學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作

學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.書籍能培養(yǎng)我們的道德情操，給我們巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我們前進學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語conclus1commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.commonprobleminwritingaco23.Failuretocommentonlarger,moresignificantissues.Whereasintheintroductionyourtaskwastomovefromgeneral(yourfield)tospecific(yourresearch),intheconcludingsectionyourtaskistomovefromspecific(yourresearch)backtogeneral(yourfield,howyourresearchwillaffecttheworld).Inotherwords,intheconclusionyoushouldputyourresearchincontext.4.Failuretorevealthecomplexitiesofaconclusionorsituation.Negativeaspectsofyourresearchshouldnotbeignored.Problems,drawbacksetc.canbeincludedinsummaryinyourconclusionsectionasawayofqualifyingyourconclusions(i.e.pointingoutthenegativeaspects,eveniftheyareoutweighedbythepositiveaspects).commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh3.Failuretocommentonlarge3commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh5.Lackofaconcisesummaryofwhatwaslearned.Inordertobeabletodiscusshowyourresearchfitsbackintoyourfieldofstudy(andtheworldatlarge)youneedtosummarizeitverybriefly.Oftenthesummaryisonlyafewsentences.6.Failuretomatchtheobjectivesoftheresearch.Oftenresearchobjectiveschangewhiletheresearchisbeingcarriedout.Thisisnotaproblemunlessyouforgettogobackandrewriteyouroriginalobjectivesinyourintroductionsothattheyaccuratelyreflectwhatyouweretryingtoaccomplishinyourresearch(notwhatyouthoughtyoumightaccomplishwhenyoubegan).commonprobleminwritingaco4exerciseHereisanexampleofanobjectiveandconclusionthatdonotmatch:Objective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheimpactofroadbuildingonvillagesonruralcommunities.Conclusion:Themodelproducedinthisstudycanaccuratelypredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonvillagesinsouthwestChina.Ifwerewritetheobjectivetomatchwhatweactuallydid(wedevelopedamodel),itwillfittheconclusion:Rewrittenobjective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopamodeltopredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonruralcommunities.exerciseHereisanexampleof5warning1.Don'tdependonyourconclusiontosumupthebodyparagraphs.Yourparagraphsshouldflownaturallyintooneanotherandconnectionsshouldbemadeamongthem.Summarycanbeanimportantfunctionofconclusionsbutkeepthispartbrief;avoidrepeating,word-for-word,astatementyouhavemadeearlierinthepaper.2.Don'tsimplyrepeatyourintroduction.Trytotalkaboutyourtopicinanewway.Thetoneofyourconclusionisdifferentbecausethereaderhasfinishedyourpaper.3.Don'tendyourconclusionwithaquotationorwithastatementthatcouldverywellbethesubjectofanotherpaper.Theformerdeflectsattentionawayfromyouaswriterandthinker;thelatterdeflectsattentionfromwhatyou'resayinginyourpaper.Itisoktoquote,butitisbettertoaddacommentofyourowntoendon.Thisshowsthatyouareincontroltotheveryend.warning1.Don'tdependonyour6warning4.Don’tuseclichésoranoverlysentimentalorobviousstatement.Theformersoundgoodbutmeannothing;thelatterwillweakenratherthanstrengthenyouressay.5.Don’tintroducenewarguments,evidence,ordetailsinyourconcludingparagraph.Itisnotplacetointroduceideasyouforgottomentioninthebodyofthepaper.Nevermakeaclaiminyourconclusionthatisunsubstantiatedorevenunmentionedanywhereelse.Newmaterialmayenteraconclusionoccasionally,butitmustbecloselyrelatedtoeverythingelseyouhavesaid.6.Don’tapologizefordoingapoorjobofresentingthematerial.Thiswillruinyoureffort.Strategiesforwritingaconclusionwarning7Suggestions1.Answerquestions.Striveforanswerstothequestionsreaderslogicallyraise--"Whyareyoutellingmethis?WhydoyouthinkIneedtounderstandyourmainpoint?"Showyourreaderswhythispaperwasimportant.Showthemthatyourpaperwasmeaningfulanduseful.Pointouttheimportanceortheimplicationsofwhatyou'vejustsaidonanareaofsocietalconcernisperhapsabitmoredramatic.2.Synthesize,don'tsummarize.Don'tsimplyrepeatthingsthatwereinyourpaper.Theyhavereadit.Showthemhowthepointsyourmadeandthesupportandexamplesyouusedwerenotrandom,butfittogether.Suggestions8Suggestions3.Redirectyourreaders.Giveyourreadersomethingtothinkabout,perhapsawaytouseyourpaperinthe"real"world.Placethepaperinalargercontext.Ifyourintroductionwentfromgeneraltospecific,makeyourconclusiongofromspecifictogeneral.Thinkglobally.Foranalyticalpapersinparticular,youcouldmentionthelackofconclusioninthefield.Thisdemonstratesthatyouunderstandthecomplexityofthesubjectmatter.4.Createanewmeaning.Youdon'thavetogivenewinformationtocreateanewmeaning.Bydemonstratinghowyourideasworktogether,youcancreateanewpicture.Oftenthesumofthepaperisworthmorethanitsparts.Suggestions9Strategies1.Echoingtheintroduction:Echoingyourintroductioncanbeagoodstrategyifitismeanttobringthereaderfull-circle.Ifyoubeginbydescribingascenario,youcanendwiththesamescenarioasproofthatyouressaywashelpfulincreatinganewunderstanding.ExampleIntroductionFromtheparkinglot,IcouldseethetowersofthecastleoftheMagicKingdomstandingstatelyagainstthebluesky.Totheright,thetallpeakofTheMatterhornroseevenhigher.Fromtheleft,IcouldhearthejunglesoundsofAdventureland.AsIenteredthegate,MainStreetstretchedbeforemewithitsquaintshopsevokinganold-fashionedsmalltownsocharmingitcouldneverhaveexisted.Iwasentranced.Disneylandmayhavebeenbuiltforchildren,butitbringsoutthechildinadults.ConclusionIthoughtIwouldspendafewhoursatDisneyland,buthereIwasat1:00A.M.,closingtime,leavingthefrontgateswiththenowdarktowersoftheMagicKingdombehindme.Icouldseetiredchildren,toddlingalongandstrugglingtokeeptheireyesopenasbesttheycould.Otherssleptintheirparents'armsaswewaitedfortheparkinglottramthatwouldtakeustoourcars.Myforty-year-oldfeetached,andIfeltabitsadtothinkthatinacoupleofdaysIwouldbeleavingCalifornia,myvacationover,togobacktomydesk.ButthenIsmiledtothinkthatforatleastadayIfelttenyearsoldagain.Strategies10Strategies2.Challengingthereaderandcallforaction:Byissuingachallengetoyourreaders,youarehelpingthemtoredirecttheinformationinthepaper,andtheymayapplyittotheirownlives.ExampleThoughservingonajuryisnotonlyacivicresponsibilitybutalsoaninterestingexperience,manypeoplestillviewjurydutyasachorethatinterruptstheirjobsandtheroutineoftheirdailylives.However,juriesarepartofAmerica'sattempttobeafreeandjustsociety.Thus,jurydutychallengesustobeinterestedandresponsiblecitizens.Strategies2.Challengingther11Strategies3.LookingtothefutureortoawidercontextLookingtothefuturecanemphasizetheimportanceofyourpaperorredirectthereaders'thoughtprocess.Itmayhelpthemapplythenewinformationtotheirlivesorseethingsmoreglobally.ExampleWithoutwell-qualifiedteachers,schoolsarelittlemorethanbuildingsandequipment.Ifhigher-payingcareerscontinuetoattractthebestandthebrighteststudents,therewillnotonlybeashortageofteachers,buttheteachersavailablemaynothavethebestqualifications.Ouryouthwillsuffer.Andwhenyouthsuffers,thefuturesuffers.Strategies3.Lookingtothefu12Strategies4.Posingquestions:Posingquestions,eithertoyourreadersoringeneral,mayhelpyourreadersgainanewperspectiveonthetopic,whichtheymaynothaveheldbeforereadingyourconclusion.Itmayalsobringyourmainideastogethertocreateanewmeaning.Example:Campaignadvertisementsshouldhelpusunderstandthecandidate'squalificationsandpositionsontheissues.Instead,mosttelluswhatabooborknavetheopposingcandidateis,ortheypresentgeneralimagesofthecandidateasafamilypersonorGod-fearingAmerican.Dosuchadvertisementscontributetocreatinganinformedelectorateorapeoplewhochoosepoliticalleadersthesamewaytheychoosesoftdrinksandsoap?Strategies4.Posingquestions:13ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblemConclusionInyourconclusions,14論文的結(jié)論部分1結(jié)論的內(nèi)容2寫作要點3寫作要求4寫作時態(tài)論文的結(jié)論部分1結(jié)論的內(nèi)容15

結(jié)論又稱結(jié)束語、結(jié)語。是最終的總體的概括，也可寫建議、對策、設(shè)想，或提出研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的尚待解決的問題。它是在理論分析和實驗驗證的基礎(chǔ)上，通過嚴密的邏輯推理而得出的富有創(chuàng)造性、指導(dǎo)性、經(jīng)驗性的結(jié)果描述。它又以自身的條理性、明確性、客觀性反映了論文或研究成果的價值。結(jié)論與引言相呼應(yīng)，同摘要一樣，其作用是便于讀者閱讀和為二次文獻作者提供依據(jù)。結(jié)論又稱結(jié)束語、結(jié)語。是最終的總體的概括，也可寫建16一般來說可以歸納為以下幾點：1、歸納性說明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)2、結(jié)論性說明結(jié)果的可能原因、機理或意義3、前瞻性說明未解決的問題一般來說可以歸納為以下幾點：17

有總結(jié)和小結(jié)之分。小結(jié)文稿篇幅短，內(nèi)容少、簡單，多用于原著論文或短文的正文之后，它只用較少的文字將全文報告的主要內(nèi)容寫出來。內(nèi)容包括主要的結(jié)果、結(jié)論、數(shù)據(jù)，目的在于闡明本文的成果和理論。

總結(jié)的內(nèi)容和篇幅較小結(jié)為多，多用于綜述或討論類文稿之后，起著概括主題的作用。從內(nèi)容上說需將全文已論述的問題再扼要概括一遍，作者還可以發(fā)表自己的見解和觀點。有總結(jié)和小結(jié)之分。18學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作19通常情況下，有關(guān)結(jié)論的內(nèi)容都包括在“結(jié)果與討論”或“討論”中，但有時也可將“結(jié)論”單獨列為一節(jié)。在“結(jié)論”中作者應(yīng)清楚、簡潔地敘述自己研究的主要認識或論點，其中包括最重要的結(jié)果、結(jié)果的重要蘊含、對結(jié)果的說明或認識等。通常情況下，有關(guān)結(jié)論的內(nèi)容都包括在“結(jié)果與討論”或“討論”中20應(yīng)注意的是，撰寫結(jié)論時不應(yīng)涉及前文不曾指出的新事實，也不能在結(jié)論中重復(fù)論文中其他章節(jié)中的句子，或者敘述其他不重要或與自己研究沒有密切聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容，以故意把結(jié)論拉長。應(yīng)注意的是，撰寫結(jié)論時不應(yīng)涉及前文不曾指出的新事實，也不能在21

結(jié)論不是研究結(jié)果的簡單重復(fù)，而是對研究結(jié)果更深入一步的認識，是從正文部分的全部內(nèi)容出發(fā)，并涉及引言的部分內(nèi)容，經(jīng)過判斷、歸納、推理等過程，將研究結(jié)果升華成新的總觀點。其內(nèi)容要點如下：

1）本研究結(jié)果說明了什么問題，得出了什么規(guī)律性的東西，解決了什么理論或?qū)嶋H問題；

2）對前人有關(guān)本問題的看法作了哪些檢驗，哪些與本研究結(jié)果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、補充、發(fā)展或否定；

1結(jié)論的內(nèi)容結(jié)論不是研究結(jié)果的簡單重復(fù)，而是對研究結(jié)果更深223）本研究的不足之處或遺留問題。

對于某一篇論文的“結(jié)論”，上述要點1）是必需的，而2）和3）視論文的具體內(nèi)容可以有，也可以沒有；如果不可能導(dǎo)出結(jié)論，也可以沒有結(jié)論而進行必要的討論。

結(jié)論段的格式安排可作如下考慮：

如果結(jié)論段的內(nèi)容較多，可以分條來寫，并給以編號，如1），2），3）等，每條成一段，包括幾句話或1句話；如果結(jié)論段內(nèi)容較少，可以不分條寫，整個為一段，幾句話。

結(jié)論里應(yīng)包括必要的數(shù)據(jù)，但主要是用文字表達，一般不再用插圖和表格。3）本研究的不足之處或遺留問題。2316.ConclusionThispaperpresentedtheresultsofinitialresearchintothedevelopmentofmoreeffectiveminesafetyrulesandregulations.Responsesfromalmost500mineworkerswereanalyzedandsomesimpleguidelinesestablished,inparticular,regardingrulecontent.Theycanbesummarizedas:

16.Conclusion24(a)Managementandregulatorsshouldnotcontinuetoproducemoreandmorerulesandregulationstocovereveryaspectofmining.Minerswillnotreadnorcomprehendtothislevelofdetail.(a)Managementandregulators25(b)Detailedprescriptiveregulations,detailedsafeworkprocedures,andvoluminoussafetymanagementplanswillnotconnectwithaminer.Theaimshouldbetooperatewithaframeworkoffewerrulesbutofthehighestquality.(c)Ofcourse,achievingmoreeffectiverulesandregulationsisnottheonlyanswertoasaferworkplace.Possiblylessemphasisshouldbeoncontentandmoreabouttheprocess.(b)Detailedprescriptiveregu26(d)Inparticular,ensuringthatapositivesafetycultureexistsandthatcommunicationchannelsareopenandworkingwell.Thiswasconfirmedinthesurveywhentheexpressionssimplybadrulesorpoorruleswererarelyblamedforaccidentsandincidents,risktakingorerror-making.(e)Itwasmoretheproblemsofimplementation,communication,andlearningthatwerethemaincausalfactors.(d)Inparticular,ensuringt272寫作要點

寫作的要點：內(nèi)容精煉，觀點嚴謹；正面闡述觀點，說明與他人不同之處，不反駁、不指責(zé)（指正）、更不攻擊。（1）對結(jié)果的解釋要重點突出，簡潔、清楚。為有效地回答研究問題，可適當(dāng)簡要地回顧研究目的并概括主要結(jié)果，但不能簡單地羅列結(jié)果，因為這種結(jié)果的概括是為討論服務(wù)的。2寫作要點寫作的要點：內(nèi)容精煉，觀點嚴謹；正面闡述觀點，28（2）推論要符合邏輯，避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點和結(jié)論。根據(jù)結(jié)果進行推理時要適度，論證時一定要注意結(jié)論和推論的邏輯性。在探討實驗結(jié)果或觀察事實的相互關(guān)系和科學(xué)意義時，無需得出試圖去解釋一切的巨大結(jié)論。如果把數(shù)據(jù)外推到一個更大的、不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論，不僅無益于提高作者的科學(xué)貢獻，甚至現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)所支持的結(jié)論也受到懷疑。（2）推論要符合邏輯，避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點和結(jié)論。根29（3）觀點或結(jié)論的表述要清楚、明確。盡可能清楚地指出作者的觀點或結(jié)論，并解釋其支持還是反對早先的工作。結(jié)束討論時，避免使用諸如“Futurestudiesareneeded.”之類蒼白無力的句子。（3）觀點或結(jié)論的表述要清楚、明確。盡可能清楚地指出作者的觀30（4）對結(jié)果科學(xué)意義和實際應(yīng)用效果的表達要實事求是，適當(dāng)留有余地。避免使用“Forthefirsttime”等類似的優(yōu)先權(quán)聲明。在討論中應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯來區(qū)分推測與事實。例如，可選用“prove”，“demonstrate”等表示作者堅信觀點的真實性；選用“show”，“indicate”，“found”等表示作者對問題的答案有某些不確定性；選用“imply”，“suggest”等表示推測；或者選用情態(tài)動詞“can”，“will”，“should”，“probably”，“may”，“could”，“possibly”等來表示論點的確定性程度。（4）對結(jié)果科學(xué)意義和實際應(yīng)用效果的表達要實事求是，適當(dāng)留有313寫作的要求

撰寫的結(jié)論應(yīng)達到如下要求：

1）概括準(zhǔn)確：措詞嚴謹。結(jié)論是論文最終的、總體的總結(jié)，對論文創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容的概括應(yīng)當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確、完整，不要輕易放棄，更不要漏掉一條有價值的結(jié)論，但也不能憑空杜撰。措詞要嚴謹，語句要像法律條文那樣，不能模棱兩可，含糊其詞。肯定和否定要明確，一般不用“大概”、“也許”、“可能是”這類詞語。3寫作的要求撰寫的結(jié)論應(yīng)達到如下要求：322）明確具體，簡短精練。結(jié)論段有相對的獨立性，專業(yè)讀者和情報人員可以只看摘要和（或）結(jié)論而能大致了解論文反映的成果和成果的價值，所以結(jié)論段應(yīng)提供明確、具體的定性和定量的信息。對要點要具體表述，不能用抽象和籠統(tǒng)的語言?？勺x性要強，如一般不單用量符號，而宜用量名稱，比如，說“T與ρ呈正比關(guān)系”不如說“××溫度與××壓力呈正比關(guān)系”易讀。語言要錘煉，刪去可有可無的詞語。2）明確具體，簡短精練。結(jié)論段有相對的獨立性，專業(yè)讀者和情報333）不作自我評價。論文的真正價值是通過具體“結(jié)論”來體現(xiàn)的，不宜用如“本研究具有國際先進水平”、“本研究結(jié)果屬國內(nèi)首創(chuàng)”、“本研究結(jié)果填補了國內(nèi)空白”一類語句來作自我評價。3）不作自我評價。論文的真正價值是通過具體“結(jié)論”來體現(xiàn)的，344寫作時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究工作通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用一般現(xiàn)在時有時也用一般過去時Conclusions簡述研究內(nèi)容強調(diào)實驗結(jié)果，跟Abstract可能有部分重復(fù)。與Abstract的區(qū)別是Abstract也要強調(diào)研究內(nèi)容以敘事為主的風(fēng)格4寫作時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究工作通常用一般過351．過去時

（1）涉及本研究的內(nèi)容

（2）涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容

（3）作者認為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結(jié)論1．過去時

（1）涉及本研究的內(nèi)容

（2）涉及他人研究過程的362．現(xiàn)在時

（1）指示性說明

（2）普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論

（3）作者認為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義

（4）前瞻性說明2．現(xiàn)在時

（1）指示性說明

（2）普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)37結(jié)論部分常用句型1．結(jié)果提示…：Theseresultssuggestthat…

舉例：ThesedataconfirmthepresenceofatleasttwomajorHCVgenotypesinNigeria.結(jié)論部分常用句型382．結(jié)果支持或反對某種觀點：Theseresultssupporttheideathat…；Theseresultsfailtosupporttheideathat…舉例：Theseresultsdonotsupporttheideathattreatmenttolowercholesterolconcentrationcausemooddisturbance.2．結(jié)果支持或反對某種觀點：393．表示觀點的確定或不確定性：Thereisnoevidencethat…；Itislikely/unlikelythat…舉例：ThereisnoevidencethatNIDDMproduceanychangeinbonemetabolismormass.3．表示觀點的確定或不確定性：404．具有…意義：Beofgreat(some/little/no)clinicalsignificancein…to…舉例：Thedetectionofp53geneisofgreatclinicalsignificanceintumordiagnosis.4．具有…意義：415．前瞻性說明：…remaintobefurtherstudied；Itisremainstobeprovedthat…舉例：However,therelationofinsulinresistancetohypertensionremainstobefurtherstudied.5．前瞻性說明：426．插入語：

Thisisthefirstcaseofpancreasdivisum.

舉例：Thisisthefirstcase,toourknowledge,ofpancreasdivisum.6．插入語：43

Thisworkrepresentsoneofthefewavailablestudiesonsmolderignition.Theresultsshowastrictrequirementforignitingaself-sustainingforwardsmolderingreactionofaporouscombustiblesuchasopen-cell,unrewardedpolyurethane.Theignitionbehaviorisprimarilydeterminedbytheigniterpower,timeofpowerinput,andfuel-igniterinterfacetemperature.Themagnitudeoftheseparameterscanbemodeledbythesolutionoftheenergyequationdescribingthesmolderprocess.Thisworkrepresentsoneof44Theexperimentalresultsshowaminimumenergyandtemperaturerequirementforagiveninputheat?uxtoinitiateaself-sustainingsmolderfront.Asmolderignitiondiagramwithawellde?nedboundarybetweentheignitionandno-ignitionregimeshasbeendevelopedwiththeresultsoftheseexperiments.Withinputpowersrangingfrom30to100W,self-sustainingsmolderreactionswereignitedontheorderof1000s.Theexperimentalresultssho45Thesmoldercharacteristicsoftemperature,velocity,andmasslossarestronglycorrelated