高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解五步法專項(xiàng)帶練（41）講義

①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.④A2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.Studyingfamilymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.⑤Stefanssonsaidhisteamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.【素材來(lái)源：湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)2024屆高三月考試卷（六）英語(yǔ)試題】8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?A.Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.B.Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.9.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?A.Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.B.Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.C.Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwinsB.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwinsC.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopiesD.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg【五步法解析】串聯(lián)題干Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?歸納主題詞：newfinding;identicaltwins8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?對(duì)同卵雙胞胎的檢查讓研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.細(xì)胞在試圖復(fù)制自己的過(guò)程中發(fā)生了很大的變化。Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.基因突變很早就存在于同卵雙胞胎中。CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.基因突變可以影響一個(gè)人的外貌。D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.控制一個(gè)人對(duì)抗疾病的能力是可能的。按照題干定位到第一段①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?新的研究可能告訴人們什么?Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.醫(yī)生應(yīng)該用不同的方法來(lái)處理雙胞胎患者Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.仔細(xì)檢查同卵雙胞胎的基因是沒(méi)有用的Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.可能有更好的方法來(lái)區(qū)分同卵雙胞胎。D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.造成同卵雙胞胎不同的不僅僅是環(huán)境（原文正話反說(shuō))按照題干定位到第二到第三段落②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?南希·西格爾對(duì)這項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)有何看法A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.她認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)完美的發(fā)現(xiàn)。B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.她認(rèn)為這值得重新考慮。C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.她認(rèn)為這會(huì)讓別人感到困惑。D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.她認(rèn)為這是有意義和重要的。同義替換：meaningful=significant⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant勇氣和非凡意義”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?這篇文章最好的標(biāo)題是什么?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwins研究已經(jīng)找到了影響雙胞胎的方法B.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwins同卵雙胞胎之間存在差異C.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopies同卵雙胞胎并非基因完全相同D.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg同卵雙胞胎來(lái)自同一個(gè)受精卵①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.【逐句翻譯】第一段：①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句句意一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，同卵雙胞胎的基因并不完全相同。②Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾twobabies.同卵雙胞胎是來(lái)自同一個(gè)受精卵的兩個(gè)嬰兒(受精卵)。③ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.冰島科學(xué)家檢測(cè)了387對(duì)同卵雙胞胎及其父母、子女、丈夫或妻子的DNA。④“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突變)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.首席研究員兼遺傳學(xué)家KariStefansson說(shuō):“通過(guò)檢查，研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了區(qū)分同卵雙胞胎的早期突變(突變)?！雹軭eisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.他是冰島大學(xué)的教授，也是基因解密公司的創(chuàng)始人。第二段：①M(fèi)utationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾smallchanges句意：突變是DNA的微小變化，可能發(fā)生在細(xì)胞分裂試圖復(fù)制自身時(shí)?！菊骖}必考短語(yǔ)】Mutationn.變化;轉(zhuǎn)變;突變;變異記憶mut=tochange②Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：to介詞短語(yǔ)修飾ability.這些微小的變化可以影響一個(gè)人的外表或控制一個(gè)人對(duì)抗疾病的能力。③Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.研究人員說(shuō)，新發(fā)現(xiàn)的突變表明，同卵雙胞胎確實(shí)存在基因差異。④TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.研究結(jié)果最近發(fā)表在《自然遺傳學(xué)》雜志上⑤Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：還原正確語(yǔ)序theresearchersfoundthatidentical研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，同卵雙胞胎平均有5.2個(gè)早期基因差異。【真題必考詞匯】Onaverage平均;平均起來(lái);按平均值Ourrepsmakeonaveragesixcallsaday.我們的銷售代表平均每天打六次.⑥Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.但大約15%的同卵雙胞胎擁有比這更多的基因。Stefansson說(shuō)，有些人可能有多達(dá)100種基因差異。⑦Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.這些差異代表了每個(gè)雙胞胎遺傳物質(zhì)的一小部分。⑧Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.但它們可能會(huì)影響雙胞胎中為什么一個(gè)更高，或者為什么一個(gè)比另一個(gè)患某些癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。第三段：①Inthepast,manyresearchersbelieved(that)physicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：seenin...非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)修飾physicaldifference;suchas...句意：過(guò)去，許多研究人員認(rèn)為同卵雙胞胎的身體差異主要與環(huán)境影響有關(guān)，如營(yíng)養(yǎng)或生活方式行為?！菊骖}必考詞匯】Berelatedto...與...有關(guān)聯(lián)Thisensuresthatthedataobtainedcanberelatedtodatafromothersamplingsites.這樣做就能確定已得到的數(shù)據(jù)同其它采樣點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)之間的相互關(guān)系.②JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.JanDumanski是瑞典烏普薩拉大學(xué)的遺傳學(xué)家。③Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.他沒(méi)有參與這項(xiàng)研究。④Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.他稱贊這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)研究的明確而重要的貢獻(xiàn)。⑤“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句句意：杜曼斯基說(shuō):“這表明，當(dāng)我們把雙胞胎作為研究遺傳或環(huán)境影響的模型時(shí)，我們必須非常小心?！钡谒亩危孩貯2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.2008年《美國(guó)人類遺傳學(xué)雜志》上的一篇論文發(fā)現(xiàn)，同卵雙胞胎之間存在一些基因差異。②Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.然而，這項(xiàng)新研究超越了先前的工作，包括了同卵雙胞胎的父母、孩子、丈夫和妻子的DNA。③Studying(that)familymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：presentin...和passedonto...做定語(yǔ)修飾those;when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句句意：通過(guò)對(duì)家庭成員的研究，研究人員可以檢查兩種不同類型的細(xì)胞何時(shí)發(fā)生基因突變:一種只存在于一個(gè)人身上，另一種遺傳給這個(gè)人的孩子。第五段：①Stefanssonsaid(that)histeamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾twins句意：Stefansson說(shuō)，他的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，雙胞胎中有一個(gè)身體的所有細(xì)胞都有突變，而另一個(gè)完全沒(méi)有。②“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.“然而，有時(shí)第二個(gè)雙胞胎可能在某些細(xì)胞中表現(xiàn)出突變，但不是所有細(xì)胞，”他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。③Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.研究人員表示，他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了在發(fā)育中的胚胎(胚胎)分裂成兩半之前發(fā)生的突變。第六段：①NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversit