英漢禁忌語對(duì)比分析（英語專業(yè)）

ChapterOneIntroductionPeoplehavesocialattributes,andpeople'slifeshouldberestrictedandregulatedbythesociety.Insocialcommunication,peopleoftenencountersomesensitiveproblems,ordifficulttomentiontheembarrassingsituation,thisistaboo.Itislikeaninvisibleshackleboundpeople'slanguageandbehavior.Ininterculturalcommunication,ifweignorethelanguagetaboosofotherculture,itislikelytoleadtothefailureofcommunication,andevencausemisunderstanding,confrontationorhostilitybetweenbothsides.Therefore,incross-culturalcommunication,weshouldnotsaywhateverwethinkof,mentionanytopicfreely,andavoidviolatingtheotherparty'sverbaltaboo.Withtheincreasinglycloseinternationalcommunication,Englishisaninternationallanguage,andalsoanimportantpartofimprovingthenationallanguagequalityinChina.ManydomesticschoolsofferdifferentdegreesofEnglishteaching,andmanypeoplecanconductsimplecommunicationinEnglish.However,intheactualcommunication,itisoftenunclearaboutsometaboosintheculturesofothercountries,whichleadstounhappinessormisunderstandingbetweenthetwosides.Therefore,learningandmasteringEnglishandChinesetaboowordsisanimportantmagicweapontobreakthebottleneckofcommunication.UnderstandingandmasteringEnglishandChinesetaboowordshasbecomethebasicrequirementofmodernculturalcommunicators.Asaspecialculturalphenomenon,taboowordsarenotonlysomethingdeepintheheartofeverynation,butalsoanessentialmeansofcommunicationinourlife.Thelanguageofanationcanreflecttheuniquecultureofthenation.Asapartofthelanguage,taboowordsnaturallycontaintheuniquecultureofdifferentnations.Duetoculturaldifferences,taboowordshavegreatdifferencesinlanguage,whichcreatesobstaclesforpeople'scross-culturalcommunication,makingpeoplehavetoavoiditincommunication,soastorealizethesmoothprogressofcommunication.Everysocialcultureemphasizestheimportanceoftaboos.InChina,therehavebeenetiquettenormstodoinRomeastheRomansdosinceancienttimes.ThesameistrueofBritishandAmericancountries.Ifsomeoneviolatesthelocaltaboo,itislikelytobeexcludedbythesocietyandscoldedbyeveryone.Withtheevolutionofhistory,somenormshaveevenbeenformulatedintoregulationstoremindpeople.Intoday'ssociety,people'slivingstandardsandculturalaccomplishmenthavebeengreatlyimproved,andpeoplealsopaymoreattentiontothestandardizationofwords.Thisalsoformsaninvisiblecriterionincommunication:everyonewilleffectivelyavoidlanguagetaboos,consciouslyabidebytheprincipleofcooperationincommunication,andfinallyrealizethesmoothprogressofcommunication.Andintoday'sincreasingglobalizationofeconomyandinformation,theroleoflanguageasacommunicativetoolandbridgeincross-culturalcommunicationismoreprominentthaneverbefore.Therefore,incross-culturalcommunication,inordertoavoidorreducetheculturalconflictscausedbytaboowords,weshouldseetheuniquenessoftaboolanguagesindifferentcountriesandtheimportanceoftaboowordsindifferentnationallanguagesandcultures.Thepaperusesaliteraturereviewandcomparativeanalysisapproach.Usingthecomparativeresearchmethod,comparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofEnglishandChinesetaboosbasedonthecomparisonanddiscussion,andthenhaveadeeperunderstandingofEnglishandChinesetaboos,summarizeasthecorecontentofthisarticle,andanalyzethecausesofthedifferences.ChapterTwoOverviewofTaboosLanguageisanintegralpartofcultureandthecarrierofculture,andabridgeofcross-culturalcommunication.Taboolanguageisacommonlinguisticphenomenonthatpresentsinallaspectsofourdailylives.Everynation,everycountryhasdifferenttaboos.Taboowordscandirectlyreflectacountry'svalues,waysofthinkingandthecustomsofitspeople.Inancienttimes,thescientificlevelwasbackward.Duetopeople'sfearofsupernaturalpowerandthefearoffeudalsuperstition,taboowords,tosomeextent,hadbeenregardedaslawsandregulations,regulatingandrestrainingpeople'sbehavior.People'sperceptionsareconstantlychangingovertimeandasscienceevolves,andwhilesometabooshavegraduallydisappeared,moststillexistandinfluenceourlives.2.1DefinitionofTaboosTounderstandthedefinitionoftaboowords,youneedtostartwiththewordtaboo.Taboomeansprohibitionandavoidance.However,theexplanationinmodernChineseDictionaryhastwomeanings,thefirstisthetaboowordsoractions;thesecondisthatcertainkindsofthingsshouldbeavoidedinmedicine.Theinternationalacademiccommunitycollectivelyknownastabb.ThewordtaboooriginallyoriginatedintheTongalanguage.Itisdefinedasthemeaningofholinessorinviolability.SigmundFreud,averyfamouspsychologist,describedtaboossosharplyinhisbookTotemandtheTaboo."Taboorepresentsaperson,aplace,athingoratemporarysituationthathasacertaintransmissioneffectofamysteriousforceorisitselfthesourceofthismysteriousforce,andalsorepresentstheprohibitionproducedbytheomenofsuchtaboo."[1]40Inhiswords,taboomeanssacredandmysterious;ontheotherhand,unhygienic,dangerousandforbidden.Inaword,Taboolanguageusuallyreferstothefactthatinsocialsituations,forsomereason,certainwordsorsubjectscannotbeused.Thesewordsorsubjectsareconsidereddangerous,sacredorarrogantandcanonlybeusedincertainsituations.Forexample,inindependentWesterncountries,ifaskedaboutprivacyissuessuchasifyoumarriedandhowoldareyouthisyear,theymaybecomemisunderstoodandevenfeeloffendedandshowdisgustandcontempt.2.2EvolutionofTaboosItisdifficultforustoaccuratelyobtaintheexacteraoftheoriginoftaboos,sowecanonlymakebasedspeculationontheoriginoftaboosbasedonthecurrentlimitedliteratureandarchaeologicaldiscoveries.Accordingtoarchaeologicalmaterials,thetombsofNeanderthalsmorethan100,000yearsagoandBeijing18,000yearsagoaretheoldesttabooremainswecanfindrightnow:inthesameburialarea,theheadofthedeadisgenerallythesame,andmostlytothewest.Wecanspeculatethattheprimitiveancestorsatthattimeputthedeadintherightdirectiontheythought,whiletheyforbiddentoputthedeadintheoppositedirection.Althoughthethinkingabilityoftheancestorswasnotperfect,itdidnotpreventthemfromweavingataboonetwork.Asearlyas1777,theBritishNavigatorCaptainKirkledafleettotheislandofTongainthePacificPolynesianIslands,hefoundmanyfolkcustoms,suchascertainitemsonlychiefandwizard,andothersarenotallowed;thosewhohavetouchedbodies,othersarenotallowedtocontact;onlyadultmenareallowedtoenterincertainplaces,andwomenandchildrenarenotallowedin;etc.LocalindigenouspeoplecallthisphenomenonTaboo.Everyagehasitsowntaboo.Theprimitiveera-ignorance,intheearlystagesofhumansociety,thelowlevelofhumanunderstandingandlackofabilitytotranscendnatureoftenledpeopletobeconfusedandfearfulofnaturalphenomenaandnaturalforces.Languageasacommunicativetoolisgivenasuperhumanfeelingandpowerthatitdoesnothave.Peoplereallybelievethatlanguagealonecanbringgoodorbadlucktopeople,andtheyareconvincedthatlanguageisthemaincauseofbadluckandblessing.Theyblindlyveneratethepowerofsuperstitiouslanguageandbelievethatanyonewhoviolatesthissourcewillbedoublypunished;andotherwisewillbesheltered.OrthodoxJewsavoidsayingGodforfearofbeingruledbyGod.IntheChangbaiMountainareainnortheastChina,tigersareconsideredassacredanimals.Sinceancienttimes,therehasbeenthecustomofthetempletigeristhegod,whichiscalledtigersasmountainKingsandmountaingods.Thesetaboosallcarrythesuperstitionoftheageofignorance.Obviously,thisnaturallyleadstothegenerationoftaboowords.Thefeudalera-prejudice,thefeudaltimesofChineseandWesternsocietieswereknownfortheirstricthierarchy,andtherewerestrictboundariesbetweentherulersandthegoverned.ThewordsoftheLipeoplewererestricted.Theywerenotallowedtousetheso-callednoblelanguageoftheirsuperiors,otherwisetheywouldleadtodeath.Thus,taboowordsfollowed.IntheMiddleAges,thereweremanyreligiousprohibitions,andthefeudalguardslistedthebuttocks,eventheneck,chinandforeheadaslanguageexclusionareas.InChina,themaintenanceoffeudalruleformorethan2,000yearsdependsonethics,suchasthreeprinciplesandfourvirtuesandthreecardinalprinciplesandfivepermanentprinciples.Manytabooswerealsopreservedbytherulersasaformofethics,suchasavoidingstatetaboos:avoidingthenameoftheemperorhimselfandhisfatherandancestor.Themodernsociety-Democracy,therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasgreatlyimprovedmankind'sunderstandingofallaspectsofnatureandsociety.Nowadays,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontotheharmoniouscoexistenceanddevelopmentofhumanbeings,andincreasinglypursueequalityandfreedom.Vertically,thecompositionofreligioussuperstitionisrelativelyreduced,andthecompositionofspiritualcivilizationinlinewiththetimesincreases;horizontally,withtheincreasinglyfrequentexchangesbetweenChinaandtheWest,taboocustomsinfluenceeachother,andthesimilarcomponentsareincreasing.Asaresult,manydiscriminatorywordsarenowdisappearingorbeingreplacedbyotherwords.Thetermnigger,forexample,israrelyusedrightnow.ChapterThreeAContrastofEnglishandChineseTaboosBecauseEnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguages,therearedifferencesintheirhistory,culture,thinking,cognitionandmanyotheraspects,whichdeterminestheoppositesexofEnglishandChinesetaboowords.Atthesametime,asahumanbeinglivingtogetherontheearth,thereareboundtobemanysimilaritiesinphysiologicalphenomenaandsociallife.ThesimilarityanddifferenceofEnglishandChinesetaboowordswillbeanalyzedbelow.3.1SimilaritiesinEnglishandChineseTaboosChineseandWesternculturehavecommonfeatures.AlthoughEnglishandChinesepeoplebelongtodifferentcultures,comparingthemshowsthatEnglishandChinesetabooshavemanysimilarities.Forexample,therearesomecommonalitiesinthespeech,vocabulary,context,timelinessandotheraspects.3.1.1PhonologicalLevelIntimesofextremelylowproductivity,languagehadamysteriouspowertothepeopleofthetime.Peoplebelievethatlanguageistherootofallhumanmisfortuneandfortune.Therefore,peopleinChinaandtheWestregardthesesimilaroridenticalwordsofdisasterandmisfortuneastaboowords,andtrytoavoidsimilaroridenticaltaboowordsintheprocessofcommunication,inordertopreventthreatsandmisfortunetothemselvesorothers.InChinese,thenumber4ispronouncedsimilartodeath,sopeoplewilltrytoavoidusingthisnumberintheirdailylife,suchasthelicenseplatenumber,roomnumberandsoon.Whensendingfriendsgiftscannotsendaclock,becausesendtheclockandsendtheendarehomophones,meaningisnotgood.Nowweusechopstickstoeat,called"箸"inancienttimes,because"箸"and"住"homonym,forthebigtaboo,sochangethe"箸"into"筷","筷"and"快"arehomophones,takethemeaningofauspicious.Pearisalsoataboolanguageinfolkcustoms.Duetothehomonymofpearandseparate,someplaces,pearsarecalledroundfruit,andotherssaythattwopeopledon'teatpearstogether,indicatingthatcouplesandrelativesdon'twanttosplitup.Getyourassoutofmyhome!Thissentenceisvulgar.Peoplewillusedonkeyinsteadofassincommunication,whichoriginatesfromthewordassandarosehomonyminEnglish,whichmaycausediscomfortandembarrassment.3.1.2VocabularyLevelTherearemanysimilaritiesinthevocabularyaspect.Forexample,theavoidanceofobscenewordsinvolveslanguagerelatedtocertainpartsofthebodyandsexualbehavior.InWesterncountries,althoughpeopleareveryopen,buttosomeextent,theyaremoreseriousaboutsex,soindailycommunication,peoplearerarelymakinglove;havingsexandotherwords.NottomentioninChina,wherethetraditionalthinkingisveryprofound.Badwords:Swearingisusuallyoffensive,upsetspeopleandcanevencauseconflictbetweentwoparties,whichiswhyitisusuallytabooinsociety.MostEnglishwordsrelatedtoreligionorsexandgenitalsareoftenusedtoinsultothers,forexample:christ,shit.Animalnamesarealsoused,e.g.:sow,goat,etc.InEnglish,GoddamnedandHellareoftenused.Thesearenotonlyacurse,butalsoanoffensetoGod.Damn,fuck,sonofabitchisalsocommonlyusedinChinese.YoungpeopleuseacronymssuchasTMDandTNNDontheInternet.Oftenusedframed,prostituteandotherscoldthebehaviorofthewoman.Satbadpeopleoftenjerk.Blasphemethesacredtaboo,directlycallthelanguageofGodorBuddha.PeopleintheWestbelievethatitisoffensivetoGodandshouldbeavoided.JustasthethirdarticleinTheTenCommandmentsarevariousreligiouswordsinThoushatnotspeakmynameinvainEnglish.WordslikeGod,devil,heaven,hell,Christ,Jesus,devil,etc.areonlyappropriatewhenusedinseriousspeech.Thisruleisbrokenbypeoplewhocensororavoidbreakingit.Therefore,peopletendtoavoidusingsuchwordsineverydaylife,usinggollyandgoshinsteadofGod,andOldNickandHisSableMajestyinsteadofthedevil.OrforChrist'ssake,alsowithforgoodnesssakeorforcryingoutloud.InChina,peopleusuallyrefertothegodastheemperor,theGreatSage,andtheBuddha.Inaddition,inthenortheastofChina,peopleregardthetigerasthegod,andthinkthatthetigeristhekingoftheforest.Thetigerisagod,mountainking,mountaingod.ChineseandWesternpeopleareafraidofillness,deathanddisability,andfear,sotheyavoidmentioningsuchwordsintheirdailylife.Birth,aging,illnessanddeathisahumanmetabolicprocess,whichisalsoanaturallawthatwillneverchange.However,becausepeoplewanttolivelongandhealthylivesandhopetoavoiddiseaseanddeath,thereisacertainanxietyandpanicaboutbirth,aging,diseaseanddeath,andthesewordsareverytaboo.Forexample,whenreferringtodeath,Westernersusetodepart,passaway,togoanotherworld,andgotoheaveninstead.TheChinesepeopleoftensaythat"逝世","身故","歸西"andsoon.Inadditiontodeath,peopleinChinaandtheWestalsohaveasimilarattitudetowardsdiseases.Ingeneraldiseases,peoplewillvaguelysaynotverycomfortable.Whenitcomestocancer,EnglishsaysBigC,orthelongillness,andpeoplesaythatdiseaseorbaddiseaseinChinese.InEnglish,socialdiseaseisusedtorefertoAIDS.Intermsofillnessordisability,EnglishisthesameasChinese,notdirectly,butinatactfulway.3.1.3ContextualLevelTheexpressionoflanguageisinfluencedbythespecificcontextandscenario,andthefactorsaffectingthecontextmainlyinclude:setting,participantsandactivity.Theoccasionofconversationandparticipantsarethemainfactorsaffectingtaboolanguage.Duetosomespecificoccasionsandspecialparticipants,somelanguagetaboosbecomenolongertaboo.Sex,excretion,andsecretionshavelongbeentabootopics,buttheyarenolongerprivacy.Whenfillingformsorregistering,age,marriage,andoccupationaregone.Forparticipants,menusedmoretaboowordsthanwomen.Lakoffoncesummarizedhisviewasfollows:Womenareexpertsinusingeuphemisms.Hegavethisexample:(1)Ohagain.and(2)Shit,youhaveputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.Obviously,peoplewouldlistthefirstoneasafemalelanguageandthesecondasamalelanguage.ThecontextoftaboowordsismentionedbyLiMenggeinherarticle:"Whenwediscussthatacertainwordandacertaintopicaretaboowords,wedonotmeanthattheyaretaboowordsinanyoccasion.Forbiddenwordsexistrelativetothecommunicativeenvironment,time,object,etc."[2]14Intermsofoccasions,therearesimilaritiesintheuseoftaboowordsbetweenEnglishandChinese.Peoplegenerallyfocusonusingtaboowordsinpublicorformally,whichwouldotherwisebeseenasshockingoroffensive.Takethetaboowordstool,forexample.Itisusedinspecificoccasions,whereallspeakersarefromthesamebackground,andthedialoguebetweenthemisconductedinaprivateandinformalatmosphere.Althoughallspeakersarepowerfulpeople,sincethisisnotaformalmeeting,theuseofthetaboowordshitdoesnotseemtobemuchrestricted,asitsuseinarelaxedenvironmentcanbeseenasawayofexpressingfriendshipandintimacybetweeninterlocutors.Thewordstoolisusedinformalmeetings,whichwillcertainlycausequiteasensation,andtoalargeextentmaketheimageofthespeakerworse,willleaveabadimpression,causestrongaversiontotheotherside.Becausetaboowordsareconsidereddirty,peopleshouldavoidusingit,especiallyinsuchformaloccasions.3.1.4TimeLevelLanguageisasocialphenomenon,andtherefore,thedevelopmentoflanguageisinfluencedbyvarioussocialfactors.Taboos,aspartoflanguage,willalsochangewiththedevelopmentofsociety.Therefore,therearecommonalitiesinEnglishandChinesetaboowordsintheaginglevel.Sometaboowordsexistforacertainperiodoftime,andsometaboowordsorexpressionshavedisappeared,butsometaboowordshavebeenpasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaboowordsofaneraobviouslycarrythebrandofthisera,butitisnotthetaboowordsofacertainperiodthatwillcompletelydisappearinthenextperiod.Althoughthetaboowordsareconstantlychanging,sometaboowordshavebecomeestablishedcustomsandhavebeenpasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Forweddings,forexample,peoplestilltalkaboutdivorceordeath;westernersstillavoidthenumber13,whileChinesepeoplestillavoidthenumber4.Inaddition,death,inmodernsociety,canstillremindpeopleofthecoldgraveandtheendoflife,makepeoplefear,isataboowordformostnations.Brainyisthenewsexy.她是富有激情的，一舉一動(dòng)飽含著官能的感覺，是性感的，有血有肉的。Acertaintopicislistedasataboolanguageinoneperiod,butwiththedevelopmentofthesociety,itmaynolongerbeatabooinanotherperiod.Forexample,thewordsexy,inthepast,whetherineasternorWesternsociety,ifyousaidawomansexy,peoplewouldthinkthatyouwereflirtingwithher,wouldthinkthatyouwereaprodigalsonwhospecificallyseducewomen,thusputtingabadinfluenceonthepersonwhosaidtheworditself.However,withthedevelopmentofthistime,inthemodernsociety,thewordsexappealfrequentlyappearsinmovies,novelsanddailycommunication.Manytimes,womenwillbehappytohearthatyouusethewordsexytodescribeher,becauseshewillthinkthatyouarepraisingherforherbeautyandcharm.3.2DifferencesinEnglishandChineseTaboosSincetherearesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChinesetaboowords,therearealsodifferences.ThefollowingwillanalyzethedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesetaboowordsfromthefouraspectsofappellation,privacy,numberandcolor.3.2.1AspectofAppellationAppellationisacompletesetofnamesthatpeopleusetodistinguishbetweeneachotherandthesocialrolestheyplay.China'spatriarchalsystemhasbeendeeplyrootedintheheartsofthepeopleanddeeplyinfluencedbyConfucianism.Theconceptthatthekingistheministerandthefatheristhesonhasbeendeeplyrootedinpeople'sthoughts.InmodernChina,iftheyoungergenerationcallsthenameoftheelderorteacher,itisconsideredasignoflackofeducation.Forthosewhohavegreatachievements,wecallthemSir,teacherandprofessor.Forthosewithgoodskills,weusuallycallthemmaster.趙老師是一位非常負(fù)責(zé)的老師。Eveisaveryresponsibleteacher.PeopleinwesterncountriesareinfluencedbytheideathatpeoplearecreatedbyGod,andwhattheypursueeveryoneisequal,andeveryoneattachesgreatimportancetotheirownpersonalvalueandsocialvalue.Intheiropinion,itisnormaltocalltheteacherbyname,theparentsandthenamesoftheirsuperiors.InEnglish,whetherbetweenpeersorpeerscancallthename,donotneedtocallthenameoftheelderathome,inschool,studentscanalsocallthename,inthecompanyoftheteacher,ordirectlycallthenameoftheboss.ThetabooofhumannamesinChineseisnotreflectedinEnglish.Theyoungergenerationcancalltheelderbyhisfirstname.Thisshowsbothequality,friendliness,andintimacy.AndthereisnoChinesetabooinnamingnames.BritishPrimeMinisterChurchill'sfatherwasnamedRandolph.Churchill'ssoniscalledRandolph,whichmeansthatgrandfatherandgrandsonsharethesamesurname.USPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltandhissonhavethesamesurname,whichisnotthecaseinChina.3.2.2AspectofPrivacyPrivacy,inabroadsense,issomethingthatpeopledon'twanttomentionandbeknownbyothers.However,theconceptofprivacyhasdistinctculturalcharacteristics.IneasternandWesterncultures,theconcepts,typesofprivacy,people'sattitudetowardsprivacy,andpeople'simportancetoprivacyareverydifferent.Thesedifferencesarereflectedinlanguageasthetaboowordsaboutprivacy.Theconceptofprivacyandtheprotectionofprivacycomesfromwesterncountries.Inordertomaintaininterpersonalharmony,BritishandAmericancountriesattachgreatimportancetopersonalprivacyandpayattentiontotheprotectionofcitizens'privacyrights.Indailycommunication,theBritishandAmericanpeoplegenerallydonotinvolvetheotherparty'sprivacy,andalsodonotwanttobeaskedbytheotherpartyabouttheirownprivateaffairs.Whenpeoplemeet,theyliketochoosesomeirrelevanttopics,suchasweather,ballgame,etc.Indailycommunication,manytopicsrelatedtopsychologicalfactorsareregardedastaboowords.Forexample,whentalkingwithWesterners,youshouldtrytoavoidtalkingaboutpersonalinformation,suchasage,income,weight,experience,homeaddress,maritalstatus,children,personalillness,religiousbeliefs,politicaltendencies,ortheywillthinkyouarepryingintotheirprivacy.WhencommunicatingwithBritishladies,beespeciallycarefulnottotalkaboutageandweight.Forinstance:Howoldareyou?Howheavyareyou?However,suchtaboosdonotexistinChina,becausetheChinesepeoplearekeenonclosecontactandmutualtrustandcare.Aperson'sbusinessisoftenalargerangeofpeopleintheirownconcern.Askingquestionsisconsideredtabooforforeigners,whileChinesepeoplethinkitisasignofcloseinterpersonalrelationshipandemotionalcontact.Inthisculturalbackground,theso-calledpersonalprivacyisalmostnonexistent.3.2.3AspectofNumberNumberisaspeciallanguagesymbol,whichplaysanimportantroleinthecommunicationanddevelopmentofhumanculture.Intermsofnumbers,therearealsodifferenttaboosinChineseandEnglish.(1)七十三、八十四，閻王不請(qǐng)自己去。Inaddition,theChinesepeopleagetaboo73and84.peoplethinkthatthesetwoagesareabigpassinlife,sotheageofavoid73,84,manyoldpeopledonotwanttosaytheaboveage,oftensaymoreorlessone-year-old.ComparedwithChinesepreferenceforevennumbers,peopleinEnglish-speakingcountriespreferoddnumbers(except3,5and13),andregardoddnumbersasasymbolofluckandauspiciousness.Fordigital3tabooismainlytheBritish,itissaidtobefromthe1899war,onenight,somesoldierssmoking,thefirstsmokeattractedtheattentionoftheenemy,thesecondsmokemakestheenemyhaveaimingtime,whenthethirdsmoketheenemyshotsmokingsoldiers,sincethentheBritishandAmericanspecialhatenumber3.JesusdiedonFriday,the13thandFridaywereseenasunlucky,andifbothwerepresent,peoplewerecalledBlackFriday.IntheWest,themostmysteriousandsuperstitioustaboonumberisthirteen.Accordingtolegend,twelveNordicgodshaddinner,sothirteengodssatatatable,afteraprank,oneofthemostrespectedgodsdied.Inaddition,theBiblesaysthatJudah,whobetrayedJesus,wasthethirteenthatthelastsupperbecausehewaslate,sotheThirteenbecameanunluckynumber.3.2.4AspectofColorIntheChinese-Englishlanguages,thewordsforavarietyofdifferentcolorsorcolorsareveryrich.Weshouldpayattentionnotonlytoitsbasicmeaning,butalsotoitsdeepersymbolicmeaning,becausethesymbolicmeaningofacoloroftenhasdifferentcharacteristicsindifferentnationallanguages,andsomecharacteristicsevenrepresentthecultandtaboosofpopularcolorsafterexpansionandflight.ChinaisthousandsofkilometersawayfromtheEnglish-speakingworld,andpeople'sfeelingsandexpressionstowardcolorsdifferaccordingtogeographiclocation,naturalphenomena,historicalbackground,andaestheticpsychology.Therefore,thesymbolicmeaningsofcolorsnaturallyleadtosignificantdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.(1)開門見紅,聚財(cái)納福。(2)Ifyourbankaccountisinthered,youoweyourmoney.TheChineseadvocatered,andthenationalflagisbrightred,andetc.However,inwesternculture,rediseasytoassociatepeoplewithviolenceandbloodshed,sotheyhavecertaintaboosonred.InChina,redsymbolizescelebration,joyandhappiness,butinBritishandAmericancultureitrepresentsviolence,bloodshed,lossandothermeanings.WhenthefamousSinologistHawkestranslatedtheDreamofRedMansions,hedidnotdirectlywiththecurrentname,butwithhisoriginalname,TheStoryoftheStone.每一場(chǎng)白事，鬼魂都要游離七天。Theychooseawhitedayfortheirengagement.WhitemainlysymbolizesfuneralinChina,sowhitedressesaregenerallytabooonfestiveoccasions.Inaddition,thetreacherousministersinPekingOperausuallypaintwhitefaces.Thereactionarieswillcreatethewhiteterror.IntheWest,whiteispopular,symbolizingpurityandinnocence,andwhitedressisoftenusedinweddingcelebrations.InChinese,blackmainlysymbolizesdarkness,evilanddisaster,butintheWest,itsymbolizesmajestyanddignity.InChineseculture,blacksimplyhasastrongsenseofmystery,asolemnandser