中國(guó)陶瓷文化Porcelain

Unite16Porcelain—CallingCardofChineseCultureInEnglish,thecountryand"porcelain"sharethesamename--"China".ThisprovesthatEuropeanshavelongknownofChina’srelationshiptoporcelain.PorcelainfounditswaytoEuropeinthe15thcentury,occupyinganimportantpositionintheexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries.TheKeiselRandyMuseuminGermanyhousesablue-and-whitebowldatingbacktotheMingDynasty.Porcelaingarnered(收集)agoodreputationforChinaforitssophisticationandelegance,andplayedanimportantroleinthewaveoftheEuropeanidealizationofChinaduringthe17thand18thcenturies.Intherococo(洛可可式）stylepopularinEuropeofthattime,onecouldsense,fromtimetotime,theinfluenceof"Chinesevogue（時(shí)髦）"representedbyChina'sstylesofporcelainandgardens.PorcelainisofgreatsignificanceinthehistoryofChinesecivilization.Potterywasthepredecessor（前任）ofporcelain,whileglazed（上釉的）potterywasthebasisfortheemergenceofporcelain.Aroundthefirstcentury,porcelainproductionfirstemergedinChina,andbytheSongDynastyithadbecomemature.Song-Dynastyporcelainrepresentedtheacme（頂峰）ofChineseporcelaintechnique.Fivefamouskilns（窯）,theJun,Ding,Guan,GeandRu,wereallcreativeandoriginalintheirrespectiveproducts,andtheirporcelainwarehasbeenintimatedbylatergenerationsthroughtouttheages.IntheYuanDynasty,JingdezhenbecamethecenteroftheChineseporcelainindustry.Chineseporcelainischerishedforitsserene（寧靜的）color,crystalpaste,gracefuldesigns,andingeniousforms--aquestofgenerationsofcraftspeople.Bronzeware,potteryandporcelainareallpopularwiththeChinesepeople,thoughtheirstylesvarywidely.Potteryissimpleandunsophisiticated,whilebronzewaresuggestssolemnity（莊嚴(yán)）,butporcelainisthemostexquisiteandelegant.PorcelaincanberegardedasthecallingcardofChineseculture.Thiscallingcardrepresentsthecrystallization（結(jié)晶）ofChinesecultureandtheembodimentoftheaestheticandpursuitsoftheChinesepeople.Nature'sCraftAnyonefamiliarwithChineseporcelainknowsthatthesurfaceofsomeporcelainwareiscoveredwithirregularcracks.Thecracksoccurredduringkilningduetoflawedworkmanship,butastimewentoncracklewarebecameacraze（時(shí)尚）duringtheSongDynasty,andwaspasseddowntotoday.CracklewaretodayisoneofthetypicalChineseporcelainstyles.Chinesepeoplelovecracklewarebecausetheylovenature'suniquecraft.Porcelainisanartificialart,butwhatitmostdefinesisnothingmorethanartificiality.Anyman-madecrackleswouldbemechanicalandunnaturalandbetrayacertainartifice（欺騙）,definitelynomatchfornaturallycraftedcrackles.哥窯魚耳爐元TheTaipei"PalaceMuseum"hasapieceofcracklewareproducedintheGeKilnoftheYuanDynasty.Itisanincense（香）burnerwithfish-shapedhandles.Thinandfinecracklesonthecream-coloredglazeareevocativeofatreeleaf,witharteriesandveinsstretching,intertwinedfreelyandvibrantlyinit.PureBlue-and-whitePorcelain

Blue-and-whiteporcelainisatypicalartifactofporcelaininChina.AmongtheporcelainexportedduringtheMingandQingDynasties,80percentwasblue-and-white.Chinese-madeblue-and-whiteporcelainwareemergedlongbeforetheTangDynasty,butitwasnotuntiltheYuanDynastythatthistypeofporcelaincametobeproducedinquantity,withtheattendantmasterpieces.TheMingDynastywitnessedthematurityoftheart,andalargenumberofvaluablepieceswereproducedinthisperiod.Jingdezhen,asmalltownthatcreatedtheenchantingblue-and-whiteporcelainoftheYuanDynasty,becameitsporcelain-producingcenter;andinthesubsequentMingDynasty,theimperialkilnswereestablishedhere.Blue-and-whiteporcelainisnowthemostrepresentativeofChineseporcelain.IntheTaipei“PalaceMuseum”,thereisabowlwithbranch-and-flowerpattern,producedintheXuandereign(1426-1435)oftheMingDynasty.Itsshapedemonstratesaprimitivesimplicity,whileitsfinetextureiswhitewithatouchofblue.Inawell-balancedcomposition,theflowersarevividlydrawnwithsoftandserenelines,whiletheblueintermingles(混合)withthewhite,producingaharmonious,effervescent(歡騰的)effect.

把蓮花卉四季紋盤明宣德Platewithflowers-of-four-seasonsdesign,Xuandereign,MingDynastyBlue-and-whiteporcelainoccupiesaprominentpositionintheChineseporcelainindustry,foritaccordswellwiththecultureandaestheticspiritChinesepeoplehavelongpursued—ofsimplicity,unaffectednessandease.(樸素，不矯揉造作，閑適)Chinesepeoplebelievethatultimatebeautyissimpleandnatural;anythingthatisaffectedandover-polishedrunscontradictorytothisphilosophy.AsrepresentativeofChineseporcelain,blue-and-whiteporcelaindisplaysaworldofconcisenessandelegance,serenityandpurity.Blueandwhiteformasingle-colorpainting,whichmayappearmonotonous(單調(diào)的)

butthisistheexactfeatureofblue-and-whiteporcelain,freeofexcessivedecorationorexaggeration.Blue-and-whiteporcelainalsoseeksaneffectoftransparency,whichwasachievedintheproductsmadeintheofficialkilnsoftheYuanandMingdynasties.Theseproductsboastathin,transparentwhitepastesetoffbybluedesigns,whicharecleanandclearandconveyasenseofloftinessandunearthliness.(崇高，神秘)ASubtleandReservedWorldMostChineseporcelainwareembodiesthecharacteristicsofConfucianaesthetics.Initspursuitofgentlenessandrefinementonesensestheaestheticpropensities(傾向)ofConfucianism;throughitsimplicitandreservedartisticstyleonediscoversthereservednatureofConfucianaesthetics.TheSongDynastywasarenaissanceperiodforConfucianism,andalsoaperiodofmaturityinporcelainproduction.Thiswasmuchmorethanasimplecoincidence.TheincreasedpopularityofConfucianismadvancedtheremarkabledevelopmentofsong-dynastyporcelaincraftspeople.ThetraditionofSong-dynastyporcelain—emphasizinginternal

beauty—hasbeenobservedbygenerationaftergeneration,anditsreservedstylehasmadetheartofChineseporcelainthought-provokingwhilepleasingtotheeye.Anotherrepresentativeofareservedstyleisunderglazered(釉里紅)porcelain,oneofthetwotypesofporcelaindevelopedtoitsmaturityinJingdezhenduringtheYuanDynasty.Difficulttoproduce,underglazeredisnotaspopularasblue-and-whiteporcelain,thoughitdisplaysahighartistictaste.釉里紅芍藥紋賞瓶釉里紅云龍紋缽缸Apreciousundergrazeredvase,producedduringtheHongwureign(1368-1398)oftheMingDynasty,isnowhousedintheTaipei“palacemuseum”.Itsdesignisdrawninunderglazered,andatthelowersectionisacirculardesignoflotuspetals.Palmtrees,rocksandgrovesofbamboo,drawnonthebellyofthevase,produceagracefullandscapepaintingwithprofoundallusions.釉里紅纏枝蓮紋執(zhí)壺明洪武Underglazereddecanter,Hongwureign,MingDynastyQuestion:Ifyourforeignfriendwanttocollectanantique(especiallyporcelain),whichoneyou’dliketorecommend,underglazered(釉里紅)porcelainorblue-and-whiteporcelainoretc,why?青花釉里紅

Blueandwhitewithcopperredcolors

porcelain青花釉里紅瓷不僅在工藝上體現(xiàn)它的名貴與成就，而且具有豐富的文化內(nèi)涵。青花釉里紅藝術(shù)瓷是素雅與艷麗的和諧統(tǒng)一。它的色調(diào)比重具有廣泛的可變性，或濃汝淡抹，或?qū)憣?shí)寫意，都意境深遠(yuǎn)，巧奪天工，這正是中國(guó)儒、釋、道以及伊斯蘭等各大文化融合的自然體現(xiàn)。ShapeandImageryPorcelainisacomprehensiveart,andformisasimportanttoagoodpieceofporcelainasitistoafinepieceofsculpture.Forporcelainwareofartisticvalue,anintriguingshapecancaptureinstantattentionfromviewers.AmongChineseporcelain,thereisatypeofwhiteporcelaindecoratedwithfloralpatternsofthesamecolor,whichsuggestsafeelingofreliefsculpture.ThemostfamouswhiteporcelainwasproducedintheDingKiln(定窯)oftheSongDynasty,whichexertedagreatinfluenceonlaterwhiteporcelainproducts.AsmallwhiteporcelaincontainerproducedduringtheQingDynasty’sDaoguangreign(1821-1850)issuchapieceinthewhiteseries,Fromtheexterior,itlooksnodifferentfromanordinarycontainerforholdinggo(aboardgame)pieces,butontheinteriorarerelief-likeflowerswithfive-colorpetalsconciselyandelegantlyoutlined.Itmusthavebeenagreatdelighttoenjoythisexquisitelymadeartworkwhileplayinggo!Chineseporcelainalsopursuespaintingeffects.Porcelainwareusuallycontainsimagesfromlandscapesaswellasbird-and–flowerpaintings.Mostporcelaincraftspeoplewerealsoadept(擅長(zhǎng)的)atpainting.ForMing-andQing-dynastyporcelainware,eleganceinshape,intriguinguseofcolor,finetexture,andvividimage