大學英語四級寫作專題輔導

大學英語四級寫作專題輔導大學英語四級寫作專題輔導大學英語四級寫作專題輔導大學英語四級作文評分標準一、評分原則

1．CET檢查考生是否達到大學英語教學大綱規(guī)定的四級和六級教學要求，對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準則。

2．CET作文題采用總體評分(GlobalScoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分(AwardScores)，而不是按語言點的錯誤數(shù)目扣分。

3．從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而合適地表達思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。

通過閱讀報刊，我們能增長見識，擴大自己的知識面。大學英語四級寫作專題輔導大學英語四級寫作專題輔導大學英語四級1大學英語四級作文評分標準一、評分原則

1．CET檢查考生是否達到大學英語教學大綱規(guī)定的四級和六級教學要求，對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準則。

2．CET作文題采用總體評分(GlobalScoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分(AwardScores)，而不是按語言點的錯誤數(shù)目扣分。

3．從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而合適地表達思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。

大學英語四級作文評分標準一、評分原則

1．CET檢查考生是24．避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員在所評閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分數(shù)。

5.字數(shù)不足以應(yīng)酌情扣分。二、評分標準

1．本題滿分為15分

2．閱卷標準共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標準樣卷一份。

3．閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數(shù)(如8分)相似，即定為該分數(shù)(即8分)；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分數(shù)則可加一分(即9分)或減一分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。

4．避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分給低分3分數(shù)檔4．評分標準

2分

(33)—條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。

5分

(39)—基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。

8分

(45)—基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚，文字勉強連貫；語言錯誤相當多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤。

11分(57)—切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。

14分(67)—切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯。

[注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想，則給0分。]

分數(shù)檔4．評分標準

2分(33)—條理不清，思路紊亂，語4CET4寫作評分標準高分作文基本要求：思想表達正確，語義連貫，無重大語言錯誤高分要求：★句型的多樣性★經(jīng)典詞組短語的運用★亮點詞匯CET4寫作評分標準高分作文5寫作題型議論文1.主題型（topic）①健康對人類的幸福必不可少；②如何保持健康；③結(jié)論2.觀點對比型（A&B）①有人認為，英語對中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展很重要；②另有人認為，英語對中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展沒有意義；③我的觀點說明文①很多人不注重日常衛(wèi)生習慣；②不注意衛(wèi)生習慣的后果；③如何解決這一問題寫作題型議論文6寫作題型描寫文（圖表作文）①描寫圖表內(nèi)容（現(xiàn)象）；②分析現(xiàn)象的原因；③觀點或解決辦法應(yīng)用文（包括書信、便條、通知、海報等）①主題；②相關(guān)細節(jié)；重申主題寫作題型描寫文（圖表作文）7寫作原則內(nèi)容簡單化（“簡單”是指適合在30分鐘內(nèi)表達）結(jié)構(gòu)模式化（主題句-分論點-總結(jié)）語言要包裝錯誤要回避寫作原則內(nèi)容簡單化（“簡單”是指適合在30分鐘內(nèi)表達）8寫作技巧宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)◎三段式⑴開頭要開門見山，寫出主旨句；⑵段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：主題句+擴展句（+結(jié)尾句）寫作技巧宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)9微觀結(jié)構(gòu)◎?qū)W會遣詞造句⑴詞匯★準確使用詞匯，在此基礎(chǔ)上盡量使用高級詞匯★多使用詞組、短語★恰當運用過渡詞匯★避免多次重復使用同一詞匯，可以用同義詞或同根詞替代⑵句型★注意變化句式★簡單句復合句交叉使用★適當使用插入語，倒裝句等◎恰當使用修辭微觀結(jié)構(gòu)10建議平時多注意收集有用詞匯句式注意模仿建議平時多注意收集有用詞匯句式11題目：Bicycles—AnImportantMeansofTransportinChina提綱：（1）為什么自行車在中國這樣普及

（2）和汽車的比較（3）自行車在中國的前途題目：12模板的提煉過程：思路和表達BicyclesareverypopularinChina.Almosteveryfamilyinthecityhastwoorthreebicycles.Duringtherushhour,youcanseethatthousandsofpeople---manandwoman,oldandyoung---ridetheirbicyclestoworkandstudy.ThatiswhyChinaiscalled“thekingdomofbicycles”.模板的提煉過程：思路和表達Bicyclesarevery13單復數(shù)錯誤：manandwoman→menandwomen詞性錯誤：oldandyoung→theoldandtheyoung專有名詞：第一個和最后一個單詞首字母大寫，其他：實詞（名動形副代數(shù)）首字母大寫；虛詞（介連冠）首字母不大寫。單復數(shù)錯誤：manandwoman→menand14句式提煉：BicyclesareverypopularinChina.詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：popular→popularityInChina,bicycles

havegainedwide/greatpopularityamongChinesepeople.句式提煉：Bicyclesareverypopular152006.12Direction:

１．許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會

２．但有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會．

３．我的看法．

2006.12162011-06現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)成為一種時尚Intherecentdecade,onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularityamongyoungsters.2011-06172010-06如今不少學生在英語學習中不重視單詞拼寫InChina,Englishlearninghasgainedwidepopularityamongstudents.However,…2010-06182009-12建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Inthecontemporarysociety,theconceptofgreencampuseshasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.2009-12192009-06越來越多的博物館免費對外開放的目的是什么？Inthepresent-daysociety,freeadmissiontomuseumsisenjoyingwidepopularityamongChinesecitizens.2009-06202008-12一次性塑料袋曾經(jīng)廣泛的使用Duringthepastdecades,disposableplasticbagsgainedwidepopularityamongpeopleintheworld.

2008-12212008-06娛樂活動多種多樣Inthisdayandage,avarietyofrecreationalactivitieshavegainedwidepopularityamongindividuals.

2008-0622Inmyeyes,youarethemostbeautiful.Inmyeyes,nooneismorebeautifulthanyou.Inmyeyes,youarethemostb23高分句式結(jié)構(gòu)：No___is/aremore___than___.BicyclesareverypopularinChina.→InChina,nomeansoftransportismorepopularandimportantthanbicycles.高分句式24高分句式：雙重否定句型：否定詞(no/not/never/nothing…)+有否定意義或否定前綴或否定后綴的名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞、介詞、連詞等高分句式：雙重否定25Nothinggreatwaseverachievedwithoutenthusiasm.—RalphWaldoEmersonNothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.—HeywoodNomanisuselessinthisworldwholightenstheburdenofsomeoneelse.—CharlesDickensTheword“impossible”isnotinmydictionary.—BonaparteNapoleonNothinggreatwaseverachieve262011.12Directions:You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime.”You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Outlines:1.堅強的意志是成功的重要保證。2.意志堅定的人才能完成偉大的使命。3.學生也是這樣，不刻苦學習，終究不會成為有用之才。2011.1227意志堅定的人才能完成偉大的使命?！鶳eoplecannot

accomplishgreatmissionswithout

astrongwill.→Noonecan

undertakeagreatmissionwithoutastrongwill.→Nomanisunlikelytohavebrilliantachievementswithanironwill.→Hewillnotsucceedwhowillnotpersevere.意志堅定的人才能完成偉大的使命。28被動表達→No

greatmissioncanbeaccomplished

without

astrongwill.→Nosuccesscannotbeachievedwithanironwill.被動表達29NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWill

Nogreatworkcanbeperformedwithoutwill.Weenvyfamousmenandimaginethatfamewasduetosomestrokeofluck.Butwhenweknowtheirhistories,wefindthatitislongyearsofwillandconstanteffortthathavebroughtabouttheirsuccess.Justaswecan'treachthetopofamountainwithoutclimbing,wecan'tachievesuccesswithoutwill.

Themodernsocietyprovidespeoplewithmoreopportunitiesthanbefore,andtherearestorieswhichtellusthepossibilityofbecomingsuccessfulovernight.Actuallythatisnotthecase.Beforethesepeoplebecomesuccessful,alotofhardworkhasbeendone,unnoticedmostly.Whatweusuallyseeistheresult,butwhatweignoreisalongprocessofstrugglingforwardandwrestlingwithinternalorexternalobstacles.Take"quittingsmoking"forexample,whichis,tomostpeople,adifficulttask,sopeoplealwaysgiveuptheideafortheydon'thavethestrongwill.

Inanutshell,strongwillisanimportantconditionorroleofthesuccesstheindividualshoulddesiretomaintainforever.Thereisnoinstantsuccessinthisworld.Strongwillisthebestpolicytomakeyourlifedistinctandyourdreamscometrue.

大學英語四級寫作專題輔導30高分句式：排比句式Icame;Isaw;Iconquered.—JuliusCaesarGovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.—AbrahamLincolnStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.—FrancisBacon

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.—FrancisBacon高分句式：排比句式31排比句式Itcannotbedeniedthattechnologydoeshelpusalot.Internetprovidesuswitheasyaccesstovariousaspectsofknowledgeandinformation;mobilephonesmakeitmoreconvenientforustocommunicatewithoneanother;agrowingnumberofman-madesatelliteshavebeenlaunchedtoprobeintothesecretsoftheuniverse.Withouttechnology,theworldwouldstopdeveloping.Thatiswhyweshouldbeproudofadvancedscienceandtechnologyinthecontemporaryage.排比句式32排比句式somediscardlitterseverywhere;somecheatintests;somewastefoodoncanteens;somethrowoffensive/insultingremarksatothers;somearealwayslateforclasses;someguysevenwatchpornographicorviolentfilmsindorms.排比句式332009.12Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofCreatingaGreenCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要

2.綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境......3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該......2009.12341.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Theconceptof“GreenLife”hasgainedwidepopularityamongChinesecitizens.Almosteveryuniversityhas

beenawareoftheimportanceofbuildingagreencampus.Withoutgreenenvironmentitisimpossibleforcollegestudentstohaveanenjoyable/agreeablelifeintheIvoryTower.Furthermore,agreencampusisofbenefittobroaden/consolidatestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection.CreatingaGreenCampus1.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要CreatingaGreenCa352.綠色校園不僅僅指綠色的環(huán)境…Inadditiontogreenenvironment,greencampusesalsorefertodecentbehaviors.However,takingalookaround,wecanfindagoodmanyexamplesofinappropriateones:somediscardlitterseverywhere;somecheatintests;somewastefoodoncanteens;somethrowoffensive/insultingremarksatothers;somearealwayslateforclasses;someguysevenwatchpornographicorviolentfilmsindorms.Infact,ithasbecomeatrendformanystudentstoturnablindeyetotheirownbadacts.2.綠色校園不僅僅指綠色的環(huán)境…363.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該…Accordingly,itisimperative/urgentforustotakemeasurestomaintaingreencampuses.Foronething,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedouttobanthesenegativebehaviors.Foranother,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourclassmates,friendsandacquaintancestorefusealluncivilizedacts.Ifwedoourutmosttodoso,thefutureofourcollegelifewillbehopeful,promisingandrosy.3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該…37友情提醒：高分句式靈活運用NowadaysEnglishlearningisverypopularinChina.→Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgained/isenjoyingwidepopularityamongChinesestudents.NowadaysEnglishlearningismoreandmorepopularinChina.→Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgained/isenjoyinggrowingpopularityamongChinesestudents.→Inrecentdecades,EnglishlearninghasfounditsgrowingpopularityamongChinesestudents.友情提醒：高分句式靈活運用38首段首尾句句式選擇（呼應(yīng)式寫法）1)___has/havegained(is/areenjoying)widepopularityamong___.2)___has/havefoundits/theirwayamong___.3)①Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendfor___to___.②Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendthat___.4)①Thereisagrowingtrendof___.②Thereisagrowingtrendthat___.

注：首句前加上適當?shù)臅r間狀語首段首尾句句式選擇（呼應(yīng)式寫法）392011-06現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)成為一種時尚Inthecontemporarysociety,onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforyoungsterstoshoponline.2011-0640Inthecontemporarysociety,ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforyoungsterstoshoponline.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.Inthecontemporarysociety,i41Inthecontemporarysociety,thereisagrowingtideofyoungstersshoppingonline.Forthesakeofconvenience,agrowingnumberofpeoplemakepurchasesonavarietyofshoppingwebsiteseveryday.Onlineshoppinghasgainedwidepopularitythroughouttheworld.Inthecontemporarysociety,t422009-12建設(shè)綠色校園很重要Inthepresent-daysociety,theconceptof“GreenCampus”isenjoyingwidepopularityamonguniversities.WithoutgreenenvironmentitisimpossibleforcollegestudentstohaveanenjoyableandagreeablelifeintheIvoryTower.

Thusithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforuniversitiestocreategreencampuses.2009-12432010-06如今不少學生在英語學習中不重視單詞拼寫Inrecentdecades,Englishlearninghasgainedwidepopularityamongstudents.Thereisagrowingtrend/tideoflearningEnglishinChina.However,…2010-0644題目：MyViewonDoubleBADegree提綱：

1.現(xiàn)在大學生讀雙學位的現(xiàn)象很常見

2.對此，人們看法不一

3.我對這一現(xiàn)象的看法練筆題目：MyViewonDoubleBADegree45MyviewonDoubleBADegreeInthecontemporarysociety,thesystemofdoublebachelor’sdegreehasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.Onmanycampusesithasbecomeaprevalenttrendforstudentstohavetwomajorsatthesametime.MyviewonDoubleBADegree46Tothisphenomenon,differentstudentstakedivergentattitudes.Somestronglyapproveofitinthatadoublebachelor’sdegreecanbroadentheirvision,thus

puttingtheminamorefavorablepositioninthejob-seekingmarket.Onthecontrary,thosewhostandfirmlyopposedtoitalsohavecogentreasons.Foronething,twomajorsmakeitdifficultforthemtofocusononeparticularfield;foranother,theycanexpandtheirscopeofknowledgebyreadingextensivelyratherthanpursuingadoublebachelor’sdegree.Tothisphenomenon,different47Personally,Iamslightlynegativeaboutdoublebachelor’sdegree.Inthisdayandage,themoreskilledweareinonespecificrealm,thebetterwecanmeetthesociety’sneeds.

Accordingly,itisadvisablethatweshouldmakethemostofourcollegelifetoacquiremorespecializedknowledgeandskillstosetthestageforourfuture.

Personally,Iamslightlynega48MyViewonDoubleDegreeIntherecentdecade,doubleBAdegreehasgainedwidepopularityamonguniversitiesorcolleges.Takingalookaround,wecanseeagreatmanystudentsstriveforit.Tothisphenomenon,peoplewhofavoritareconvincedthatadoubleBAdiplomabuildsupconfidence

inthefiercecompetitionandenablesgraduatestolandanintervieweasily.Bycontrast,thosewhoopposeit

contendthatlearningtwomajorsdeprivesstudentsoftheirsparetimetodoextracurricularactivities.What’smore,theyregarddoubleBAdegreeasacertificateratherthanthestandardforweighingaperson’scapability.

FromwhereIstand,astudentwithtwomajorsstandsabetterchancetofindasatisfactoryjobinthemarket.Therefore,itisessentialthatwepushforadoubleBAdegreeandpavetheway

forabrightfuture.MyViewonDoubleDegree49觀點對比型模板提煉Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somestrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateitinthat/as___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitcogently/convincinglycontendthat___.觀點對比型模板提煉50Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somewhostrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateitarecogentlyconvincedthat___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitcontendthat___.Tothisphenomenon/issue,diff51Tothisphenomenon/issue,different___takedivergentattitudes.Somestrongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocateit.Theyholdtheviewthat___.Moreover/Furthermore,___.Inaddition,___.Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitalsohavecogent/soundreasons.Foronething,___;foranother,___.Tothisphenomenon/issue,diff52(時間狀語),___has/havegained(is/areenjoying)widepopularityamong___.Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrendfor___to___.Some___strongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocate___inthat/as_____.(Some___strongly/firmly/constantlyapproveof/advocate___.Foronething,___;foranother,___.)Onthecontrary/Bycontrast,thosewhoare/keep/standstrongly/firmly/constantlyopposedtoitalsohavecogent/soundreasons.Accordingtotheirpointofview,___.Moreover/Furthermore,___.Inaddition,___.(時間狀語),___has/havegained(is53五彩斑斕的英語句子什么樣的句子更加吸引閱卷老師？優(yōu)美句子的藝術(shù)張力何在？優(yōu)美的句子如何形成？復雜多樣變幻莫測五彩斑斕的英語句子什么樣的句子更加吸引閱卷老師？復雜多樣變54如何避免句式單調(diào)?被動式It形式主語/賓語分詞作狀語TherebeWith復合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+n.結(jié)構(gòu)）非限制性定語從句倒裝主語從句名詞化如何避免句式單調(diào)?55被動式人們普遍認為理論與實踐是不可分的。

Itiswidelyacceptedthattheoryisinseparablefrompractice.學生應(yīng)該適當重視單詞拼寫。

Dueimportanceshouldbeattachedtospelling.事情應(yīng)當按照輕重緩急來處理。

Priorityshouldbegiventotheurgencyofmatters.只有擁有遠大的理想與辛勤的努力才能取得成功。

Nosuccesscanbeachievedwithoutaspirationandperspiration.被動式56It形式主語/賓語(1)不用說…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…(2)值得做某事

Itpaystodosth.(3)不可否認…

Itcannotbedeniedthat…Itisundeniablethat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…(4)人們普遍認為…

Itiscommonlybelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itiswidelyacceptedthat…Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…It形式主語/賓語57(5)…很重要

Itisexceedingly/extremelyimportant/essential/crucial/vital/necessary/imperative/urgent(forsb.)todo…

Itisexceedingly/extremelyimportant/essential/crucial/vital/necessary/imperative/urgentthat+主語+(should)do/bedone…(6)…很流行/普遍

Ithasbecomeaprevalenttrend/tide(forsb.)todo…(5)…很重要58(7)使得…怎么樣

makeit+adj.+(forsb.)todo(8)認為…怎么樣

think/believe/consider/findit+adj.+(forsb.)todo(9)想當然認為…

takeitforgrantedthat…(takesth.forgranted)(7)使得…怎么樣59分詞作狀語Takingalookaround,wecanseeagreatmanystudentsstriveforit.Encouragedbyparentsandteachers,agreatmanystudentsstriveforit.EquippedwithadoubleBAcertificate,theycanenhancetheircompetitivenessandpromotetheirdevelopment.分詞作狀語60therebe結(jié)構(gòu)(1)不可否認…

Thereisnodenying(thefact)that…(2)…是沒有/幾乎沒有意義的

Thereisno/littlepoint/senseindoing…(3)對于…人們觀點不一

Thereisnoconsensusamong___on___/doing…(4)也有人持有不同的觀點

Therearealsosomewhoholdtheopposingopinion.therebe結(jié)構(gòu)61therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的靈活運用1.近幾年這個地區(qū)的人口銳減。

Inrecentdecade,therehasbeenaradicaldecreaseinthepopulationofthearea.2.隨著春節(jié)的臨近，人們回家團圓的心情愈加強烈。

TherewasagrowinglongingforafamilyreunionalongwiththeapproachofSpringFestival.therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的靈活運用62with復合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+n.結(jié)構(gòu)）(1)with+n.+adj.(2008.12)有了一次性塑料袋，人們購物更方便了。

Withdisposableplasticbagsavailable,peopleenjoymoreconveniencewhiledoingshopping.(2)with+n.+分詞

(2011.6)有了各種各樣的購物網(wǎng)站，為了方便起見人們開始網(wǎng)上購物。

Withavarietyofshoppingwebsitesoffered/provided,agreatmanyyoungstersmakepurchasesthroughtheinternetforthesakeofconvenience.with復合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+n.結(jié)構(gòu)）63(3)with+n.+PP(介詞短語)

有了雙學士文憑，學生更容易找到一份理想的工作。

WithadoubleBAcertificateathand,astudentstandsabetterchancetofindanidealjob.(3)with+n.+PP(介詞短語)64非限制性定語從句(2009.6)一些參觀者到處亂扔垃圾，對博物館的環(huán)境造成了破壞。Somevisitorsthrowawaythegarbagehereandthere,whichwilldogreatdamagetothesurroundingsofthemuseums.Somevisitorsthrowawaythegarbagehereandthere,(thus)doinggreatdamagetothesurroundingsofthemuseums.詞匯拓展：對…有害(dodamage/harmto;bedetrimental/harmfulto;exert/haveanegative/badeffect/influenceon)非限制性定語從句65(2009.6)政府不得不采取其他方式通過各種渠道募集資金，這樣操作起來和控制起來都比較困難。Ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectmoneyfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectmoneyfromdifferentchannels,causingsomedifficultyinoperatingorcontrolling.詞匯拓展：造成/導致(cause;pose;contributeto;giveriseto;bringabout;resultin;leadto)(2009.6)政府不得不采取其他方式通過各種渠道募集資金，66倒裝2009.06Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive“database”canpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomealong-lastingphenomenonandhavesustainabledevelopment.倒裝67(1)only位于句首only倒裝觸發(fā)的前提條件:①only+介詞短語

Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnfromyourmistake.Onlybyexpandingourscopeofknowledgecanwemeettheneedsofsuchanadvancedsociety.②only+副詞

OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofhealth.Onlythuscanwefinishthetaskaheadoftime.③only+從句

Onlywhenhewasseriouslyilldidheeverstayinbed.(1)only位于句首68(2)notonly…but(also)…(2006.12)春晚不僅能夠營造狂熱的節(jié)日氛圍，而且能夠使人們更多地了解中國文化。NotonlydoesSpringFestivalGalacreateafeverishatmosphere,butitenablespeopletoknowmoreaboutChineseculture.→butitacquaintspeoplewithmoreChineseculture.→butitservesasanimportantchannelforpeopletoknowmoreaboutChineseculture.(2)notonly…but(also)…69(3)bynomeans/innocase/onnoaccount(2011.12)我們決不能向困難屈服。

Bynomeansshouldwegiveintodifficulties.giveinto=yieldto=submittodifficulty/hardship/obstacle/adversity/setback在奮斗的過程中我們會遇到無數(shù)困難與挫折，但我們決不能屈服。

Bynomeansshouldwegiveintotheadversitiesandsetbackswemeetwithintheprocessofourstrugglingforward.(3)bynomeans/innocase/onn70主語從句(what引導)(2011.12)Whatweusuallyseeistheresult,butwhatweignoreisalongprocessofstrugglingforwardandwrestlingwithinternalorexternalobstacles.2010.1290.________________(給游客印象最深的)wasthefriendlinessandwarmthofthelocalpeople.2009.690.________________(很多人所沒有意識到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports.andfootballinparticular.2008.1288.________________(大多數(shù)父母所關(guān)心的)isprovingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.主語從句(what引導)71名詞化名詞化“是用名詞來體現(xiàn)本來要用動詞或形容詞所體現(xiàn)的‘過程’或‘特征’”。(韓禮德)名詞化就是把動詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofhealth.←onlythendidIrealizethathealthwasimportant.Thereisaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherweshouldattendmilitarytraining.←wediscussheatedlywhetherweshouldattendmilitarytraining.名詞化72InChina,bicycleshavegainedwide/greatpopularityamongChinesepeople.隨著春節(jié)的臨近，人們回家團圓的心情愈加強烈。

TherewasagrowinglongingforafamilyreunionalongwiththeapproachofSpringFestival.Moreandmoreuniversitiesareawareoftheimportanceofbuildinggreencampuses.→??Thereisanincreasingawarenessoftheimportanceofbuildinggreencampusesamonguniversities.InChina,bicycleshavegained73名詞化觸發(fā)的位置：主語、賓語、表語、同位語例：他不斷地奮斗，最終取得了成功。

Hestruggledconstantly,sohesucceededintheend.①降級處理：句子→短語

struggle→struggle；constantly→constant;he→his→hisconstantstrugglesucceed→success;intheend→final;he→his→hisfinalsuccess②連詞變?yōu)橹^語動詞

so→contributeto③合并（注意時態(tài)與人稱）

→Hisconstantstrugglecontributedtohisfinalsuccess.名詞化觸發(fā)的位置：主語、賓語、表語、同位語74Technologyisdevelopingrapidly,sothesocietyadvanced.

→Therapiddevelopmentoftechnologycontributesto/promotestheadvancementofsociety.Theylackstrongwill,sotheywon’tpursuedoubleBAdegree.

→ThelackofstrongwilldiscouragesthemfrompursuingdoubleBAdegree.

→ThelackofstrongwillleadstotheirreluctancetopursuedoubleBAdegree.Technologyisdevelopingrapid75(2010.6)試卷上絕大多數(shù)都是選擇題，因此學生忽視了單詞拼寫。

→Anoverwhelmingpercentageofmultiplechoicesintestpaperscontributestostudents’ignoranceofspelling.

→Anoverwhelmingpercentageofmultiplechoicesintestpaperscontributestostudents’lackofattentiontospelling.(2010.6)試卷上絕大多數(shù)都是選擇題，因此學生忽視了單詞76Theyreachedanagreementaftertheytalkedforalongtime.→Theyreachedanagreementafteralengthytalk.只有相互信任，相互尊重，友誼才能天長地久。

Onlyifwetrusteachotherandrespecteachothercanourfriendshiplastlong.

→Mutualtrustandrespectpromotesalong-lastingfriendship.→Mutualtrustandrespectcan/willpromotealong-lastingfriendship.

→Mutualtrustandrespectisthekeytoalong-lastingfriendship.Theyreachedanagreementafte77名詞化在英語寫作中的應(yīng)用(2008.12)盡管一次性塑料袋很方便，但是對環(huán)境會造成很大的破壞。

Disposableplasticbagsdomuchdamagetotheenvironmentdespitegreatconveniencetheybringtous.(2010.6)由于沒能掌握有效的技巧，學生對背單詞灰心喪氣。

Failuretoobtaineffectiveskillstomemorizewordsdiscouragesstudentsfromspelling.名詞化在英語寫作中的應(yīng)用782009.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledFreeAdmissionstoMuseums.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.越來越多的博物館現(xiàn)在免費向公眾開放，目的是……；2.有人認為這樣做會帶來一些問題……3.在我看來……2009.679Nowadays,anincreasingnumberofmuseumsareopentothepublicforfreeofcharge.Thehiddenreasonbehindthisisnothardtoanalyzeasthere’sagrowingawarenessfortheauthoritiesregardingthepopularizationofculture,knowledgeandhistorywitheveryaveragepersoninoursociety.Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive“database”canmostpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.

Nowadays,anincreasing80However,freeadmissiontomuseumsmightleadtosomesocialproblemsaswell.Ononehand,itmightgivemuseumsaveryheavyeconomicburdenwhichdirectlyhindersthesustainabledevelopmentoftheseorganizations.Asaresult,ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectfundsfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ontheotherhand,freeadmissionattractstoomanyvisitors,someofwhommightbringaboutsomedamagetothevaluabletreasureswhichusedtobewell-preservedinthemuseums.However,freeadmissio81

Asauniversitystudent,Iaminfavorofthefree-admissionconduct.Yetitisproposedthatsomemeasuresshouldbetakentosolvethepotentialproblems.Forexample,museumscanestablishsomeregulationstoguidethebehaviorofvisitorsorsetsome“closed”daysforregularmaintenance.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomelong-lastingandsustainable.Asauniversitystuden82句子重組(ReorganizationofSentences)e.g.我是一個學生，今年23歲，畢業(yè)于江蘇大學，專業(yè)車輛工程。

Iamastudent.Iam23yearsold.IgraduatefromJiangsuUniversity.Mymajorisautomotiveengineering.

→Iama23-year-oldgraduatefromJiangsuUniversitywithamajorinautomotiveengineering.如何組句？？句子重組(ReorganizationofSentenc83門口放著一堆雨傘，少說也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。

Therewereagroupofumbrellasatthedoor.Therewereatleasttwelveumbrellas.Theywerecolorful.Someofthemwerebigandsomeofthemweresmall.→Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.門口放著一堆雨傘，少說也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。84張大嫂晚年跟女兒美麗一起生活。美麗嫁給了一個郵局職員，兩人對張大嫂照顧的很好。想到這些，我心里無比的欣慰。

ChangdasaolivedwithherdaughterMei-Leeinheroldage.Mei-Leemarriedapostalserviceemployee.BothofthemtookgoodcareofChangdasao.Iwashappytothinkaboutit.→IwashappytothinkChangdasaowascomfortablycaredforinheroldageasshewenttolivewithherdaughterMei-Lee,whomarriedapostalserviceemployee.張大嫂晚年跟女兒美麗一起生活。美麗嫁給了一個郵局職員，兩人對85這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進行調(diào)查，取得結(jié)果的希望不大。

Iwasnotquitefamiliarwiththearea.IfIwentonwithmyresearchafterdark,therewouldbelittlehopetogetasatisfactoryresult.→Therewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoany