植物保護外文文獻翻譯

附錄PlantProtectionAbstractThecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,says[JohnHowell].Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,"saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers."[Headnote]Increaseyieldsbymakingsureyourpumpkinandsquashcropsareadequatelycoveredwithacropprotectant.OVERtheyears,diseasepressureonpumpkinsandwintersquash,especiallyintheNortheast,hasbecomemoresevere.Morethan30yearsago,thesecropswerenottypicallysprayedwithfungicidesorinsecticidesbecauseitsimplywasn'tnecessary.Diseaseandinsectpressurewasn'tthatsignificant-backthen.Fastforwardtoabout15yearsago,andthingswerebeginningtochange.AccordingtoJohnHowell,retiredextensionvegetablespecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,asdemandforthesecrops,especiallypumpkinsforHalloween,increased,sodidproductionandthespreadofplantdisease,particularlyblackrot.Theresultwasthatsprayingbecameanecessity."Growersdidn'twanttodrivethroughtheirfieldswithasprayerbecausetheywouldsquashafewsquash,andpumpkins,"saysHowell."Wehadtoconvincethemthatlosingafewplantsthiswaywasbetterthanlosingmuchmoretodisease."SprayerVs.SprayerAccordingtoHowell,mostgrowersusehigh-pressurevolumesprayerstoapplyinsecticidesandfungicidestorowcrops.Someuseairblastsprayersandlow-volumeunits.Frompastresearchsprayinginsecticidesandfungicidesonpumpkinsandsquash,Howelllearnedthatnoneofthesprayertypesworkedaswellastheywouldhavelikedthemto.Low-volumeandairblastsprayersfellshortinbeingabletosuccessfullypenetratethecanopyandachievegoodleafcoverage.Low-volumesprayers,saysHowell,aretypicallyusedtosprayherbicidesdirectlyonthesoil,soapplyingproducttoplantleavestopreventdiseaseisn'tthemaingoal.Theairblastunits,helearned,haddifficultygettingcoverageundertheplantcanopy.Ofthethreetypes,thehigh-pressurevolumesprayersprovidedthebestcoveragetoplantleaves."Theyalldidagoodjobontheuppersurfacesoftheupperleaves,"heexplains."However,youalsowanttobeabletogetthelowerleavesthatarelowerinthecanopyandtheundersidesofthoseleaves,aswell.Ithinkslowlymoregrowersarebecomingmoreawareofthisissuewithspraycoverage."Duringhisresearch,Howellemployedtheuseofwater-sensitivecards.Theseyellowcardswereclippedonthetopupperleavesofplantsandonleaveslowertotheground.Waterwassubstitutedforacropprotectantsoresearcherscouldwalkthroughthefieldsaftertheplantsweresprayed.Cardsthatgotwetturnedblue.Thecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,saysHowell.Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,"saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers."Usingahigh-pressuresprayerfilledwithwater,theseyellowwatersensitivecardsturnedbluewherewaterdropletshitthem.Thetopcard?ineachcolumnisfromanupperleaf,topsurface.Thesecondcardisfromanupperleaf,underside;thethirdcardisalowerleaf,topsurface;andthefourth(lowest)cardisfromcloverleaf,underside.Itwasdifficulttoachievegoodcoverageontheundersidesofleaves.Howelladdsthatsprayingpumpkinsandsquashareparticularlychallenging,thankstotheamountoffoliagethatneedstobecovered.Researchersalsoareusingwater-sensitivecardstotestthecoverageoffungicidesandinsecticidesonothercrops,suchassweetcorn,hesays.[Sidebar]UseTheRightNozzleJOHNHowell,aretiredvegetableextensionspecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,saysgrowersshoulduseahigh-pressuresprayerontheirpumpkinandsquashplantsandtheyshoulduseasolid-conenozzle.Mostsprayers,hesays,comewithhollow-conenozzles."Asolidconehasanarrowerangleandtendstopushthespraymaterialfurtherintothefoliage,"heexplains.Healsotellsgrowerstonotexceedspeedsof2milesperhourwhensprayingbecauseittakestimetopushthespraymaterialdownintothecanopy."Ifyouaretravelingtoofast,youwon'tgetgoodpenetrationofthefoliage,"hesays."Youhavetogivethesolutiontimetogetdownintothefoliageasyoupassoverthecrop."Anglingthenozzlealsohelps.Onmostboomorhigh-pressuresprayers,growerscanloosentheclampsontheboom,andangleitabout15to20degreesforwardasopposedtofacingitstraightdown.Bysettingthenozzleonanangle,ittendstostiruptheleavesalittlebitandaidsinthepenetrationofthecanopy,saysHowell.植物保護摘要在上表面的卡是藍色的，說[約翰豪厄爾]。在許多情況下，在下部葉卡也沒有涉及?！叭绻N植者想看看在任何一種作物的覆蓋面，他們可以從機械經(jīng)銷商那里得到卡片，“豪威爾說?！按_定你正在用什么樣方式來噴涂覆蓋面這是偉大的。我們在4英里的時速和2英里的時速測試所有這些噴霧器，我們用不同類型的噴霧器來測試。通過確保你增加南瓜和西葫蘆作物涵蓋量，來增加作物保護劑的產(chǎn)量。多年來，尤其是在東北，疾病對南瓜、冬瓜的壓力變得更加嚴重。30多年前，這些作物通常不噴灑殺菌劑或殺蟲劑，因為它根本沒有必要。病蟲害壓力并不顯著。當時的情況?？焖倩氐酱蠹s15年前，事情開始發(fā)生變化。據(jù)約翰豪威爾——一位退休的常識淵博的麻省理工大學(xué)的蔬菜專家，他認為，隨著這些作物，尤其是萬圣節(jié)南瓜的需求的增加而加速了植物疾病的傳播，特別是黑腐病。其結(jié)果是，噴灑農(nóng)藥成為必然?！胺N植者不希望駕駛一個攜帶噴霧器的機械駛過自己的田地，因為他們會損失幾個南瓜，”豪威爾說?！拔覀儽仨氄f服他們，通過這種方式失去幾個南瓜，比被一些植物的疾病奪去更多的南瓜要好?！辈煌瑖婌F器的比較據(jù)豪威爾介紹，大部分種植者通過用高壓噴霧器噴灑殺蟲劑和殺菌劑來保護中耕作物。有的用鼓風(fēng)噴霧機和低容量噴霧器。，豪威爾了解到，從過去的南瓜和西葫蘆噴灑殺蟲劑和殺菌劑的研究來看，噴霧器類型沒有一次達到他們預(yù)期的效果。低容量噴霧器和鼓風(fēng)噴霧機沒有能夠成功地滲透，實現(xiàn)良好的葉冠層覆蓋。豪威爾說，低容量噴霧器通常用于在土壤上直接噴灑除草劑，使植物葉片應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品，以防止疾病，但不是主要目標。他還了解到，鼓風(fēng)噴霧機很難作用到樹冠覆蓋下的植物。在這三種類型中，高壓容量噴霧器對植物的葉子起到了最好的覆蓋效果?！八袊婌F器都對葉子上表面的效果不錯，”他說?！安贿^，你也希望能夠使較低的葉片，在樹冠較低處，同樣有很好的效果。我想慢慢地越來越多的種植者會意識到噴霧覆蓋這個問題?！痹谒难芯恐?，豪威爾采用了水敏卡。這些黃色卡片被夾在植物的葉子的上表面和下表面。對保護者來說，水是