外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯開發(fā)一個評估施工現(xiàn)場安全管理系統(tǒng)有效性的模型

外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(含：英文原文及中文譯文)文獻(xiàn)出處：TeoEAL,LingFYY.Developingamodeltomeasuretheeffectivenessofsafetymanagementsystemsofconstructionsites[J].Building&Environment,2006,41(11):1584-1592.英文原文DevelopingamodeltomeasuretheeffectivenessofsafetymanagementsystemsofconstructionsitesEALTeoFYYLingAbstractInSingapore,wheretheimplementationoftheSMSandSMSauditsofthebuildingindustryhasbeenaroundforadecadenow,theimprovementinsafetystandardsisnotsignificant.Inresponsetotheneedforimprovedeffectiveness(SMS)andthepurposeoftheauditofthesafetymanagementsystem,thispaperproposesamethodologywherepersonnelcanusetestingtoolstoassesstheeffectivenessofauditingbuildingcompanysafetymanagementsystems.Theresearchmethodused15stepstoconductsurveys.Securityexpertswereinvitedtoexpresstheiropinionsthroughinterviewsorwork.AnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)andfactoranalysisareusedtohelpidentifythemostcriticalfactorsandattributesthataffectthesafety.ThismodeldevelopsamethodusingtheMulti-attributeValueModel(MAVT).ThismethodcanbeverifiedbythewebsiteandcalculatedusingtheCSIinthemodel.TheresultsshowthatthemodelcanbeusedasameasureofobjectiveCSIfordifferentmanagementandevaluation.Keywords:safetymanagementsystem;safetyaudit;constructionsafetyindex1Introduction:ArgumentssupportingthisworkTheSafetyManagementSystem(SMS)servesasaformalsystemforthemanagementofsitesafetyintheconstructionindustry.Contractorsexpectmanagementsitesafetytopassthroughthenormalsafetymanagementsystem.Itisimportanttoevaluatethesesystemseffectivelysothattheinadequaciescanbecorrected.Theresearchworkisconductedunderthesupervisionofthecollaborationandoccupationalsafetydepartment.Thehumanresourcesdepartmentcanmeasuretheeffectivenessofaconstructionsite'ssafetymanagementsystembasedontheauthority'sevaluationauditprotocol.TheSingaporeConstructionIndustryServiceimplementedtheauditofthesafetymanagementsystemforabouttenyears,buttheimprovedsafetyeffectwasnotsignificant.This,liketheshipbuildingindustry,hasundergoneaphaseofstableimprovementofsafetyperformance.Thelackofsecurityimprovementsaftertheimplementationoftheindicators(SMS)andthesafetymanagementsystemauditmaybeduetothelackofsafetymanagementstructuresandstandards.InSingapore,therearenorulesandpoliciesgoverningSMS,andthemissingpartsaredraftedbytheconstructioncompany.Thisisoftennotthecase.Thecontractorsthinkthattheyhaveenoughtimetoauditthesecuritymanagementsystem.Previousstudieshavefoundthatasuccessfulsecurityrelationshipsystemhelpspreventaccidentsatconstructionsites.Therefore,itisnecessarytoprovideacomprehensivelistofattributesandperformancethatmayaffectitssecuritywork,andthereisnostandardprotocolforsecurityauditmethods.Eachsecurityauditingservicehasitsownsetofauditingmethods.TheconstructionsafetymanagementsystemcodeisbasedonthewidelyusedproceduresinSingapore.Tofindoutifthesitehasaneffectivesafetymanagementsystem,thegovernmentisrequiredtoconductasafetyinspectioneverysixmonths.Theproblemisthatsofarnostandardizedtoolshavebeenabletoobjectivelyauditandassessthecompany'ssafetymanagementsystem.Thereisalsoabigdifferencebetweenaudits,summarydifferences,andquestionsaboutsecuritystandards.Inviewoftheneedtoimproveitsefficacyandreviewofsafetymanagementsystems,thepurposeofthisarticleistoproposeatoolmethodfordevelopmentandtestingthatcanuseauditorstoevaluatetheeffectivenessandsafetymanagementsystemofaconstructioncompany.Thisgoalisveryimportantbecausetheindustrycandevelopanauditpurposeandbenchmarkthroughastandardmethod.Thepurposeofthissurveyistodevelopanauditprotocoltoeffectivelyevaluatethesecuritymanagementsystemofthewebsite.Thisisthetoolusedforthedevelopmentandtestevaluationsobtained.ThesesitesareusedtocalculatetheConstructionSafetyIndex(CSI).Thisisasafetymanagementsystemthatexpressestheeffectivenessofaconstructionsitewithaquantitativescore.Securityauditingisthesumoftheefficiency,effectiveness,andreliabilityofcollectingindependentinformationinthestructuredprocess.Securityauditsareusedtoformulatecorrectivemeasuresforthesecuritymanagementsystem.Effectivenessisveryimportantindeterminingthesafetymanagementsystem.Gibbfoundthattheauditsystempriortotheoccurrenceoftheaccidentwassuccessfullyenhanced,andthesafetyperformanceofthesafetymanagementwasalsocrucial.TheCoxandCoxteamsfoundthatsecurityauditingisoneofthemostimportantfactorsinthesecuritymanagementsystem.Itprovidesmanagerswithstandardsforfurthercompliancewiththesecuritymanagementsystem.Safeworkstemsfrompracticebyobservingreliableandcontinuousfeedbackonsafeproductionlevels.Therefore,timelysafetyinspectionswillhelpidentifystrongandweakcurrentsafetyproceduresandpreventanyareasofproblemsthatmayhaveadverseimpactsfrombeingsuccessfullyprevented.Thisallowscompaniestoobtaingreaterbenefitsandmeetthedeploymentofprogramresources.2SafetyManagementSystemsServestheConstructionIndustryInSingapore,MOMisthelegislativebodyfortheprogressofgovernmentregulatorymechanismsandisresponsibleforimplementingsecurityissues.ItmainlyfocusesonthechaptersoftheFactoryAct(104)andthe“BuildingFactoryOperationsandWorkConstruction(BOWEC)Regulations”thatmustbefollowedinthesafetylegislationwebsite.TheBOWECregulationsrequirethatallconstructionworkcitiesandcontractsworth$10millionbebasedonasafetymanagementsystemcode,namelytheBuildingSafetyManagementSystem(CP).Ifthevalueofthecontractbetweenworkingcitiesislessthan10millionUSdollars,thereisnoneedtoimplementasafetymanagementsystem,buttheyalsoencourageimplementation.The14majorsecuritymanagementelementsofCP79areasfollows:?Securitypolicy;?Safeworkingpractices;?SafetyTraining;?Workinggroupmeetings;?Incidentinvestigationandanalysis;?Internalsafetyrulesandregulations;?Safepromotion,evaluation,selectionandmanagementofcontractors;?Securitycheck;?Maintainingallthemachineryandequipmentoftheregime;?hazardanalysis;?Motioncontrolandhazardoussubstances;?Chemicalmaterials;?Emergencyhandling;?Occupationalhealthplan.Eachunitprovidesdetailedconstructionguidancetoorganizeandmanagetheircompany'sapplicationsitetoensurethesafetyofcompanypersonnelandthepublic.However,CP79isdestinednottobeclosedinastrictgroupbecausetheconstructionofeachregulationprojectisdifferent.TheprojectmanagermustcarefullyinterprettheenvironmentalguidelinesofthearticlesintheCodeofPracticetoadapttothisproject.InadditiontoSingapore,thesafetymanagementsystemalsoneedstobedevelopedinothercountries.RecallingtheuseofsafetymanagementsystemsinHongKong,Australia,theUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,itwasfoundthatSingapore'sCPintegrationintheyearof2007wasveryexcitingandcoveredalllevelsofconstructionprojectsandorganizations.However,attentionispaidtohigher-levelissues,suchasinadequatemanagementcommitmentcomparedtoAustraliaandtheUnitedKingdom.ThesystemusedinthismethodisdifferentfromthespecificdetailsintheUK,buttheyhighlighttheneedformanagement,wheretheopinionsandcommentsgivenbytheirparticipationareveryimportant.Manystudieshaveshownthatthecoreelementsinvolvedinthemanagementofthesafetymanagementsystemaredifficulttoimplementsafetyproductionmeasuresandestablishsafetycultureorganizationswithoutthesupportofjointmanagement.3ResearchMethodsThefirststepistoreviewvarioussafetymanagementsystemstandardsandknownrelativelyhighsafetystandardsinselecteddevelopedcountriesasguidelines.ThesecountriesincludeHongKong,Australia,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Inthesecondstep,thechoiceofrelevantattributesshouldbebasedonliteratureanalysisandresearchonnationalsecuritymanagementsystems.Then,questionnairesareusedtoinvestigatetheorderofperceivedimportanceofpractitioners.Questionnairesurveyswereconducted.RandomlyselectedSingapore's420buildingcontractorswithregisteredconstructionagencies(Step3).ThefourthstepistoreviewandrewardtheSafetyPerformanceAward(ASPA)toencouragetheseorganizationstochoosetousethesafetymanagementsystem.Inthefifthstep,thethreesecurityauditorswhoconductedtheinterviewidentifiedtheirauditingpracticesanddevelopedapreliminaryframeworkbasedonliteratureanalysisandpostalsurveyresults(Step6andStep7).Amodelisusedtomeasuretheeffectivenessoftheinventionsafetymanagementsystem(eighthstep),whichisbasedonmulti-attributetechnology(MAVT).InstepVIII,allpossibleattributesareincludedinthemodelandidentifiedbyCP79.Thesefactors,tools,andpracticesarefromothercountries.Throughtheimportantweightfactorandattributeframework“CSICrimeScene”inStep9andStep10,thefirst-levelandsecond-levelfactorattributesweredetermined.The30expertswereinterviewedandanalyzedtodeterminetheindexweightanalysismethod(AHP)(Step9).Duetothelargeamountoftimerequiredtocomparethelevelofanalytichierarchyprocess(AHP)andthelow-levelattributes,theLiKescalewasdeterminedonthebasisofthelowerlevelpropertyrightfocus,andtheheavyweightexpertsofthetwelveindustrieswereinterviewed.Itsimportance.4ModelConstruction(Step8)TheMAVTmodeldiscoveredmanyattributesaffectingsafetyfromliteratureresearchandsurveyresults.TheMAVTmethoddevelopedascoringmodeltosolvemultipleattributesoftheproblem.Thatis,eachattributespecifiesaweighttoreflectitsimportance.Degreesuse0–1torepresentallofitsattributes.Afterthat,theweightismultipliedbytheratingandtheproductcontainseachchoice.Themodelneedstodeterminethefollowing:?Attributelistneedsevaluation;?weightofattributeimportance;?Thescoreofeachattributeoftheconstructionsite;?Thechoiceofdeterminingeachgatheringrule.4.1PropertyListContractorsandtheirattributebuildingwebsitesneedtoachievesafetycertificationinordertoensureahighlevelofinvestigationintherelevanttestingindustry.Thissignificant,significantvariableisinputintotheSPSSsoftwareforfactorandstructuralanalysistodeterminewhetheritispossibletoproposeasecuritystrategythatislinkedtomanyaspects.Factoranalysisisapossibleparameterrelatedtoimportantstructuresaffectedbythisfactvariableandcanrepresentitsbasicstructureintheformofconcisenessandrecognition.Factoranalysisgeneratesfourmajorcomponents,policyfactors,processfactors,incentives,andpersonnel.Eachfactorconsistsofmultipleattributes.Thesefourfactorsandrelatedattributesarearrangedintofivehierarchicaltreestorepresentvalue,wherethegoalsmaybeabstractatthetopandcoherentandlogicalatthelowerlevels.Decisionmakersofhigher-levelgoalsoftenglobalizegoalsthatrequirethehighestorderandmustcollectivelyrepresenttheoverallgoalofthedecision-maker.Eachhigh-levelgoalistobedividedfirst,dividedintointermediatelevelgoals,andfinallydividedintolow-levelgoals.Thisvalueattributetreemusthaveawell-orderedstructuretohelpevaluatetheproblemandtoinspiretheimportanceoftheroleofweightedbranches.Inthisstudy,thehighestlevelofpurposeiscalled"factor."Thefourfactorsare:policy,process,personnel,andmotivation.Thesecondlevelofcharacteristicsisofgreatsignificance.Itsattributesarederivedfromquestionnairesurveys.Eachsecond-levelattributeisfurtherscoreduntilthelower-levelattributeismoderatelyreducedtogettheattribute.Thislistcontains590attributesandtheCSIcrimescenelist.4.2AttributeimportanceweightItisnecessarytodistinguishbetweenthesetwoaspects,whichattributesareidealinthe3P+Ilevelframework,suchasthe590attributedetailsmentionedabove,becausetheimportanceofdifferentattributessupportsthesecurityofdifferentwebsites.Therefore,itisnecessarytoestablishthedegreeofevaluationattributes,analyzetheimportanceofeachattribute,whichismainlyusedtodeterminetheimportanceofthemanufacturer,soitexpressestheevaluationofeachother'sattributesinrelationtootherattributes,theweightindicatoristhemostdeterminedbythismanufacturer.Akeyquantitativeanalysismethod.Thereareseveralconventionsthatcomefromtheweightingsystemforassigningattributes.Usingaconventiontree-levelanalysisofeachweight-bearingtreeyieldstheproliferationoftrees,thatis,eachhierarchicaltreewithasumofweightsof1.ThisstudyusestheimportanceweightsofSaaty's(19)AnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)toanalyzehigher-levelattributes(hierarchies1and2).Usingquestionnairestoobtaintheweightsofthefirstandsecondlevelsusingtheanalytichierarchyprocess.Theweightingofthesefourfactors(policy,process,personnel,andincentives)formsthefirstlevelofweight.Thesecondhierarchical3P+Imodelquestionnaireconsistsoffiveparts:(1)On-sitesecuritypolicies,processesandpersonnelincentives(primaryweight)throughrelevantfactors;(2)Relevantfactorson-sitesafetythroughpolicyaspects(Twolevelsofweight);(3)Relevantfactorson-sitesafetythroughtheprocess;(4)Relevantfactorsonpersonnel(secondaryweight);(5)Passedfactorsandon-sitesafetyincentives(secondaryweight).UsingtheSaaty(19)techniqueoftheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP),respondentscomparedeachelementorcitedthereasonfortheoppositioninsequenceorcomparedtheother9pointstoillustratetheirrelativeimportance.Theimportanceofintensitymeasuresisscoredfrom1to9toindicateits“absoluteimportance”.Eachelementisarrangedinorderandisinconflictwiththeothertoestablishitsimportance.Forexample,theelementoftheelementinthepolicyfactoristhefactorthatshowstherelativeimportanceorprocessofcomparingthescaleoftheprocessfactors,thedirectionofthebidirectional0-9.Choosingtheexperienceofanumberinrelationtoaperson’sresidence,trials,andconstructionprojectsisactivelyinvolved.Thisisdonetoreducepossibledeviationsfromaparticularproject.Usingtheanalytichierarchyprocesstodeterminetheweightofindicators,30experiencedexpertsconductedfieldsafetystudies.Theyrepresentdifferentstakeholdersintheconstructionofthevaluechainsuchascontractors,customersinthepublicsector,governmentsecuritydepartmentsandsecurityauditconsultingcompanies.Allrespondentshavemorethan5yearsofexperienceintheconstructionindustry.Theyadvocatetheinvitationofexpertsbecausetheyconsiderthenecessaryknowledgeandworkexperiencenecessaryforthesafemanagementoftheconstructionprojectstheyhandle.Collectingrelevantinformationandface-to-facequestionnaires,eachconversationlastedabout2hours.Theyweresolvedthroughfourfactors(level1)surveysandcomparisons.Respondentsaskedforacomparisonofvariables.Theymustgivescorestoimprovetheirurbanconstructionofthesafetymanagementsystem.TheirtruereliabilityisbasedontheexperienceoftherespondentanddoesnotaffectSummarizedbyanyvariable.First,thesecond-levelweightwascalculatedbysummingupthe16respondentsandtakingtheapproximateweightoftheaverage.Therelativeimportanceofthe3p+Imodel,indescendingorder,is:?Personalfactors,?Stimulus,?Processfactors,?Policyfactors.9ConclusionThemodeldevelopmentandtestcomputingCSIanditsaccompanyingtoolsdescribedinthispapercanbeusedtoreviewtheeffectivenessoftheconstructioncompany'ssafetymanagementsystem.Acomprehensivelisthasidentified590attributesthatcanbeusedtoassessconstructionsafety.AnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)isusedtodeterminethedescriptionprocessforthefirstandsecond-levelweightmethods.The5-pointLikertquantityisusedtoexpresstheimportanceweightsthatdeterminelow-levelattributes.The3P+Imodelisusedtotestwhethertheseweightsarenormal.Thisarticlealsodiscussesevaluationmethods,models,andaggregationrulesforallcomponents.Basedonthisratingmethod,fiveexpertinterviewsandfinalevaluationmethodsarefourpossibleevaluationoptions:0/1,0-1,0/1/NA0-1/NA.Themodelisalsoverifiedthroughon-siteaudits.Themainpurposeoftheauditistotesttheobjectivityoftheevaluationmethod.Thisisaveryimportantaudittoolthatcanbeusedinmanyways.Fivetechniciansconductedauditsatthreedifferentlocations,indicatingthatthemodelisobjectivebecausetheShanghai-Shenzhenstandarddeviationrangedfrom0.019to0.057.Inaddition,theShanghaiandShenzheninventorieshavealsobeenimprovedtoensuretheiravailabilityandintelligibility.ThecalculationofCSIdevelopmentandtestingthroughtheframeworkinthisstudyisveryimportantbecauseitcanserveasareferenceformeasuringtheeffectivenessofaproject'ssafetymanagementsystemassessment.Themodelisalsoveryimportantintheconstructionindustryandisusedtodeterminetheeffectivenessofthesafetymanagementsystemandsafetymanagementsystemaudits.Thisisbecausetherehasbeennostandardizedauditingtool,whichcanobjectivelyassessthestrengthandweaknessofthesafetymanagementsystem.Themodeldevelopedandtestedinthisstudyservesasanindustry-standardauditmethodthatachievesthepurposeofsecurityauditstoreducethedifferencesbetweendifferentsecurityconsultantsandauditingstandards.InvalidsafetymanagementsystemcanbedeterminedbythelowCSIscore.Takemeasuresfromtheretoimprovesitesafety.Thismodelservesasanactualsafetytestingtool.Thepurposeofitsresearchistomeettheneedsoftherealityandtodeterminetheeffectivenessoftheauditofthesafetymanagementsystemandthesafetymanagementsystem.Obviously,themodeldevelopedinthisstudycouldnotsolvethesecurityissuesonallprojects.Thereshouldbeaproperframeworkforreducingthenumberofaccidents.Whatismostimportantforstrengtheningthesafetyofconstructionsitesrequirescarefulconsideration.Thenewframeworkdevelopedinthisstudyrequiresajointefforttodealwithsafetyhazards.Allstakeholdersmustidentifyrisks,assumeresponsibilities,takemeasurestopreventormitigatesafetyhazards,andentrenchsafetyculture.中文譯文開發(fā)一個評估施工現(xiàn)場安全管理系統(tǒng)有效性的模型作者：EALTeo，F(xiàn)YYLing摘要在新加坡,實施了建筑行業(yè)安全管理系統(tǒng)(SMS)和SMS審計大約有十年之久的現(xiàn)在,安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的提高并不顯著。為了回應(yīng)需要改進(jìn)的有效性(SMS)和安全管理體系審計的目的,本文提出了一種方法,人員可以利用測試工具來評估審計建筑公司安全管理體系的有效性。研究方法采用了15個步進(jìn)行調(diào)查,安全專家被邀請通過面試或工作表達(dá)自己的意見。層次分析法(AHP)及因子分析是用來協(xié)助識別影響最為關(guān)鍵的因素和屬性的安全。該模型開發(fā)利用多屬性值模型(MAVT)的方法。該方法可以通過網(wǎng)站得到驗證審核,利用模型中施工安全指數(shù)(CSI)可以計算出來。結(jié)果表明,該模型可以作為一個客觀CSI衡量不同管理和評估。關(guān)鍵詞:安全管理體系;安全審核;施工安全指數(shù)1引言:支撐這一工作的論據(jù)安全管理體系(SMS)作為建筑業(yè)一個正式制度的管理現(xiàn)場安全的體系。承包商預(yù)期管理現(xiàn)場安全通過正常的安全管理體系。如何有效地評價這些系統(tǒng)是很重要的,這樣可以使不足之處得以更正。該研究工作是在協(xié)作與職業(yè)安全部門監(jiān)督下進(jìn)行的,人力資源部門可根據(jù)當(dāng)局評價審計協(xié)議來衡量一個建筑工地的有效性的安全管理體系。新加坡建筑行業(yè)服務(wù)實施了安全管理體系審計大約有十年之久了,但是提高的安全效果并不顯著。這與影響船舶的修建行業(yè)一樣,經(jīng)歷了一個穩(wěn)定提高安全性能的階段。實施后的指標(biāo)(SMS)和安全管理體系審計缺乏安全的改進(jìn)可能是由于缺少安全管理結(jié)構(gòu)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在新加坡,沒有規(guī)定管理SMS的方式和政策,缺少的部分由建筑公司起草。事情往往不是這樣,承包商的人認(rèn)為,他們有足夠的時間來審計安全管理體系的安全。以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的安全關(guān)系體系在建筑工地有助于防止事故的發(fā)生。因此,必須提供一個全面的屬性清單以及可能影響其安全工作的性能,同時也沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議上的安全進(jìn)行審計方法。各項安全審計事務(wù)有它自己的一套審計方法,施工安全管理系統(tǒng)守則基于在新加坡的廣泛使用的規(guī)程實施。想知道網(wǎng)站是否有一個有效的安全管理體系,政府被要求每六個月進(jìn)行一次安全管理體系的檢查。問題是,迄今為止沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工具能客觀的審計和有效性的去評估公司的安全管理體系。還有一個大型的審計之間的差異,摘要的不同,以及安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的疑問。針對需要提高其療效和安全管理體系的審核,這篇文章的目的是提出一種開發(fā)和測試的工具方法,可以用審計師評估一家建筑公司的有效性及安全管理體系。這個目標(biāo)是非常重要的,因為行業(yè)通過一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,可以開發(fā)一個審計的目的和基準(zhǔn)。這個調(diào)查的目的是制定一項審計協(xié)議來有效的評價解釋網(wǎng)站的安全管理體系。這是取得的發(fā)展和測試評估使用的工具,這些網(wǎng)站用來計算施工安全指數(shù)(CSI)。這是用一個定量的成績表示一個建筑工地效能水平的安全管理體系。安全審計是一種收集結(jié)構(gòu)化過程獨立信息的效率、效果和可靠性的總和,通過安全審計來對安全管理體系制訂糾正措施。有效性在確定安全管理體系中是很重要的。Gibb發(fā)現(xiàn)有監(jiān)測事故發(fā)生前的審計系統(tǒng)成功實現(xiàn)了加強的效果,安全管理的安全性能也是至關(guān)重要的。考克斯和考克斯團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)安全審計是安全管理體系最重要的因素之一,它為管理者提供進(jìn)一步符合的安全管理體系的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。安全工作源于實踐,通過觀察可靠和延續(xù)的反饋安全生產(chǎn)水平。因此,及時的安全檢查將幫助確定強項和弱項電流安全程序,使任何可能造成不利影響的問題區(qū)域得以成功的預(yù)防,這使公司能獲得更大的利益且符合程序資源部署。2安全管理體系服務(wù)于建筑行業(yè)在新加坡,MOM是政府調(diào)控機制研究進(jìn)展的立法機構(gòu),負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行安全問題的地方。主要制定安全立法網(wǎng)站必須遵守的工廠法案章節(jié)(104)和《工廠大樓運營和工作建設(shè)工程)(BOWEC)規(guī)例》。BOWEC法規(guī)要求所有的施工工作城市及合同價值$1000萬基礎(chǔ)上的制定了一個安全管理體系守則,即建筑安全管理系統(tǒng)(CP)。工作城市間合同價值少于1000萬美元的,不需要執(zhí)行安全管理體系,但是他們也鼓勵要去執(zhí)行。CP79的14個主要安全管理元素如下:·安全政策;·安全工作實踐;·安全培訓(xùn);·工作組會議;·事故調(diào)查和分析;·內(nèi)部安全規(guī)則和條例;·安全推廣,評價、選擇和管理承包商;·安全檢查;·維護政權(quán)所有的機器和設(shè)備;·危害分析;·運動控制和有害物質(zhì);·化學(xué)材料;·緊急事件處置;·職業(yè)健康計劃。每個單元提供詳細(xì)的施工指導(dǎo)意見來組織和管理他們公司的應(yīng)用網(wǎng)站,以確保公司人員和公眾的安全。然而,CP79注定不會被封閉在一個嚴(yán)格的組,因為每個法規(guī)的建設(shè)項目是不同的。項目經(jīng)理必須小心解釋條款在《實務(wù)守則》中適應(yīng)這個項目的環(huán)境指南。除了新加坡、安全管理體系也需要在其他國家發(fā)展?；仡櫚踩芾眢w系在香港,澳大利亞,美國和英國的使用發(fā)現(xiàn)79年新加坡的CP綜合非常激動人心,并涵蓋所有級別的建設(shè)項目和組織。然而,關(guān)注更高水平的問題,如管理承諾不足相比澳大利亞和英國。這方法采用的體系不同于英國具體豐富的細(xì)節(jié),但他們凸顯需要進(jìn)行管理,在那里他們的參與給出的意見和評論非常重要。很多研究表明,參與管理安全管理體系的核心元素,若沒有聯(lián)合管理的支持是難以執(zhí)行安全生產(chǎn)措施和建立安全文化組織的。3研究方法第一步是復(fù)習(xí)各種安全管理體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和選定發(fā)達(dá)國家已知有且相對較高的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為指導(dǎo)方針。這些國家包括香港、澳大利亞、英國和美國。第二步,相關(guān)屬性的選擇要進(jìn)行基于文獻(xiàn)分析及研究各國安全管理體系。然后以問卷的方式調(diào)查從業(yè)者的感知重要性的順序排列。發(fā)放問卷調(diào)查,隨機選取新加坡的420名有注冊建筑施工機構(gòu)的建筑承包商(步驟三)。第四步,審核并獎勵安全性能獎(ASPA)來鼓勵選擇使用安全管理體系的這些組織。第五步,進(jìn)行訪談的三個安全審計人員找出其審計的實踐,開發(fā)了一個以文獻(xiàn)分析及郵政調(diào)查結(jié)果為基礎(chǔ)的初步的框架(步驟六、步驟七)。通過一個模型來衡量發(fā)明安全管理體系的有效性(第八步),該模型基于多屬性技術(shù)(MAVT)。在步驟八,所有可能的屬性納入該模型并通過CP79鑒定,這些因素、工具和實踐來自其他國家。通過步驟九和步驟十的重要性權(quán)重因素和屬性框架《CSI犯罪現(xiàn)場》確定第一級和二級因素屬性,30位專家們接受了采訪,分析確定了指標(biāo)的權(quán)重層次分析法(AHP)(步驟9)。由于需要大量的時間進(jìn)行層次分析法(AHP)和低等級屬性的數(shù)量的比較,在較低的水平屬性權(quán)重點的基礎(chǔ)上,確定李克量表,十二個行業(yè)的重量級專家接受了采訪體現(xiàn)了它的重要性。4模型構(gòu)造(第八步)MAVT模型從文獻(xiàn)研究和調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)許多影響安全的屬性,MAVT方法在解決這個問題的多重屬性上開發(fā)了一個得分模型,即每個屬性指定一個重量來反映其重要性,每個施工現(xiàn)場的標(biāo)度上用0–1表示其所有屬性,此后,重量乘以評級,產(chǎn)品包含每個選擇。該模型需要確定如下內(nèi)容:·屬性列表需要評價;·屬性重要性的權(quán)重;·施工現(xiàn)場各個屬性的評分;·對