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英語六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)專題一完形填空-固定搭配
1.accountfor說明…的原因,是…的原因
2.acuse…of…控告;譴責(zé)
3.allowfor考慮到,顧及,為…留出預(yù)地
4.appealto訴諸,訴請(qǐng)裁決(或證實(shí)等)
5.bringabout導(dǎo)致,引起
6.calloff取消
7.carefor照顧,照料;喜歡
8.checkin(在旅館、機(jī)場(chǎng)等)登記,報(bào)到
9.checkout結(jié)帳后離開,辦妥手續(xù)離去
10.comeupwith提出,提供,想出
11.counton/upon依靠,指望
12.countup共計(jì),算出…的總數(shù)
13.drawup起草,擬訂;(使)停住
14.fallbackon借助于,依靠
15.getat夠得著,觸及;意思是,意指;查明,發(fā)現(xiàn);指責(zé)
16.goinfor從事,參加;愛好
17.hangonto緊緊抓??;保留(某物)
18.turnout制造,生產(chǎn);結(jié)果是;驅(qū)逐;關(guān)掉,旋熄
19.takeover接受,接管;借用,承襲
20.takein接受,吸收,接納;理解,領(lǐng)會(huì);欺騙;包括
21.stickout(把…)堅(jiān)持到底;突出,顯眼
22.stickto堅(jiān)持,忠于,信守;緊跟,緊隨;粘貼在…上
23.setout陳述,闡明;動(dòng)身,起程;開始;擺放
24.setforth闡明,陳述
25.setabout開始,著手
26.putinfor正式申請(qǐng)
27.referto…as…相…稱作,把…當(dāng)作
28.payoff還清(債);付清工資解雇(某人);向…行賄;得到好結(jié)果,取得成功
29.makeupfor補(bǔ)償,彌補(bǔ)
30.lookover把…看一遍,把…過目;察看,參觀
31.lookthrough詳盡核查;(從頭至尾)瀏覽
32.liveon靠…生活,以…為食物liein(問題、事情等)在于
33.liein(問題、事情等)在于
34.letgo(of)放開,松手
35.holdout維持,保持;堅(jiān)持(要求),不屈服
36.holdback躊躇,退縮;阻J匕抑制;隱瞞,保守(秘密等)
37.haveanadvantageover勝過.havetheadvantageof由于…處于有利條件havethe
advantageofsb。知道某人所不知道的事
38.takeadvantageof(=makethebestof,utilize,makeuseof,profitfrom,harness)
利用。
39.attribute…to…(二tobelievesth.tobetheresultof???)把。.歸因于??,認(rèn)為。.
是。.的結(jié)果
40.beginwith以…開始.tobeginwith(二firstofall)首先,第一(經(jīng)常用于開始
語)
41.onbehalfof(二astherepresentativeof)以??,名義
42.getthebetterof(二defeatsb。)打敗,勝過。
43.bybirth在出生上,論出身,按血統(tǒng)atbirth在出生時(shí);givebirthto出生、
44.blamesb.forsth.因…責(zé)備窠人.blamesth.onsb.把…推在某人身上
45.inblossom開花(指樹木)beinblossom開花(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))comeintoblossom開花(強(qiáng)
調(diào)動(dòng)作)
46.takethefloor起立發(fā)言
47.becapableof能夠,看能力becapableofbeing+過去分詞是能夠被…的
48.compare…with把…與…比較
49.compare*,?to,,?把???比作…
50.complainof(orabout)抱怨;訴苦;控告;complainabout抱怨某人或事情;complain
tosb.aboutsth.(orsb。)向某人抱怨…;complain(抱怨);complement(補(bǔ)充);
compliment(恭維)
51.delightin(二takegreatpleasureindoingstho)喜歡,取樂
52.take(a)delightin喜歡干…,以…為樂
53.demandsth.fromsb.向某人要求(物質(zhì)向)東西
54.deprivesb.ofsth.剝奪某人某物
55.deviatefrom偏離,不隹…辦
56.onadiet吃某種特殊飲食,節(jié)食
57.differfrom…in與…的區(qū)別在于…
58.disposeof(=getridof,throwaway)處理掉
59.beyonddispute不容爭(zhēng)議的,無可爭(zhēng)議
60.indispute在爭(zhēng)議中
61.(be)distinctfrom(=bedifferentfrom)與…截然不同
62.distinguishbetween(=makeorrecognizedifferences)辨另lj
63.distinguish…from把…與…區(qū)別開
64.doawaywith(=getridof;abolish;discardeliminate)除去,廢除,取消;doaway
with(=kill)殺掉,鎮(zhèn)壓
65.comeoffduty下班
66.atlarge(=atliberty,free)在逃,逍遙法外atlarge(=ingeneral)一般來說,
大體上atlarge(=atfulllength;withdetails)詳細(xì)地
67.accuse***of***(=charge***with;blamesb.forsth.;blamesth.onsb.;complain
about)指控,控告
68.allowfor(=takeintoconsideration,takeintoaccount)考慮至lj,估計(jì)至U。
69.amountto(=tobeequalto)總計(jì),等于。
70.answerfor(undertakeresponsibilityfor,beliablefor,takechargefor)對(duì)
負(fù)責(zé)。
71.abideby(=befaithfulto;obey)忠于;遵守
72.complywith(=actinaccordancewithademand,order,ruleetCo)遵守,依
從
73.applytosb.forsth.為…向…申請(qǐng);applyfor申請(qǐng);applyto適用。
74.applyto與…有關(guān);適用
75.arisefrom(=becausedby)由…引起。
76.arriveon到達(dá);arriveat到達(dá)某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrivein到達(dá)某地(大
地方);
77.beashamedof(二feelshame,guiltorsorrowbecauseofsth.done)以???為羞
恥
78.assuresb.ofsth.(=trytocausetobelieveortrustinstho)向???保證,使???
確信。
79.attach(to)(二tofix,fasten;join)縛,系,結(jié)
80.attendto(=giveonefsattention,careandthought)注意,照顧;attend
on(upon)(=waitupon,serve,lookafter)侍候,照料
81.inaccordancewith(二inagreementwith)依照,根據(jù)
82.onone'sownaccount1)為了某人的緣故,為了某人自己的利益2)(二atone'sown
risk)自行負(fù)責(zé)3)(=byoneself)依靠白己onaccount賒賬;onaccountof因?yàn)椋?/p>
onnoaccount不論什么原因也不;of,,,account有…。.重要性。
83.take…intoaccount(二consider)把.。.考慮進(jìn)去
84.accountfor(=giveanexplanationorreasonfor)解釋,說明。
85.onaccountof(二becauseof)由于,因?yàn)椤?/p>
86.beaccustomedto(=beinthehabitof,beusedto)習(xí)慣于。
87.beacquaintedwith(=tohaveknowledgeof)了解;(=tohavemetsocially)熟
悉
88.acton奉行,按照…行動(dòng);actas扮演;actfor代理
adaptoneselfto(=adjustoneselfto)使自己適應(yīng)于
89.adapt***(for)(=makesth.Suitableforanewneed)改編,改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要)
90.inaddition(=besides)此外,又,加之
91.inadditionto(=aswellas,besides,otherthan)除,??夕卜
92.adhereto(=abideby,conformto,complywith,clingto,insiston,persist
in,observe,opinion,belief)粘附;堅(jiān)持,道循
93.adjacent(=nextto,closeto)毗鄰的,臨近的
94.adjusto.(to)(二changeslightly)調(diào)節(jié);適應(yīng);
英語六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)專題二翻譯一語法精要
I動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
時(shí)態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構(gòu)成):動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,繼
續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I'vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.
I'vebeensittinginthegarden.
2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成):過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I'dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
Inanothermonth'stimeshe'11havebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.
4)將來完成時(shí)(由shall/willhave+過去分詞構(gòu)成):將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They'11havehittheyear'stargetbytheendofOctober.
語態(tài)
可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見的
有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand
等.
Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.
Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknow
thespeedlimit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹?/p>
語,另一個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.
Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.
Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.
短語動(dòng)詞
Vi+adv
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
Vi+prep
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
Vi+prep(有被動(dòng)語態(tài))
She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.
Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.
Vi+adv+prep
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
Vt+0+adv
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
Theytookhimon.
Vt+adv+0(無被動(dòng)語態(tài))
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
Vt+0+prep
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
省略
在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略:在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包
含有動(dòng)詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和
謂語的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.
Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.
Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.
Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.
Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.
Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.
Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.
Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedvery
young.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
IfnecessaryI'11havetheletterduplicated.
Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.
Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.
Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisal1education.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
錯(cuò)誤的省略
HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
一致
如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,noless
than,morethan等引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
代詞作主語時(shí)的一致
each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
Ilaseitherofthemtoldyou?
some,few,both,many等作復(fù)數(shù)
some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.
none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單
數(shù)概念,但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus
Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.
None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.
Noneofthisworriesme.
all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…,mostofthe…),動(dòng)詞用單
數(shù).
由and或both…and連接名詞詞組時(shí),后用復(fù)數(shù);由notonly…but(also),either…or,
neither…nor或or連接的并列主語,謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.
NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.
如果一個(gè)句子是由there或here引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個(gè),謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主
語一致.
Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.
people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).
Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來決定.
Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.
Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.
Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.
Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.
Theaudiencewasenormous.
Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.
有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù):
Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.
Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.
Thisspeciesisnowextinct.
Thesespeciesarenowextinct.
表示時(shí)間,重量,長度,價(jià)值等的名詞,盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動(dòng)詞也可
用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):
Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.
Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.
其他問題
書名,國家名用單數(shù):
TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.
學(xué)科名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).
manya或mor。thanone所修飾的詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:
Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.
Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.
anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù),thenumberof后接單數(shù):
Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.
oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系分句中謂語動(dòng)
詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式,一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式:
Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時(shí),關(guān)系分句謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one而定,即采用
單數(shù)形式:
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
II非謂語動(dòng)詞
不定式
形式
主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式
一般式todotobedone
完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone
進(jìn)行式tobedoing
完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing
完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎
同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之
前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式.
Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).
仕匕較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)
Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用
不定式的進(jìn)行式.
Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhavenytquiterecoveredyet.
WedidnTtexpectyoutobewaitingforushere.
Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.
完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.
Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.
Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.
被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被
動(dòng)形式.
Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.
Shehatedtobeflattered.
Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.
Thisisboundtobefoundout.
Therearealotofthingstobedone.
Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.
功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).
a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.
b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.
c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.
d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?
e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.
不帶to的不定式:
在“動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,
feel,notice等,或是表示“致使"意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶
to.
Johnmadehertellhimeverything.
這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.
Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.
在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)
aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.
I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.
Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.
在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgo
of,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動(dòng)詞
不定式.
Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.
I'veheardtellofhim.
在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.
CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?
在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶
to.
Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.
Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
There'snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.
連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí),其后的不定式不帶to.
Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.
出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí),其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.
Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.
Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthanto
increasewages.
用作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果主語是由“all+關(guān)系分句”,“thing+關(guān)系分句”,“what分
句”或“thing+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成,并帶有do的某種形式,這時(shí),作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定
式可以省to,也可以不省.
Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.
Allyoudonowiscompletetheform
TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.
Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.
TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.
不定式的其他用法
too…to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:
Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.
enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:
Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.
nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:
He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.
so-as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語:
Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.
如果要說明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語:
Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.
Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.
在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,
foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語時(shí),不
定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:
It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.
(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.
It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.
It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.
V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)
形式
完成式:如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,通常用動(dòng)名詞的完
成形式.
Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.
Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.
在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語中),常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式,盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示
的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.
Excusemeforcominglate.
Idon,tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中,表示這動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.
另外,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.
Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.
Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.
被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí),動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形
式.
Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.
Hecouldn,tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.
但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等動(dòng)詞后,盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思,卻用
動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.
Mypenneedsfilling.
Thepointdeservesmentioning.
Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.
在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.
Hermethodisworthtrying.
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來作定語,賓語補(bǔ)足語,狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.
You'11findthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.
Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn'tverywellrefuse.
Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothe
customers.
完成被動(dòng)式:如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)
式.
Idon'trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.
但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式,而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替,以免句子顯得累贅.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?
Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.
Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudents
home.
句法功用
作主語:
Walkingisgoodexercise.
It'snicetalkingtoyou.
Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabour
productivity.
作賓語:
Yourshoesneedpolishing.
Youmustn,tdelaysendingthetractorsover.
Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.
作介詞賓語:動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語用的時(shí)候最多.它??梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面,常見的有:
insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,
charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop???from,refrain
from,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,
excuse***for,aimat,devote^'to,setabout,spend???in,get(be)usedto,befond
of,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterested
in,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.
作表語:
Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.
動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來,在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;
在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作,特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí);多用不定式.
作賓語補(bǔ)足語:分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have
等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語.
Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.
Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.
Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.
在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后,及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語
補(bǔ)足語.用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.
Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?
Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.
作狀語:現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,來對(duì)謂語表示的主要
動(dòng)作加以修飾或作為陪襯.
Iranoutofthehouseshouting.
Igothome,feelingverytired.
DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可以用作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.
Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn,tgetintouchwithher.
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.
Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語,相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:
Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn,thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspent
together.
如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的,多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).
Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.
Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.
ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.
前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu):一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格
結(jié)構(gòu)),來表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語.
Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.
Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.
Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?
Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.
如果不是在句子開頭,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格),這比用所有
格更自然一些.
Idon'tmindhimgoing.
Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.
只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,
enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,
advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss
既可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,
continue,intend,attempt,can'tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,
regret,neglect,try,deserve,can'tafford等.
有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大,有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try
等詞后差別是比較明顯的.
Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.
Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.
Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.
IregrettosayIhavenytgivenyouenoughhelp.
Shedoesn,twant(need)tocome.
Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.
Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.
Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.
懸垂修飾:分詞作狀語時(shí),表示的必須是主語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).
Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,(walking是we的動(dòng)作,正確)
Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(錯(cuò)誤)
Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正確)
Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(錯(cuò)誤)
分詞
意義:過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞,帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物
動(dòng)詞,有的來自不及物動(dòng)詞,通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.
frozenfoodafreezingwind
aboredtravelleraboringjourney
alostcausealosingbattle
aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy
afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch
thespokenwordaspeakingbird
aclosedshoptheclosinghour
arecordedtalkarecordingmachine
來自不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語,能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞,
僅表示完成意義,不表示被動(dòng)意義.
therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retired
workers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrived
visitors
用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.
句法作用
作定語:distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊(duì),
cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)
分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語:simply-furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間,clear-cutanswer
明確的答復(fù),highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,
hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星
作補(bǔ)足語:可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有:
see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.
Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.
Wefoundhergreatlychanged.
make,get,have,keep等表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:
Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.
Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.
Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments,
like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:
Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.
Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.
過去分詞短語常用作狀語,修飾謂語,很多都說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.
Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,
Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.
過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.
Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.
有時(shí)也可說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語從句.
Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotal
production.
間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.
Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.
偶爾也可用來代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語從句.
Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):在用分詞短語作狀語時(shí),它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一,致?但有時(shí)
它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),一般表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作
或情況.
Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.
有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間:
Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.
表示原因:
Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.
條件:
Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours,
m虛擬語氣
that從居中:
wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:
IwishIwereasstrongasyou.
IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.
IwishIrememberedtheaddress.
Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).
Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.
suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語
從句:
Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.
Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.
Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost,
itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,
itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中.
Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek
Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.
suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語從
句和同位語從句:
Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.
在某些句型中
itistimethat
Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.
Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy,
asif(though)引起的從句:
Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.
Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.
以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語多用should+動(dòng)詞原形):
Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.
Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.
I'11keepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.
以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí),謂語多用may
加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成):
Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.
Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.
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