀真理或事實(shí)

Eg:Myfathertoldmethemoontravelsaroundtheearth.

9.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

當(dāng)主句的主語是第一、三人稱，且謂語動(dòng)詞是表示“想、認(rèn)為”等意義的詞，如think,believe,

suppose,expect等，從句的否定一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。

Eg:Idon/tthinkheishonest.

Hedoesn'tbelievehecanpasstheexam.

10.賓語從句中that不能省略的情況

(1)當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句時(shí)，只有第一個(gè)that可以省略

Eg:Irealize(that)I'minchargeandthateveryoneacceptsmyleadership.

(2)介詞后的賓語從句中that不能省略

Eg:Themovieisunsatisfactoryinthatitdoesn'thaveahappyending.

(3)當(dāng)it作形式賓語，后面的that不能省略

Eg:Somestudentsconsideritdifficultthattheycanlearnmathwell.

(4)當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是this、that或被this、that修飾時(shí)，連接詞that不可以省略

Eg:Theteachersaidthatthiswordcouldn'tbeusedlikethat.

練習(xí):

1.-Whatdidhesayjustnow?

-Heasked___

A.iftheywouldmeetat10o'clockB.whenwouldtheystart

C.thattheywouldtakesomefoodD.howtheywillgetthere

2.-I'mgoingtobuyacomputer.Anyadvice?

-Well,itdependson___.

A.whenwillyoubuyoneB.whatcolordoyoulike

C.howmuchyoucanaffordD.whereareyoudriving

3.-canyoutellme_?

-Africa.

A.whatthelionlikeseatingB.whythelionlooksunhappy

C.whenthelionwasbornD.wherethelioncomesfrom

4-I'dliketoknow.

-Maybeintheforest.

A.whetherwewillgocampingB.wherewewillgocamping

C.whetherwillwegocampingD.wherewillwegocamping

5.Couldyoutellmeamomentago?

A.whatweretheytalkingaboutB.whataretheytalkingabout

C.whattheyweretalkingaboutD.whattheyaretalkingabout

6.-Ididn/tseeDavidthismorning.Doyouknow_hewasn/tatschool?

-Hewasill.

A.howB.whetherC.whenD.why

7.-Kmsorrytobelate.

-Couldyoutellme___?

A.whyyouarelateagainBwhyareyoulateagain

C.whatwereyoudoingD.whodidyoutalkwith

8-Couldyoupleasetellmeyouwillgotoworktomorrow?

-Sure,I'lltakeabus.

AwhetherB.whyC.whenD.how

9.Erictoldme_tobeinBeijingagain.

A.howhappyhewasB.howhehappywas

C.howhappywasheD.howwashehappy

10.IknewthatthesunintheeastwhenIwasveryyoung.

A.willriseB.roseC.riseD.rises

11.-Doyouknowhewouldbesuccessfulornot?

-Sorry,I'venoidea.

A.thatB.whetherC.ifD.which

12.Shewantstoknow_.

A.whetherornotwillhecomeB.whetherornothewillcome

C.ifornothewillcomeD.ifornotwillhecome

13.Lilytoldherfriendsthatsheacoughforthreedays.

A.hasB.hadhadC.hadcaughtD.hashad

14.-WecanuseWe-chattotalkwitheachotheronthephone.

-Really?Willyoupleaseshowme?

A.howcanIuseB.howIcanuse

C.howcanIuseitD.howIcanuseit

15.-Yourdressisquitebeautiful.Couldyoutellme?

-Intheshopbehindmycompany.

A.wheredidyoubuyitB.whereyouboughtit

C.whydidyoubuyitD.whyyouboughtit

定語從句

1.定義:

充當(dāng)定語作用的從句，用于限制、描繪或說明主句中某一個(gè)名詞、代詞或整個(gè)句子。

2.先行詞：

被定語從句修飾的對(duì)象稱為先行詞。

3.關(guān)系詞：

引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫作關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

先行詞所作成分

指人指物主語賓語表語定語狀語

thatqqqqq

whichNqN

關(guān)

系whoNNN

代whomqq

詞

whoseNN

asqqNqq

day,year;date,time等

when

關(guān)時(shí)間名詞

系

place,city,Beijing等地

副whereq

點(diǎn)名詞

詞

whyreasonq

4.分類:

按定語從句與其先行詞的關(guān)系，分為：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定

語從句與其先行詞的關(guān)系密切，其間不用逗號(hào)隔開；非限制性定語從句與其先行詞的關(guān)系比

較松散，其間要用逗號(hào)隔開。

5.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句

關(guān)系代詞除了起連接主句和從句的作用外，還在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等

成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)，通常可省略。

Eg:Themanwho/thatisstandingunderthetreeisournewEnglishteacher.（作主語）

Iboughtthisbook（which/that）Ithoughtwasinteresting.（作賓語）

Thecityisnolongerthesameasitwas.（作表語）

Billdoesn'tlikethehousewhosewindowisbroken.（作定語）

6.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句

關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。

Eg:Istillrememberthedaywhenwemetforthefirsttime.

Theybookedthehotelwheretheystayedlastsummerholiday.

Theteacherdidn'tacceptthereasonwhyhewaslateagain.

7.非限制性定語從句

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有as,which,who,whom,whose;關(guān)系副詞有when和

where.

Eg:Asweallknow,waterwillturnintoicewhenthetemperatureisbelowzero.

Mygrandpa,whoisovereighty,exerciseseveryday.

Manypeopleareusedtostayinguplate,whichisbadfortheirhealth.

Jimmyknewtheboy,whomItalkedwithjustnow.

Frankvisitedasmallfarm,wherehisfatherworkedtwentyyearsago.

8.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇

(1)從句缺少成分，則選擇關(guān)系代詞

(2)從句不缺成分，則選擇關(guān)系副詞

Eg:Theytalkedaboutthecitythesingerheldaconcert.

A.whoseB.thatC.whereD./

解析：c.從句不缺成分，因此需選擇關(guān)系副詞where.

Theytalkedaboutthecitywasfamousasatradecenter.

A.whoseB.thatC.whereD./

解析：B.從句缺少主語，因此需選擇關(guān)系代詞，且根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選擇that.

9.關(guān)系代詞that和which用法辨析

that和which在定語從句中都可指物，且可作主語或賓語。一般情況下，that和which

可互換使用，但在以下情況卻不可互換。

(1)用that不用which的情況:

①當(dāng)先行詞既有指人，又有指物的名詞時(shí)

Eg:LittleCindyislookingatthethingsandpeoplethatarearoundher.

Theymadealistofthemoviesandtheactorsthatwonprizes.

②當(dāng)先行詞是some,any,all,none,everything等不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)

Eg:Youcanborrowanybookthatyouareinterestedin.

IwanttobuyallthatIneed.

③當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或被這類詞修飾時(shí)

Eg:ThisisthebiggestboxthatIcanfind.

④當(dāng)先行詞被thesame,theonly,thevery,thenext,thelast修飾時(shí)

Eg:Thelastpersonthatgetsherewillbepunished.

Shewastheonlystudentthatpassedtheexam.

⑤當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時(shí)

Eg:Whowasthegirlthatwaitedforthebuswithyou?

Whichofthepensthatareonthedeskisyours?

⑵用which不用that的情況：

①非限制性定語從句中

Eg:Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer;whichwasboughtbymyfatherfouryears

ago.

②先行詞是that時(shí)

Eg:What'sthatwhichisnexttomydictionary?

③在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)

Eg:Iforgotthedateonwhichwemet.

10.關(guān)系代詞that和who用法辨析

that和who在定語從句中都可指人，且可作主語或賓語。一般情況下，that和who可

互換使用，但在以下情況用who,不用that。

(1)先行詞是指人的不定代詞(如：one,ones,anyone,nobody,everyone等)時(shí)

Eg:Hewastheonewhobrokethewindow.

Everyonewhoreceivesaninvitationcancometotheparty.

⑵先行詞是指人的those

Eg:Thosewhoareintroubleneedsomeadvice.

(3)Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中主語是指人的名詞

Eg:Thereweretwowomenwhowantedtoseeyou.

練習(xí)：

1.Thecatplayedwithyourdaughterjustnowis_.

A.which;mineB.which;myC.what;mineD.what;my

2.Everyonehasbeentomyhometownsaysitisabeautifulvillage.

A.whyB.whoseC.whoD.which

3.ThisisthemiddleschoolIstudiedtwelveyearsago.

A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which

4.Themanmakesabigdifferenceinmylifeismyfather.

A.whichB.whoC.whomD.what

5.It'sbadforhealthtohurrytomoveintoahousehasnewfurnitureinit.

A.whoB.whereC.thatD.what

6.Beingdisabledissomethingmanypeoplecan'taccept.

A.WhoB.whatC.thatD.whom

7-Doyouknowtheoneishelpingtheoldmancrosstheroad?

-No.Buthowniceheis!

A.whichB.whoC.whomD.that

8.ThehouseChairmanMaousedtoliveisnowamuseum.

A.whichB.thatC.inwhichD.there

9.YesterdayMangowenttothetownshewasborn.

A.whenB.whichC.whereD.that

10.I'llneverforgetthelesson__lastyear.

A.thatIlearnB.thatIlearnedC.whatIlearnD.whatIlearned

11.1lovetheuniversity_Ihavestudiedinforfouryears.

A.whereB.whenC.thatD.who

12.-Whatareyoulookingfor?

-I'mlookingforthewatch_Iboughtyesterday.

A.whichB.whoC.whoseD.when

13,-Look!ThatisthegirlImetyesterday.

-Sheismydaughter.

A.whatB.whoC.whereD.when

14.Pleaseenterintothehouse__dooriswhite.

A.whichB.itsC.whoseD.what

15.1stillrememberthecollegeandtheteachersIvisitedinLondonyearsago.

A.whatB.whoC.thatD.which

16.Winteristhetimeoftheyearthedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.

A.whenB.thatC.whereD.which

17.ItisoneofthemostinterestingmoviesIhaveeverwatched.

A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whom

18.Youcantalkwithanyoneyouthinkisfriendly.

A.thatB.whomC.whichD.who

19.Hedoesn'tknowthatrule_everybodyknows.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.whom

20.ThenovelwaswrittenbyMoYanwontheNobelPrizeinliterature.

A.whoB.thatC.whenD.what

狀語從句

1,定義：在句中充當(dāng)狀語成分的從句。

2.分類：初中階段主要學(xué)習(xí)了9大狀語從句，分別是時(shí)間狀語從句，地點(diǎn)狀語從句，原

因狀語從句，比較狀語從句，方式狀語從句，條件狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，目的狀語

從句，結(jié)果狀語從句。

(1)時(shí)間狀語從句

時(shí)間狀語從句用來表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，常用when,while,as,assoonas,before,

after;until,till,since等引導(dǎo)。

①When,while,as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

連接詞意義特點(diǎn)

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也

when當(dāng)……時(shí)

可以是瞬息性動(dòng)詞

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞只可以是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,常

while當(dāng).....時(shí)

表示主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生

as當(dāng).....時(shí)，一邊.....一邊……強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行

Eg:Wewerehavingdinnerwhentherainstormcame.

I'llcallyouwhenit'sarranged.

Whilethechildrenwereplayingwiththetoys,theirmotherwaswatchingTV.

Brucebecamehappyashesawhisfriends.

②assoonas引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

assoonas意為“一……就……”，引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義

Eg:I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinFrance.

Assoonashesawus,herantoshakehandswithus.

③before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

before意為“在……之前”，引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后

Eg:BeforeIgotobed,Ialwaysbrushmyteeth.

Wewaitedalongtimebeforewegotontheplane.

④after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

after意為“在……之后”，引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前

Eg:Aftertherainstopped,wewentdownthemountain.

IfeltbetterafterItalkedwithmyparents.

⑤until,till引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

until和till意為“直到”，很多時(shí)候可以互換使用。用于肯定句時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞

是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；用于否定句時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用瞬息性動(dòng)詞。需要注意的是until

可用于句首，till不用于句首。

Eg:Westayedatthehoteluntil/tillthestrongwinddieddown.

Ididn'tgotobeduntil/tillmysoncamebackhome.

Untilyoutoldme,Ididn/tknowanythingofthenews.

⑥since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

since意為“自從……以來”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

Eg:Ithasbeentenyearssincewelastmeteachother.

Mygrandmahaslivedheresinceshewasalittlegirl.

(2)地點(diǎn)狀語從句

表示位置或方向的從句叫地點(diǎn)狀語從句，主要由where,wherever等引導(dǎo)，意為“在......

地方，在任何......地方”

Eg:Whereveryougo,Iwillbeherewaitingforyou.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

(3)原因狀語從句

在句中作原因狀語的從句叫作原因狀語從句，常由because,since,as等引導(dǎo)

①because意為“因?yàn)椤保龑?dǎo)原因狀語從句時(shí)，語氣最強(qiáng)，表示直接原因

Eg:Hegaveuphisjobbecausehecouldn'tstandhisboss.

②since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時(shí)意為“既然，由于"，語氣比because弱

Eg:Sinceeveryoneishere,let'sdiscussaboutourworkingplan.

③as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時(shí)意為“因?yàn)?，既然，由于“，語氣不如because、as強(qiáng)

Eg:Asshewasshy,shehadfewfriends.

⑷比較狀語從句

在句中作比較狀語的句子叫作比較狀語從句。主要由as,than等引導(dǎo)。

Eg:HerforeignfriendspeaksChineseasfluentlyasshedoes.

Tomisnotso/asoutgoingasPeter(is).

Hecanearnmoremoneythanyoucan.

⑸方式狀語從句

描述主句中動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的方式或方法的從句叫作方式狀語從句，主要由as,asif,as

though引導(dǎo)。

①as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句時(shí)，意為“按照、正如、像、如同”

Eg:YoumustdoasIrequire.

Everythinghappenedasthedetectiveexpected.

Frictionisnotalwaysabadthingasyoumightthink.

Wateristofishasairistoman.

②asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句時(shí)，意為“似乎，好像”，

>asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣，表示所說的情況不

是現(xiàn)實(shí)。

Eg:Hespokeasifheweretheownerofthishouse.

>但是當(dāng)說表示的情況是事實(shí)或者實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大時(shí)，從句用陳述語氣

Eg:Theskyisdarkasifit'sgoingtorain.

(6)條件狀語從句

表示條件或前提的從句叫作條件狀語從句。主要由if,unless,as/solongas等引導(dǎo)。

①if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，意為“如果”

Eg:Ifyougetuplate,youwillmissthetrain.

②unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，意為“除非.....否則......”

Eg:Unlessyouarefamousenough,youwon'treceiveaninvitation.

③as/solongas引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，意為“只要”

Eg:As/solongasyousticktoyourdream,you'llmakeitcometrueoneday.

⑺讓步狀語從句

表示主句中的某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與從句中的某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在意義上有部分矛盾O主要由

although,though,evenif/though,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whoever等弓I導(dǎo)。

①although/though意為“盡管，雖然“，不與but連用

Eg:Although/thoughhetriedhisbest,hefailedintheend.

②evenif/though意為“即使，盡管“

Eg:Evenif/thoughIseeitwithmyeyes,Ican/tbelieveit.

(3)whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whoever弓I導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，/目當(dāng)于“no

matter+wh-"

Eg:Whateveryouwant,I'llgiveittoyou.

(=Nomatterwhatyouwant,I'llgiveittoyou.)

Wherevermysistervisits,shewillsendmeapostcard.

(=Nomatterwheremysistervisits,shewillsendmeapostcard.)

Whicheveradviceyoutake,you/llbenefitfromit.

(=Nomatterwhichadviceyoutake,you'llbenefitfromit.)

(8)目的狀語從句

表示主句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的目的或動(dòng)機(jī)，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞主要有sothat

(以便),inorderthat(為了)等。

Eg:Idecidetoworkhardersothat/inorderthatIcangetbettergrades.

I'llplaythevideoagainsothat/inorderthatyoucannoticethedifference.

(9)結(jié)果狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句表示主句中某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連接詞有

sothat,so...that,such...that等。

①s。that意為“因此，以致于"

Eg:Hewasoftenabsentsothathedidn/tpasstheexam.

②so...that…意為”如此......以致于"

>so+形容詞/副詞+that

Eg:IwassohungrythatIatethreeapples.

Thethiefransofastthatnoonecouldcatchhim.

>so+many/much/few/little+名詞+that

Eg:Wehadsolittlemoneythatwecouldaffordanewcar.

Therearesomanytreesthattheairisfresh.

③such...that意為“如此......以致于“

>such+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that

Eg:Heissuchalazymanthathisroomisalwaysinamess.

>such+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+that

Eg:Smartphoneshavebecamesuchimportanttoolsthatwecarrythemwithusallthetime.

HegavemesuchgoodadvicethatIfinishedthetaskeasily.

練習(xí)：

1.Grayisgoingtogiveawaysomefoodtothefoodbank,heisnotrichenough.

A.ifB.unlessC.sinceD.though

2.Jimmyhasbeeninthecompanyfortwoyearshegraduated.

A.whenB.sinceC.assoonasD.as

3.You'dbettermakealist_yougotothesupermark