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英語六級復(fù)習(xí)專題一完形填空-固定搭配

1.accountfor說明…的原因,是…的原因

2.acuse…of…控告;譴責(zé)

3.allowfor考慮到,顧及,為…留出預(yù)地

4.appealto訴諸,訴請裁決(或證實等)

5.bringabout導(dǎo)致,引起

6.calloff取消

7.carefor照顧,照料;喜歡

8.checkin(在旅館、機(jī)場等)登記,報到

9.checkout結(jié)帳后離開,辦妥手續(xù)離去

10.comeupwith提出,提供,想出

11.counton/upon依靠,指望

12.countup共計,算出…的總數(shù)

13.drawup起草,擬訂;(使)停住

14.fallbackon借助于,依靠

15.getat夠得著,觸及;意思是,意指;查明,發(fā)現(xiàn);指責(zé)

16.goinfor從事,參加;愛好

17.hangonto緊緊抓住;保留(某物)

18.turnout制造,生產(chǎn);結(jié)果是;驅(qū)逐;關(guān)掉,旋熄

19.takeover接受,接管;借用,承襲

20.takein接受,吸收,接納;理解,領(lǐng)會;欺騙;包括

21.stickout(把…)堅持到底;突出,顯眼

22.stickto堅持,忠于,信守;緊跟,緊隨;粘貼在…上

23.setout陳述,闡明;動身,起程;開始;擺放

24.setforth闡明,陳述

25.setabout開始,著手

26.putinfor正式申請

27.referto…as…相…稱作,把…當(dāng)作

28.payoff還清(債);付清工資解雇(某人);向…行賄;得到好結(jié)果,取得成功

29.makeupfor補(bǔ)償,彌補(bǔ)

30.lookover把…看一遍,把…過目;察看,參觀

31.lookthrough詳盡核查;(從頭至尾)瀏覽

32.liveon靠…生活,以…為食物liein(問題、事情等)在于

33.liein(問題、事情等)在于

34.letgo(of)放開,松手

35.holdout維持,保持;堅持(要求),不屈服

36.holdback躊躇,退縮;阻J匕抑制;隱瞞,保守(秘密等)

37.haveanadvantageover勝過.havetheadvantageof由于…處于有利條件havethe

advantageofsb。知道某人所不知道的事

38.takeadvantageof(=makethebestof,utilize,makeuseof,profitfrom,harness)

利用。

39.attribute…to…(二tobelievesth.tobetheresultof???)把。.歸因于??,認(rèn)為。.

是。.的結(jié)果

40.beginwith以…開始.tobeginwith(二firstofall)首先,第一(經(jīng)常用于開始

語)

41.onbehalfof(二astherepresentativeof)以??,名義

42.getthebetterof(二defeatsb。)打敗,勝過。

43.bybirth在出生上,論出身,按血統(tǒng)atbirth在出生時;givebirthto出生、

44.blamesb.forsth.因…責(zé)備窠人.blamesth.onsb.把…推在某人身上

45.inblossom開花(指樹木)beinblossom開花(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))comeintoblossom開花(強(qiáng)

調(diào)動作)

46.takethefloor起立發(fā)言

47.becapableof能夠,看能力becapableofbeing+過去分詞是能夠被…的

48.compare…with把…與…比較

49.compare*,?to,,?把???比作…

50.complainof(orabout)抱怨;訴苦;控告;complainabout抱怨某人或事情;complain

tosb.aboutsth.(orsb。)向某人抱怨…;complain(抱怨);complement(補(bǔ)充);

compliment(恭維)

51.delightin(二takegreatpleasureindoingstho)喜歡,取樂

52.take(a)delightin喜歡干…,以…為樂

53.demandsth.fromsb.向某人要求(物質(zhì)向)東西

54.deprivesb.ofsth.剝奪某人某物

55.deviatefrom偏離,不隹…辦

56.onadiet吃某種特殊飲食,節(jié)食

57.differfrom…in與…的區(qū)別在于…

58.disposeof(=getridof,throwaway)處理掉

59.beyonddispute不容爭議的,無可爭議

60.indispute在爭議中

61.(be)distinctfrom(=bedifferentfrom)與…截然不同

62.distinguishbetween(=makeorrecognizedifferences)辨另lj

63.distinguish…from把…與…區(qū)別開

64.doawaywith(=getridof;abolish;discardeliminate)除去,廢除,取消;doaway

with(=kill)殺掉,鎮(zhèn)壓

65.comeoffduty下班

66.atlarge(=atliberty,free)在逃,逍遙法外atlarge(=ingeneral)一般來說,

大體上atlarge(=atfulllength;withdetails)詳細(xì)地

67.accuse***of***(=charge***with;blamesb.forsth.;blamesth.onsb.;complain

about)指控,控告

68.allowfor(=takeintoconsideration,takeintoaccount)考慮至lj,估計至U。

69.amountto(=tobeequalto)總計,等于。

70.answerfor(undertakeresponsibilityfor,beliablefor,takechargefor)對

負(fù)責(zé)。

71.abideby(=befaithfulto;obey)忠于;遵守

72.complywith(=actinaccordancewithademand,order,ruleetCo)遵守,依

73.applytosb.forsth.為…向…申請;applyfor申請;applyto適用。

74.applyto與…有關(guān);適用

75.arisefrom(=becausedby)由…引起。

76.arriveon到達(dá);arriveat到達(dá)某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrivein到達(dá)某地(大

地方);

77.beashamedof(二feelshame,guiltorsorrowbecauseofsth.done)以???為羞

78.assuresb.ofsth.(=trytocausetobelieveortrustinstho)向???保證,使???

確信。

79.attach(to)(二tofix,fasten;join)縛,系,結(jié)

80.attendto(=giveonefsattention,careandthought)注意,照顧;attend

on(upon)(=waitupon,serve,lookafter)侍候,照料

81.inaccordancewith(二inagreementwith)依照,根據(jù)

82.onone'sownaccount1)為了某人的緣故,為了某人自己的利益2)(二atone'sown

risk)自行負(fù)責(zé)3)(=byoneself)依靠白己onaccount賒賬;onaccountof因為;

onnoaccount不論什么原因也不;of,,,account有…。.重要性。

83.take…intoaccount(二consider)把.。.考慮進(jìn)去

84.accountfor(=giveanexplanationorreasonfor)解釋,說明。

85.onaccountof(二becauseof)由于,因為。

86.beaccustomedto(=beinthehabitof,beusedto)習(xí)慣于。

87.beacquaintedwith(=tohaveknowledgeof)了解;(=tohavemetsocially)熟

88.acton奉行,按照…行動;actas扮演;actfor代理

adaptoneselfto(=adjustoneselfto)使自己適應(yīng)于

89.adapt***(for)(=makesth.Suitableforanewneed)改編,改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要)

90.inaddition(=besides)此外,又,加之

91.inadditionto(=aswellas,besides,otherthan)除,??夕卜

92.adhereto(=abideby,conformto,complywith,clingto,insiston,persist

in,observe,opinion,belief)粘附;堅持,道循

93.adjacent(=nextto,closeto)毗鄰的,臨近的

94.adjusto.(to)(二changeslightly)調(diào)節(jié);適應(yīng);

英語六級復(fù)習(xí)專題二翻譯一語法精要

I動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)

時態(tài)

1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)(have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構(gòu)成):動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼

續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

I'vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.

I'vebeensittinginthegarden.

2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(由hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成):過去某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作

I'dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.

Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.

3)將來完成進(jìn)行時:將來某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作.

Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

Inanothermonth'stimeshe'11havebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

4)將來完成時(由shall/willhave+過去分詞構(gòu)成):將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.

Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

They'11havehittheyear'stargetbytheendofOctober.

語態(tài)

可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的

有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand

等.

Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknow

thespeedlimit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)

雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹?/p>

語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

短語動詞

Vi+adv

Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

Vi+prep

TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

Vi+prep(有被動語態(tài))

She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

Vi+adv+prep

Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

Vt+0+adv

Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

Vt+adv+0(無被動語態(tài))

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

Vt+0+prep

WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

省略

在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略:在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包

含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常常可以把從句中的主語和

謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.

Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedvery

young.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.

IfnecessaryI'11havetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.

Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisal1education.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

錯誤的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

一致

如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,noless

than,morethan等引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

代詞作主語時的一致

each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Ilaseitherofthemtoldyou?

some,few,both,many等作復(fù)數(shù)

some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.

none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時較多,但也有時作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單

數(shù)概念,但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù):

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.

None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…,mostofthe…),動詞用單

數(shù).

由and或both…and連接名詞詞組時,后用復(fù)數(shù);由notonly…but(also),either…or,

neither…nor或or連接的并列主語,謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一個句子是由there或here引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個,謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主

語一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待,有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來決定.

Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù):

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

表示時間,重量,長度,價值等的名詞,盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動詞也可

用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動詞也是可以的):

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

其他問題

書名,國家名用單數(shù):

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

學(xué)科名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).

manya或mor。thanone所修飾的詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式:

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù),thenumberof后接單數(shù):

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系分句中謂語動

詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式,一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式:

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時,關(guān)系分句謂語動詞根據(jù)one而定,即采用

單數(shù)形式:

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

II非謂語動詞

不定式

形式

主動形式被動形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

進(jìn)行式tobedoing

完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing

完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎

同時)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動作,在謂語所表示的動作(狀態(tài))之

前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).

仕匕較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時,不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行,這時要用

不定式的進(jìn)行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhavenytquiterecoveredyet.

WedidnTtexpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進(jìn)行的動作,就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

被動式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被

動形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

不帶to的不定式:

在“動詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,

feel,notice等,或是表示“致使"意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶

to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時,后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)

aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動詞不定式也不帶to.

I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgo

of,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動詞

不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

I'veheardtellofhim.

在動詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶

to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There'snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時,其后的不定式不帶to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時,其后的不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthanto

increasewages.

用作補(bǔ)語的動詞不定式,如果主語是由“all+關(guān)系分句”,“thing+關(guān)系分句”,“what分

句”或“thing+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成,并帶有do的某種形式,這時,作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定

式可以省to,也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

不定式的其他用法

too…to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.

enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.

nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.

so-as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語:

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.

如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.

在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,

foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語時,不

定式前可加一個of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:

It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.

V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動名詞)

形式

完成式:如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,通常用動名詞的完

成形式.

Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.

Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.

在某些動詞后(或成語中),常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式,盡管動作是在謂語所表示

的動作之前發(fā)生的.

Excusemeforcominglate.

Idon,tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中,表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生.

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

另外,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.

被動式:當(dāng)一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時,動名詞一般要用被動形

式.

Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.

Hecouldn,tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.

但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等動詞后,盡管表示的是被動的意思,卻用

動名詞的主動形式.

Mypenneedsfilling.

Thepointdeservesmentioning.

Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.

在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.

Hermethodisworthtrying.

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語,賓語補(bǔ)足語,狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

You'11findthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.

Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn'tverywellrefuse.

Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothe

customers.

完成被動式:如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生,有時需要用動名詞的完成被動

式.

Idon'trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.

但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式,而用一般被動形式代替,以免句子顯得累贅.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?

Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudents

home.

句法功用

作主語:

Walkingisgoodexercise.

It'snicetalkingtoyou.

Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabour

productivity.

作賓語:

Yourshoesneedpolishing.

Youmustn,tdelaysendingthetractorsover.

Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.

作介詞賓語:動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多.它??梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面,常見的有:

insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,

charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop???from,refrain

from,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,

excuse***for,aimat,devote^'to,setabout,spend???in,get(be)usedto,befond

of,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterested

in,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.

作表語:

Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.

動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來,在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞;

在表示具體某詞動作,特別是將來的動作時;多用不定式.

作賓語補(bǔ)足語:分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have

等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語.

Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.

Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.

Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動詞后,及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語

補(bǔ)足語.用現(xiàn)在分詞時,表示動作正在發(fā)生,用不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了.

Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

作狀語:現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動作,來對謂語表示的主要

動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.

Iranoutofthehouseshouting.

Igothome,feelingverytired.

DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句.

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn,tgetintouchwithher.

Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.

Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語,相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:

Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn,thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspent

together.

如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的,多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).

Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.

Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.

ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.

前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu):一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格

結(jié)構(gòu)),來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.

Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.

Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.

Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?

Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.

如果不是在句子開頭,這個結(jié)構(gòu)常??梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格),這比用所有

格更自然一些.

Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.

只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,

enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,

advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss

既可用動名詞,也可用不定式作賓語的動詞:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,

continue,intend,attempt,can'tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,

regret,neglect,try,deserve,can'tafford等.

有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大,有時卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try

等詞后差別是比較明顯的.

Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.

Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.

Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregrettosayIhavenytgivenyouenoughhelp.

Shedoesn,twant(need)tocome.

Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.

Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.

Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.

懸垂修飾:分詞作狀語時,表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態(tài).

Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,(walking是we的動作,正確)

Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(錯誤)

Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正確)

Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(錯誤)

分詞

意義:過去分詞通常來自及物動詞,帶有被動意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物

動詞,有的來自不及物動詞,通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語,能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞,

僅表示完成意義,不表示被動意義.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retired

workers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrived

visitors

用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.

句法作用

作定語:distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊,

cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語:simply-furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡單的房間,clear-cutanswer

明確的答復(fù),highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,

hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星

作補(bǔ)足語:可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

make,get,have,keep等表示“致使”意義的動詞:

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments,

like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動詞:

Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.

過去分詞短語常用作狀語,修飾謂語,很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.

過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.

有時也可說明動作發(fā)生的時間,相當(dāng)于一個表示時間的狀語從句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotal

production.

間或也可表示一個假設(shè)的情況,相當(dāng)于一個條件從句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.

偶爾也可用來代替一個“讓步”狀語從句.

Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):在用分詞短語作狀語時,它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一,致?但有時

它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),一般表示一種伴隨的動作

或情況.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

有時可以表示時間:

Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.

表示原因:

Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.

條件:

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours,

m虛擬語氣

that從居中:

wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:

IwishIwereasstrongasyou.

IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.

IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).

Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.

suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動詞后的賓語

從句:

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.

Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.

Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost,

itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,

itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語從

句和同位語從句:

Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.

在某些句型中

itistimethat

Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.

Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy,

asif(though)引起的從句:

Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.

Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.

以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時謂語多用should+動詞原形):

Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.

Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.

I'11keepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.

以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時,謂語多用may

加動詞原形構(gòu)成):

Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.

Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.

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