材料科學(xué)概論

IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandEngineeringGuanRui-fang1精選ppt2精選ppt材料與新技術(shù)革命3精選ppt4精選ppt5精選ppt6精選ppt7精選ppt材料與國防現(xiàn)代化8精選pptThisbookisdividedintofourmajorsectionsThefundamentalsThestructuralmaterialsTheelectronicandmagneticmaterialsMaterialsinengineeringdesignsciencematerialsengineering9精選pptNatureofmaterials’propertiesMicroscopicorsubmicroscopicstructureEngineeringdesign10精選pptChapterI

MaterialsforEngineering1.1Typesofmaterials1.2Fromstructuretoproperties1.3Selectionofmaterials1.4Materialsscienceandengineering11精選pptKeywordAlloy[5AlCi]

Atomic-scale-architectureBrittle[5britl]Ceramic[si5rAmik]Composite[5kCmpEzit,-zait]Concrete[5kCnkri:t]ConductorCrystalline[5kristElain]adj.Devitrified[di:5vitrifai]Ductility[dQk5tiliti]ElectronicandmagneticmaterialElement[5elimEnt]Fiberglass[5faIbE^lB:s]12精選pptGlassGlass-ceramicInsulatorMaterialsscienceandengineeringMaterialsselectionMetallicMicrocircuitry[5maIkrEJs\:kIt]Microscopic-scalearchitectureNoncrystallineNonmetallic[5nCnmi5tAlik]Keyword13精選pptOxidePeriodic[piEri5Cdik]tablePlasticPolyethylene[7pCli5eWili:n]PolymerPropertyRefractorySemiconductorSilica硅石，SiO2Silicate]硅酸鹽Silicon硅元素SteelStructuralmaterialwoodKeyword14精選ppt1.1Typesofmaterials

a.Metalsmetallicbondb.Ceramics(glass)ionic[aI5RnIk]andcovalent[kEu5veilEnt]bondc.PolymerscovalentandVanderwaalsbondd.Compositese.semiconductorsWhatmaterialsareavailabletome?Fivecategories15精選ppt16精選pptAMetals

超塑性的,超塑性材料(制)的1.i.e.Latin，thewrittenabbreviationforidest,也就是，即。讀作：thatis2.state-of-the-art技術(shù)發(fā)展水平，現(xiàn)代化的。3.superplastic.17精選pptCharacteristics(metallic金屬的，金屬性的)Itisstrongandcanbereadilyformedintopracticalshapes.Ductile[5dQktail]—permanentdeformabilitymetalliclusterelectricconductor

Metalshavenobrittlenessandaresafeformanyapplications.Structuralsteel18精選pptGasket[5^Askit]墊圈,襯墊springwireValve[vAlv]19精選ppt20精選ppt21精選ppt22精選pptBCeramics[si5rAmiks]Ahomogeneousmixtureoftwoormoresubstances,whichmaybesolids,liquids,gases,oracombinationofthese.1.Refractory[ri5frAktEri]Difficulttomeltorwork;resistanttoheat.2.fracturetoughness斷裂韌度3.crystalline[5kristElain]Being,relatingto,orcomposedofcrystalorcrystals.4.Devitrify[di:5vitrifai]Tocause(aglassymaterial)tobecomecrystallineandbrittle.5.solution23精選pptTheceramicsisderivedfromGreekword“keramic”whichmeansanartofpotter.Include:

glass;enamels[i5nAmEl];refractories;cements;limes;plasters(plasterofParis);cermets[5sE:met]金屬陶瓷,含陶合金;electronicceramics;highandlowtensionelectricalinsulators;structuralclayproducts;nuclearceramics;whitewares;abrasives[E5breisiv].24精選pptTheDifferentColorsofCorundum[kE5rQndEm]RubySapphire[5sAfaiE]25精選ppt

Whyshouldn’tAl2O3bechosenforcertainapplicationswheremetallicaluminumhasbeenused?1、Al2O3havetwoadvantages:first,chemicallystable;Aloxidizedsecond,highermeltingpoint(20200C)Al(6600C)refractoryuseinindustrialfurnace

construction26精選pptQuestionsWhatmaterialsareavailabletoyouinthisbook?Whatfundamentalcharacteristicsmetalshave?Pleaseshademetallicelementsinperiodictableandgivesomeexamplesofalloys.PleaselisttwoprincipaladvantagesofAl2O3relativetometallicAl.What’sthemostlimitingpropertyofceramics.27精選pptThemostlimitingpropertyofceramicsbrittlenessRecentdevelopmentinceramictechnologyareexpandingtheutilityofceramicsforstructuralapplicationnotbyeliminatingtheirinherentbrittleness,butbyincreasingtheirstrengthtosufficientlyhighlevels(greaterthan700MPa)andincreasingtheirresistancetofracture.28精選ppt2、Al2O3MgOSiO2Si3N4Atleastonemetallicelement+oneoffivenonmetalelement(C,N,O,PandS)Carbide[5kB:baid]Nitride[5naitraid]Oxide[5Cksaid]Phosphide[5fCsfaid]Sulphide.[5sQlfaid]OxideceramicsNonoxideceramics29精選ppt3、Onemetallicelementplusoneoffivenonmetallicelements(C,N,O,P,orS)30精選ppt4、Characteristics:refractoryhighhardnesshighstrengthhighbrittleness31精選ppt32精選ppt33精選pptThesimilarstructuralfeatureofmetalsandceramics:Crystalline:theirconstituentatomsarestackedtogetherinaregular,repeatingpattern.Thedistinction:ceramicscanbemadeinanoncrystallineform.[skI5mAtIk]34精選pptSiO2(approximately72%)Na2OCaOGlass:brittlenesssimilarwithcrystallineceramictransmitvisiblelightchemicalinertnessglassesareimportantengineeringmaterials35精選pptGlass-ceramicsisathirdcategoryLithiumaluminosilicatesCertainglasscompositionscanbefullydevitifiedbyanappropriatethermaltreatmentlow-thermalexpansioncoefficientscomplexformshighmechanicalstrengthVitreous[5vItrIEs]glassystateSubsequentcrystallization36精選ppt37精選ppt38精選pptCPolymers(plastics)Exempligratia.Forexample.1.ethylene

Acolorless,flammablegas,C2H4,derivedfromnaturalgasandpetroleumandusedasasourceofmanyorganiccompounds,inwelding

[5weldiN]焊接andcuttingmetals,andasananesthetic

[7Anis5Wetik]麻醉劑.2.polyethyleneApolymerizedethyleneresin,usedespeciallyforcontainers,kitchenware,andtubing,orintheformoffilmsandsheetsforpackaging.3.e.g.39精選pptAnyofnumerousorganiccompounds,suchasbenzeneandmethane,thatcontainonlycarbonandhydrogen.4.Acrylics[E5kriliks]丙烯酸樹脂5.Nylon[5nailEn]Anyofafamilyofhigh-strength,resilientsyntheticpolymers,themoleculesofwhichcontaintherecurringamidegroupCONH.6.Hydrocarbon40精選pptTheseman-madematerialsareabranchoforganicchemistry.41精選ppt42精選ppt1.Poly+mer:merinapolymerisasinglehydrocarbonmoleculesuchasethylene(C2H4).longchainolecules:Polymersarelong-chainmoleculescomposedofmanymersbondtogether.43精選ppt44精選ppt1)nobrittleness2.Characteristics:2)lowermeltingpoint3)highstrengthalongit’schainandlowstrengthbetweenit’schains4)lightweightlow-cost5)higherchemicalreactivity6)Man-madematerials45精選pptSubstitutionfortraditionalstructuralmetals46精選pptQustionspleaseillustratetwotypeofelementsthatcomposedceramiccompoundsinperiodictable.Whatarethemajorcompositionsofglass?whyglassesareimportantengineeringmaterials?Pleaselisttwocategoriesandgivesomeexamplesofceramicsaccordingtheircompositions.Pleaselistthreecategoriesandgivesomeexamplesofceramicsaccordingtheiratomicstructrualfeature.Whatarepolymers?Whatarecharacteristicsofpolymers?Pleasegivesomeexamplesofpolymers.47精選ppt48精選pptSiO2(approximately72%)Na2OCaOGlass:brittlenesssimilarwithcrystallineceramictransmitvisiblelightchemicalinertnessglassesareimportantengineeringmaterials49精選pptAccordingtotheircompositions,ceramicscanbedividedintotwocatogories.Oneisoxideceramicssuchasaluminumoxide(Al2O3),magnesiumoxide(MgO),andsilica(SiO2),theotheroneisnonoxideceramics,siliconnitrideisanimportantnonoxideceramic.50精選pptaccordingtotheiratomicstructualfeature,therearethreetypesofceramicsascrystallineceramics,noncrystallineceramicsandthethirdcategory,glass-ceramics.Siliconnitrideisoneofcrystallineceramics,glassisakindofnoncrystallineceramicsandglass-ceramicsisarelativelyrecentmaterial,thatis,certainglasscompositions(suchaslithiumaluminosilicates)canbefullydevitifiedbyanappropriatethermaltreatment.51精選ppt

Polymersarelong-chainmoleculescomposedofmanymersbondtogether.Polyethylene,acrylicsandnylonarealltypicalpolymers.Polymersarenobrittleness,highstrengthalongit’schainandlowstrengthbetweenit’schains,lightweight,low-cost,lowermeltingpointandhigherchemicalreactivitycomparedwithceramics,atlastpolymersareman-madematerials.52精選pptshell53精選pptwood54精選ppt55精選ppt56精選pptDComposite(fiberreinforceplastics)Possessinghereditary[hI5redItErI]rankinapoliticalsystemorsocialclassderivedfromafeudalistic[9fjU:dE`lIstIk]stageofacountry'sdevelopment.

Inactiveorinert.1.Albeit[C:l5bi:It]page12,line5Eventhough;although;notwithstanding.2.Noblepage12,para.2,line257精選pptCombinationofindividualmaterialsfromthepreviouscategories.Characteristics:thebestofbothworldsItcarryalongthesuperiorpropertiesofeachcomponent,producingaproductthatissuperiortoeitherofthecomponentsseparately.58精選pptExample:fiberglass,wood,concrete.59精選ppt60精選ppts61精選pptSupplementaryintroductionSemiconductorsApieceofequipmentthatproducesapowerfulnarrowbeamoflightthatcanbeusedinmedicaloperations,tocutmetals,ortomakepatternsoflightforentertainment.1.arsenide[5B:sEnaid]砷化物Acompoundofarsenicwithamoreelectropositiveelement.2.laser62精選pptSophisticated

page13，line6frombelow[sE5fistikeitid]adj.1.詭辯的,久經(jīng)世故的2.Verycomplexorcomplicated:非常復(fù)雜精密或尖端的最新最尖端的技術(shù)thelatestandmostsophisticatedtechnology.63精選pptSemiconductorsarerelativelyinvisiblecomparedwithpolymers,buthaveacomparablesocialimpact.Semiconductorsarethebasisofmodernelectronics.64精選ppt65精選pptArelativelysmallgroupofelementsandcompoundshasanimportantelectricalproperty。threesemiconductingelements

(Si(silicon),Ge(germanium[dVE:5meiniEm]),Sn(tin)).compounds:GaAs

gallium

[5^AliEm]arsenide,

CdS

cadmium

sulfide[5kAdmiEm

5sQlfaid]ceramicscompound:ZnOPrecisecontrolofchemicalpurityallowsprecisecontrolofelectronicproperties.66精選pptCharacteristics:

semiconduction,inwhichtheyareneithergoodelectricalconductorsnorgoodelectricalinsulators

[5insjuleitE],instead,theirabilitytoconductelectricityisintermediate

[7intE5mi:djEt].67精選pptAtomic-scale-architectureCompositeDevitrified[di:5vitrifai]使不透明DuctilityElectronicandmagneticmaterialFiberglassMaterialsselectionMicrocircuitry

[5maIkrEJs\:kIt][電子]微電路Microscopic-scalearchitectureRefractoryStructuralmaterial68精選pptQustions1、Pleasedefinecomposites,andthendemonstratethecharacteristicsofgoodcompositesbysomeexamples.2、pleaseenumerate([i5nju:mEreit]v.列舉)semiconductingelementsandcompounds.69精選pptCompositeismaterialcomposedofamicroscopic-scalecombinationofindividualmaterialsfromthecategoriesofmetals,ceramics(andglasses),andpolymer.E.g.fiberglassisakindofcompositesystemcomposedofpolymericmatrixreinforcedwithglassfibers.Characteristicoffiberglassprovidesthebestofbothworlds:Itcarryalongthesuperiorpropertiesofeachcomponent,producingaproductthatissuperiortoeitherofthecomponentsseparately.Thehighstrengthofthesmall-diameterglassfibersiscombinedwiththeductilityofthepolymermatrixtoproduceastrongmaterialcapableofwithstandingthenormalloadingrequiredofastructuralmaterial.70精選pptTherearethreesemiconductingelements(Si,GeandSn)fromcolumnIVAandaclusterofelementsoftheperiodictableimmediatelyadjacenttocolumnIVA,whichformscompoundsthataresemiconducting.Examplesincludegalliumarsenide(GaAs),whichisusedasahigh-temperaturerectifier([5rektifaiE]整流器)andalasermaterial,andcadmiumsulfide(CdS)whichisusedasarelativelylow-costsolarcellforconversionofsolarenergytousefulelectricalenergy.71精選ppt1.2FromstructuretopropertiesTheunitofluminousflux[flQks]流量,通量intheInternationalSystem,equaltotheamountoflightgivenoutthroughasolidanglebyasourceofonecandela[kAn5di:lE]intensityradiatingequallyinalldirections.1.hexagonal[hek`sA^EnEl]Havingsixsides.2.lumen[5lju:min]縮寫lm[物理學(xué)]流明（光通量單位）：國際度量系統(tǒng)中的光通量單位，等于一燭光的均勻點(diǎn)光源在單位主體角內(nèi)發(fā)出的光通量.72精選pptEquivalent[i5kwivElEnt]adj.相等的,相當(dāng)?shù)?同意義的等價物,相等物Avenue[5Avinju:]n.林蔭道,大街,方法,途徑,路Refraction[ri5frAkFEn]n.折光,折射Determinationoftherefractivecharacteristicsoftheeye.

屈光度測定：對眼睛折射特性的測定73精選pptTranslucent[trAnz5lju:snt]adj.半透明的,透明的Opaque[Eu5peik]n.不透明物adj.不透明的,不傳熱的,遲鈍的Transparent[trAns5pZErEnt]adj.透明的,顯然的,明晰的Densification[7densifi5keiFEn]致密化74精選pptTounderstandthepropertiesofengineeringmaterialsitisnecessarytounderstandtheirstructure.75精選pptAtomic-scalearchitecture10000000timesMicroscopic-scalearchitecture1000times76精選pptExample1:Al,MgAlalloysareductileMgalloysarebrittle77精選pptAlstructurefollowsacubicpackingarrangementandMgahexagonalone.78精選ppt79精選ppt80精選pptExample2:transparentceramicsTraditionalceramicscontainedasubstantialamountofresidualporosity.Theporosityleadstolossofvisiblelighttransmission.Onlyabout0.3%porositycancauseAl2O3tobetranslucent,and3%porositycancausethematerialtobecompletelyopaque.Theeliminationofporosity:addingasmallamountofimpurity.81精選pptTheeliminationofporosityresultedfromarelativelysimpleinventionthatinvolvedaddingasmallamountofimpurity(0.1wt%MgO),whichcausedthehigh-temperaturedensificationprocessfortheAl2O3powdertogotocompletion.82精選pptPorosmicrostructureinpolycrystallineAl2O383精選pptFigure1

polycrystallinefacetedsapphiresandrubiesFigure3

polisheddiscswithseveraldopants(thickness:0.8mm)84精選ppt85精選pptThetwoexamplesjustcitedshowtypicalandimportantdemonstrationsofhowpropertiesofengineeringmaterialsfollowdirectlyfromstructure.86精選pptQustions1.Aluminumandmagnesiumarebothmetal,whyaluminumisrelativelyductilewhilemagnesiumisrelativelybrittle?Pleaseexplainthedramaticeffectthatstructurehasonpropertiesontheatomicscale.2.whytraditionalceramicssuchasaluminumoxideareopaquewhereasrecentlyopticallytransparentaluminumoxideceramicsareproduced?Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheirmicroscopic-scalearchitectures?87精選ppt1.3Selectionofmaterials

anyofagroupofverystronglightweight,syntheticfibersusedinmakingradialtires,bulletproofofvests,etc.1.etc.

Latinthewrittenabbreviationforetcetera,usedafteralisttoshowthattherearemanyothersimilarthingsorpeoplethatyoucouldhaveadded.andsoforth,andsoon,andtheothers2.ASTMAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials.3.aramid88精選ppt

Apolymercontainingrepeatedamidegroups,asinvariouskindsofnylon.

4.Aromatic[7ArEu5mAtik]Of,relatingto,orcontainingoneormoresix-carbonringscharacteristicofthebenzene[5benzi:n,ben5zi:n]seriesandrelatedorganicgroups.5.Polyamide89精選pptAppreciation[E7pri:Fi5eiFEn]n.Ajudgmentoropinion,especiallyafavorableone。評價：判斷或意見，尤指有益的。2.Materialsselectionisthefinal,practicaldecisionintheengineeringdesignprocessandcandeterminethatdesign’sultimatesuccessorfailure.3.solid-stateadj.使用電晶體的,不用真空管的4.indefinite[in5definit]adj.不確定的,[語]不定的(indefinitearticle)90精選ppt5.althoughsomestructuralceramicscanwithstandtheanticipatedserviceload,……serviceload負(fù)載6.criterion[krai5tiEriEn]n.(批評判斷的)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),準(zhǔn)據(jù),規(guī)范critical[5kritikEl]adj.評論的,鑒定的,批評的,危急的,臨界的91精選ppt7.Theaddedcostoffabricatingthesemoresophisticatedmaterialsystemsisjustifiedonlyifaspecialadvanta